Chapter 12Chapter 12

Politics Of The 1920’sPolitics Of The 1920’s

• Republican EraRepublican EraThe Jazz Age The Jazz Age The Lost Generation The Lost Generation Boom to Bust Boom to Bust The Roaring '20's The Roaring '20's Decade of Normalcy Decade of Normalcy Prosperity Decade Prosperity Decade Prohibition EraProhibition Era

• The Advertising AgeThe Advertising Age• The Golden Age of SportsThe Golden Age of Sports

The Red ScareThe Red Scare1919-19201919-1920

Karl MarxKarl Marx

Friedrich EngelsFriedrich Engels

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin

Soviet FlagSoviet Flag

The Palmer The Palmer RaidsRaids

The Attorney General used the attacks to initiate a widespread clamp-down on radicalism. He brought in the young and ambitious Justice Department lawyer, J. Edgar Hoover, to head a campaign of raids and mass arrests. Later known as the "Palmer raids," the widespread attack on radicals were largely Hoover's operation. He organized raids to be carried out in three different cities on January 2, 1920. Not possessing search or arrest warrants, the enforcers paid no regard to who was and who was not guilty of anything illegal. In the end, mass arrests were made and 249 people were deported including the prominent anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Hysteria hit an all time high when Palmer announced that there would be an attempted Communist takeover on May 1st, 1920, but when it didn’t happen, the hysteria dissipated.

Emma Goldman and Alexander BerkmanJ. Edgar HooverMitchell Palmer

Palmer House BombingPalmer House Bombing

J. Edgar HooverJ. Edgar Hoover

Sacco and Sacco and VanzettiVanzetti

On April 15, 1920, two men robbed and murdered a paymaster and his guard as they transferred $15,776 from the Slater and Morrill Shoe factory. Three weeks later, in the spirit of the anti-immigrant, anti-communist times, two Italian immigrants and known anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were accused and arrested for the crime, despite the scant evidence against them. Following a seven-week trial which many considered very unfairly manipulated by Judge Thayer, Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted on circumstantial evidence of capital murder and sentenced to death. Sacco and Vanzetti appealed their convictions and got a lot of support from those who opposed the death penalty and racism, but they lost and were executed in 1927.

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan

Immigration in the 1920’sImmigration in the 1920’s• The Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins The Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins

Act/Asian Exclusion Act) greatly reduced Act/Asian Exclusion Act) greatly reduced immigration to USimmigration to US– The law was aimed at restricting immigration of The law was aimed at restricting immigration of

Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, and JewsSouthern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, and Jews

– Severely restricted the immigration of Africans and Severely restricted the immigration of Africans and prohibited the immigration of Arabs, East Asians, and prohibited the immigration of Arabs, East Asians, and IndiansIndians

– The purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of The purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity“American homogeneity“

– W.A.S.P.W.A.S.P.

President Harding, Coolidge and President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover Hoover

Republican Philosophy-1920’sRepublican Philosophy-1920’s

• Trickle-down theoryTrickle-down theory• laissez-faire • Rugged individualism

Secretary of State Secretary of State Charles Evans HughesCharles Evans Hughes

4 Power Treaty4 Power Treaty

• US, GB, France, JapanUS, GB, France, Japan• Each country would respect each other Each country would respect each other

possessions in the Pacificpossessions in the Pacific

5 Power Treaty5 Power Treaty

• Same as 4 plus ItalySame as 4 plus Italy• Freeze navies at 1921 levelsFreeze navies at 1921 levels

9 Power Treaty9 Power Treaty

• Above plus Netherlands, Portugal, Above plus Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and ChinaBelgium and China

• Keep “open door” in ChinaKeep “open door” in China• Promise Chinese independencePromise Chinese independence

Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928

• 62 countries pledged not to use war 62 countries pledged not to use war to settle disputesto settle disputes

