ROARING 20’S

I. Objective 1- ‘Normalcy’ (Peace & Prosperity) A. Describe America’s ‘Return to Normalcy’ (Peace & Prosperity). B. What three presidents

represented this idea ( and their political party)? C. Describe isolationism and why Americans supported it. D. What did Americans hope to achieve with a return to Normalcy?

A. ‘Return to NORMALCY’1. Republicans call for “Normalcy”

*Harding, Coolidge, Hoover (Presidents) a. defeat Wilson & Democrats (Blame for WWI)2. Go Back to how we were before WWI

a. Isolationism (stay out of conflict) 1.Kellogg-Brand Pact-outlawed war a. 15 countries signed (62 total) b. Help Business

“Chief business of the Am. People is business”-

Coolidge

Harding Coolidge Harding Coolidge Hoover Hoover

II. Objective #2- Immigrants & Minorities’A. Describe the reaction to Immigrants and Minorities during the 1920’s. B. Use

Sacco and Vanzetti as an example of how the Red Scare affected America. C. What group reappeared during the 1920’s to harass Immigrants & African Americans? D. What group had limitations put on them due to nativism?

A. The “Red Scare”/ Social Tension 1. Fear of Communist and Anarchist leads to distrust, mainly of immigrantsCommunist = political system where all resources are sharedAnarchist = opposed to organized gov’t

a. Most anarchist were foreign born * Several bombs had been set off

b. Ex. Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Immigrants accused of murder 2. Weak evidence, but strong feelings 3. Both men put to death

NICOLA SACCO - 1921                                   BARTOLOMEO VANZETTI - 1921

2. Immigration

a. Limits put on all immigrants (mainly “New”)

b. Suppose to keep country WASP!

B. Racial Tension

1. Many African Am. moved to northern cities for jobs in WWI

a. Riots in 1919 in Chicago

Ex. White & Immigrants fight to keep the Af. Am.

out of factories & neighborhoods

- 70 lynchings in the South

b. Marcus Garvey-Controversial Af. Am.

leader

** Focused on “Black Pride”

2. KKK returns – In North and South

* Doesn’t like African Americans moving into the North

* Doesn’t like “NEW” Immigrants (Catholics/ Jews)

III. Objective #3- Big BusinessA. Describe the growth of business during the 1920’s. B. Name 5 products that soon appeared

in many homes. C. What one product changed America forever (Who made it possible?)? D. How were Americans able to purchase all these new products?

A. Business BOOMS!! 1. Business changes a. Major companies merge & chain stores pop up Ex: Safeway, Piggly-Wiggly b. Assembly Line Perfected

Ex: Model T/ Ford* Cheaper Cars= More sold

Price starts $850 and drops to $290 by 1924 (Model T) RESULT- American Car Culture

2. Republican Presidents support Business

‘HANDS OFF’

a. Few rules

B. New Electrical Products

1. Leads to the sale of appliances

a. Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, radios, fans, stoves

ex. First radio station KDKA

(Pittsburgh) / NBC 1st Network

b. Helps make life easier

General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927.

C. TROUBLES AHEAD??

1. Installment Buying

a. Buy new appliances by using CREDIT

b. BUY NOW…. PAY LATER (like Credit Cards)

c. People do not have the $$ but are buying Cars,

Refrigerators

2. Stock Market

a. Buying on Margin

Ex. Buy now but only pay broker a % cost of stock.

**Hope stock rises so you can pay him back & make $

b. What if prices fall??????

** You owe broker money you borrowed for worthless

stock

IV. Objective #4- City vs. Country A. Compare & Contrast City Life & Country life during the 1920’s. B. What group of

Americans experienced a cultural revolution during the Harlem Renaissance? C. What area did not want change? D. What part of America was changing the most? E. Where was the Jazz age centered?

A. City Life 1. Inventions, Immigrants, Universities, Alcohol,

Music, New Books 2. JAZZ AGE

a. Based on music & New Styles Ex: FLAPPERS- Women who wore short

dresses, short hair, and DANCED! City Girls! b. Speakeasies (secret bars) - IGNORE Prohibition c. Radio & Magazines Spread City Life

3. Harlem Renaissance

a. African Amer. Part of New York City

b. Writers, singers tell African Amer.

story ( Slavery & Suffering)

EX: Langston Hughes (Great Writer)

Flapper-style outfits

USA c1929

This picture is typical of the appearance of the Louise Brooks hairstyle

Capone consults attorney, Mike Ahern, in 1929. Ahern, with other Capone attorneys, filed

several appeals to stave off Capone's 11-year sentence for tax evasion

B. Country (Do not like new city stuff)

1. WASP! Culture, Very religious

2. Anti- Immigrant & Anti- African Amer.- KKK

3. Likes & Supports Prohibition (sees drinking

as Immigrant Behavior)

C. Scopes ‘Monkey’ Trial

1. City & Country battle in court

-Evolution (City/University) vs.

Creation (Country/ Bible)

-School teacher in Tenn. wants to teach evolution, Schools say can only teach Bible.