Albert Fall-Teapot Dome ScandalAlbert Fall-Teapot Dome Scandal

Warren Harding’s FuneralWarren Harding’s Funeral

President Calvin CoolidgePresident Calvin Coolidge

Route 66 “The Mother Road”Route 66 “The Mother Road”

Route 66 “The Mother Road”Route 66 “The Mother Road”

Henry Ford and the Model THenry Ford and the Model T

1920 Model T Ford1920 Model T Ford

Charles Lindbergh “Lucky Lindy”Charles Lindbergh “Lucky Lindy”

Lindbergh’s FlightLindbergh’s Flight

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart

Chapter 13Chapter 13

The Roaring Life of The Roaring Life of the 1920’sthe 1920’s

Rural vs. UrbanRural vs. Urban

• 1920 Census- 51.2 people lived in cities of 1920 Census- 51.2 people lived in cities of 2,500 or more2,500 or more

• 1922-1929-more than 2 million people 1922-1929-more than 2 million people moved from farms to the cities each yearmoved from farms to the cities each year

• Rural areas tried to hold on to moral Rural areas tried to hold on to moral values and close social relationshipsvalues and close social relationships

The Urban SceneThe Urban Scene

• Largest citiesLargest cities1.1. New York City(5.6 million)New York City(5.6 million)2.2. Chicago(3 million)Chicago(3 million)3.3. Philadelphia(2 million)Philadelphia(2 million)4.4. 65 other cities had over 100,000 65 other cities had over 100,000

peoplepeople

Cities tolerated drinking, gambling and Cities tolerated drinking, gambling and casual dating!!!casual dating!!!

Prohibition “The Noble Experiment”Prohibition “The Noble Experiment”

• 1818 thth Amendment(1920-1933) Amendment(1920-1933)– The manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic The manufacture, sale and transportation of alcoholic

beverages was illegalbeverages was illegal– Supporters believed alcohol brought about corruption, Supporters believed alcohol brought about corruption,

crime, wife and child abuse and accidentscrime, wife and child abuse and accidents– Supporters came mostly from rural South and Supporters came mostly from rural South and

West(areas with a lot of Protestants)West(areas with a lot of Protestants)– Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Christian Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Christian

Temperence Union led the attack on alcoholTemperence Union led the attack on alcohol

ProhibitionProhibition

• Alcohol was allowed for medicinal and Alcohol was allowed for medicinal and religious purposesreligious purposes

• Prescriptions and sacramental wine orders Prescriptions and sacramental wine orders skyrocketedskyrocketed

ProhibitionProhibition

• At f irst saloons closed and drunkeness went At f irst saloons closed and drunkeness went downdown

• The Volstead Act created the Prohibit ion The Volstead Act created the Prohibit ion Bureau to enforce the lawBureau to enforce the law

• Prohibit ion failed for three reasons:Prohibit ion failed for three reasons:1.1. People despised it. Saw it as government People despised it. Saw it as government

meddling in people’s l ivesmeddling in people’s l ives2.2. The Prohibit ion Bureau was underfunded. The Prohibit ion Bureau was underfunded.

Had 1,500 people to supervise the countryHad 1,500 people to supervise the country3.3. Organized crime became commonplaceOrganized crime became commonplace

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies

• To obtain alcohol illegally, people went To obtain alcohol illegally, people went underground to secret bars call underground to secret bars call speakeasiesspeakeasies(people spoke easily or (people spoke easily or quietly about it)quietly about it)

• Speakeasies could be anywhereSpeakeasies could be anywhere• To be admitted a card or password had to To be admitted a card or password had to

be givenbe given

Bootlegging in the 1920'sBootlegging in the 1920's

• Illegally making or distributing alcoholIllegally making or distributing alcohol• BootleggersBootleggers

- people that made or transported alcohol - people that made or transported alcohol – Named because people carried liquor in the Named because people carried liquor in the

legs of bootslegs of boots– Most imported alcohol came in from Canada, Most imported alcohol came in from Canada,