2. Court Case after he is arrested for

teaching Evolution

a. Famous lawyers Darrow for Scopes &

Bryan for School Board

3. Found guilty but shows difference between the City & Country

• THE DEPRESSION

• I. Causes of the Depression

• A. Overproduction – Too much stuff

• 1. Factories and farms

• a. Workers begin to get layed-off

• b. Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproduced

• c. Farmers cannot pay loans or make a living

• 2. Supply & Demand: Prices drop

• B. Bank Failures

• 1. Banks close and loose $$$

• 2. People begin to default on loans

• a. Can’t pay them back

• 3. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because

• it was lent out to bad creditors

• 4. 5,000 banks close between 1929- 1932

• 5. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS

• C. Stock Market Crash – Black Thursday, Oct. 29, 1929• 1. Summer 1929 – Investors begin to worry • and sell stocks• 2. Supply & demand again – Massive sell-off • and prices begin drop• 3. Buying on Margin• a. Buy stock by just paying a small portion of• what the stock is worth• b. Ex: 100 shares at $10 = $1000 only pay• $300 still owe $700• 1. Problem: stock crashes & you loose your• money and can’t payback stock broker• a. stock broker can’t pay back bank

• 4. Stock Market “Crashes”

• a. Price of stocks fall drastically

• b. People loose all of their savings

• CAUSES:

• 1. Overproduction

• 2. Bank Closings

• 3. Stock Market Crash

• RESULTS:

• 1. Unemployment

• 2. Life Savings Lost

• II. Living with the Depression

• A. Jobless/Homeless

• 1. 1930-32-Jobless goes from 4 to 12 million

• 2. Houses are lost, people become homeless

• 3. People are desperate

• a. We hate Hoover!

• 1. Hooverville-shanty towns

• 2. Hooverblankets-newspapers

Depression: Breadlines: long line of people waiting to be fed: New York City: in the absence of substantial government relief programs during 1932, free food was distributed

with private funds in some urban centers to large numbers of the unemployed

• B. Bonus Army• 1. WWI Veterans were promised a bonus in

1945• a. Veterans want it now• 2. Veterans go to Washington and “camp out”• a. Hoover sends in Army• C. The Dust Bowl (Black Blizzard)• 1. Great Plains suffer a huge drought (1931)• a. Cause: new technology• 1. tractors, steel plows tear up sod;

drought turns new open soil into a sand box

• 2. Many move to large farms in California• a. “Oakies” & “Arkies” not wanted in the

West

Members of the Bonus Armyencamp within sight of the

Capitol, 1932

Douglas MacArthur led federal troops who burned the Bonus Army's camps. To

his left, hand to face, is Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Dust Storms: "Dust Storm Near Beaver, Oklahoma." (July 14, 1935)

Farm Security Administration: farmers whose topsoil blew away joined

the sod caravans of "Okies" on Route 66 to California. (Circa 1935)

Migrant family looking for work in the pea fields of

California. (Circa 1935)

Young Oklahoma mother; age 18, penniless, stranded in

Imperial Valley, California. (Circa March 1937)

REA; "Woman plunges and scrubs"

Farm Security Administration: Christmas dinner in the

home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935)

• D. Escaping the Depression• 1. Radio• a. Comedies & soap operas• 2. Movies• a. Shirley Temple, Wizard of Oz,• Snow White (first animation

film)• 3. Literature• a. John Steinbeck-Grapes of

Wrath• 1. About a family of Oakies

escaping the Dust Bowl

• III. The New Deal

• 1. President Franklin Roosevelt elected (1932)

• A. Brain Trust: Used professors and experts to develop programs

to fight depression

• B. Promised “New Deal” for Americans

• 2. Immediate change

• A. Banking Crisis

• 1. Closed ALL banks for four days

• a. “Banking Holiday”

• 2. Emergency Banking Relief Act

• a. Only sound banks could reopen

• 3. Fireside Chats on the radio

• a. Urged people to put $$ back in banks

• 3. The Hundred Days

• A. Roosevelt sends relief bills to Congress

• 1. New Deal begins—Three goals

• a. Relief for Unemployed

• b. Plans for Recovery

• c. Reforms to prevent more depressions

• 4. Major New Deal Programs• A. Unemployment• 1. CCC – Civilian Conservation Corp• 2. PWA – Public Works Administration• 3. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority• B. Recovery Plans• 1. NRA – National Recovery Act• 2. AAA – Agricultural Adjustment

Administration• C. Prevention Reforms• 1. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation• 2. SEC – Securities & Exchange

Commission

Civilian Conservation Corps. (Circa 1933)

Civilian Conservation Corps. (Circa 1933)

• D. DID NOT end Depression

• E. Results

• 1. Gave country confidence

• 2. Ended banking crisis

• 3. Created jobs

• 4. Created buildings, schools, bridges, electricity

• 5. Critics of the New Deal• A. Big Business did not like it• 1. Claimed FDR not doing enough• 2. Huey Long wanted heavy tax

on wealthy• a. Gov. of Louisiana

assassinated in 1935• 3. Father Coughlin – Radio Priest• a. Wanted FDR tougher on big

business• 4. Francis Townsend• a. Wanted pensions for those

over 65

• 6. Supreme Court Reacts

• A. By 1935 declared 11 New Deal Acts Unconstitutional (AAA, NIRA)

• 1. Roosevelt and Court packing scheme

• a. Wants to raise justices from 9 to 15 so he would

get to choose

• 2. Everyone very upset but FDR wins reelection in 1936

The Hindenburg on an earlier visit to Lakehurst, 1936

The Hindenburg moments after catching fire.