Cuba or the West IndiesCuba or the West Indies

BootleggingBootlegging

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

• Came about as a result of ProhibitionCame about as a result of Prohibition• Every major city had it’s gangEvery major city had it’s gang• Al Capone’s bootlegging business in Al Capone’s bootlegging business in

Chicago made over $60 million a yearChicago made over $60 million a year• Due to gang violence, only 19% of Due to gang violence, only 19% of

Americans supported Prohibition by 1925Americans supported Prohibition by 1925• Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the

2121stst Amendment Amendment

Al Capone-ScarfaceAl Capone-Scarface

St. Valentine’s Day MassacreSt. Valentine’s Day Massacre

Tommy GunTommy Gun

Taken down by Tax EvasionTaken down by Tax Evasion

Science vs ReligionScience vs Religion

• There was a struggle between the modern There was a struggle between the modern scientific people and the Christian scientific people and the Christian fundamentalistsfundamentalists

• Fundamentalists believed everything Fundamentalists believed everything could be explained by the Biblecould be explained by the Bible

• They disagreed with the theory of They disagreed with the theory of evolution especiallyevolution especially

Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

The Scopes Monkey TrialThe Scopes Monkey Trial

• In 1925, Tennessee passed the first law In 1925, Tennessee passed the first law making it illegal to teach evolution in making it illegal to teach evolution in schoolschool

• The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) said it would defend any teacher willing to said it would defend any teacher willing to break the lawbreak the law

• John Scopes, biology teacher from John Scopes, biology teacher from Dayton, accepted.Dayton, accepted.

John ScopesJohn Scopes

Scopes-Monkey TrialScopes-Monkey Trial

• Scopes taught evolution and was arrestedScopes taught evolution and was arrested• Clarence Darrow was hired by the ACLU Clarence Darrow was hired by the ACLU

to defend Scopesto defend Scopes• William Jennings Bryan was the special William Jennings Bryan was the special

prosecutorprosecutor• Scopes did not deny teaching evolutionScopes did not deny teaching evolution• Trial was really about evolution in schoolsTrial was really about evolution in schools

Clarence DarrowClarence Darrow

William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan

Scopes Monkey TrialScopes Monkey Trial

• Darrow called Bryan to the stand and Darrow called Bryan to the stand and asked him questions about the Bibleasked him questions about the Bible

• Darrow made Bryan look foolishDarrow made Bryan look foolish• In the end, Scopes was found guilty and In the end, Scopes was found guilty and

fined $100fined $100

Buying on CreditBuying on Credit

• ““Buy now, pay Buy now, pay later”later”

• Stocks market Stocks market was boomingwas booming

– Buying on Buying on marginmargin

The FlapperThe Flapper

Flagpole Sitting-Alvin KellyFlagpole Sitting-Alvin Kelly

Oxford BagsOxford Bags

Greta GarboGreta Garbo

Clara BoClara Bo

Mary PickfordMary Pickford

Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin

Douglass FairbanksDouglass Fairbanks

Rudolph ValentinoRudolph Valentino

Al Jolson in The Jazz SingerAl Jolson in The Jazz Singer

The Marx BrothersThe Marx Brothers

Harry HoudiniHarry Houdini

Babe RuthBabe Ruth

Jack DempseyJack Dempsey

Gene TunneyGene Tunney

Bobby JonesBobby Jones

Bill TildenBill Tilden

Red GrangeRed Grange

F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

James Weldon JohnsonJames Weldon Johnson

Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem RenaissanceLois M. JonesLois M. Jones

William JohnsonWilliam Johnson

Palmer HaydenPalmer Hayden

Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong

The Cotton ClubThe Cotton Club

http://www.cottonclub-newyork.com/about.html

Duke EllingtonDuke Ellington

Cab CallowayCab Calloway

Bessie SmithBessie Smith