rob and cheryl mcewen graduate study research …...2019/12/12 · and interior air quality year...

Photo credit: Tom Arban

Schulich School of Business, York University

Rob and Cheryl McEwen Graduate Study & Research Building


Designing for a Healthy Building Climate

Fig 1: Central Atrium and Solar Chimney; A social hub for spontaneous dialogue, and driver of the high performance hybrid system design.

Architecture and engineering are seamlessly in-tegrated in this academic research and classroom building to create a unique, climate responsive, hybrid environmental design that promotes collegial engagment and occupant well being, while drop-ping energy use intensity significantly below the model national reference standard. A 28m high solar chimney reinforces the building’s iconic presence on campus and is the centre-piece of both “active” and “passive” modes of the environmental control system. In full “passive mode” it drives effective natural ventilation of all occupant spaces including large assembly spaces, which is typically not done in Canada. During “active winter mode” it pre-heats intake air through the mechanical ventilation equipment. In “active summer mode” the building’s thermal mass and green roofs are used as supple-mentary free cooling mediums.


Fig 2: South entry area from courtyard to Social Hub / Atrium

Showing: horizontal shading elements at offices on level 2 and 3, and louver screen at Grad Study Carrel on level 2; glazed solar chimney embedded in penthouse above;

A Place to Transform Business Thinking

This major expansion to the McEwen Center is the Schulich School of Business, devoted to graduate studies and research, embraces the client’s goal of promoting innovative ways of thinking. Its central atrium, wrapped by a sculptural concrete stair and “bridge lounge”, creates an interactive terrain of places for spontaneous social exchange. The atrium also connects to the building’s 28m tall solar chim-ney and functions as a central air exchange plenum. Pressure differential created by the chimney’s ex-treme height drives building wide natural ventilation in shoulder seasons. and its south orientation and mass wall passively preheat fresh air intake in winter months, contributing to improved occupant comfort and interior air quality year round, achieving a very low overall energy use intensity for the building. In addition to driving effectiveness of the building’s innovative hybrid passive/active ventilation system, the solar chimney reinforces a landmark presence of the School on the main entry road to the campus. With interior social activities of the atrium visible through the exterior glazed wall and the chimney illuminated as a beacon at night, these two strategic elements make manifest the building’s duality of purpose: breaking down physical and social bar-ries to creative thinking and putting into action the school’s commitment to sustainbile design.

Organizing Space and Access to Promote Idea Exchange and Sociability

Schulich students and professors are drawn from around the globe and typically are intensively engaged within the building for long hours. Many “partners” from business come to the School to teach, attend conferences, or participate in special events. The atrium provides a central orienta-tion and social hub for the building. On the main level, glazed corridors connect teaching clusters of classrooms, seminar rooms and small break-out rooms with the central social space of the atrium. The arrangement provides a flexible platform for teaching and peer to peer learning. On the upper two levels, loop corridors anchored by the atrium provide clear circulation routes to offices, research labs, conference and meeting rooms, and support spaces, and similarly serve as passive air distribution pathways for the hybrid ventilation system. Spaces are arranged in clusters to provide flexibility for the formation of interdisciplinary research groups. A quiet lounge on the second floor and “bridge lounge” on the third floor, overlooking the atrium, provide places to promote informal exchange between researchers, graduate students, and visitors.

Creating a Site Responsive Architectural Form and Identity

The unique form and architectural identity for the McEwen building is the result of the synthesis of cli-mate responsive design, program planning, and ur-ban design responses to challenging site constrains. Folded opaque and transparent surfaces are used to transform the building footprint from alignment with the south west orientation of the campus ar-rival road to optimal solar orientation of the build-ing’s south facade for effective shading design, solar energy harvesting and the hybrid functionality of the solar chimney. Transparency of the exterior walls at the central atrium allows passersby to see activities inside the social centre of the building, and provides strong visual connection from interior spaces to the campus. South and west facing glazing is shaded in summer by solar awnings and louvered shading devices. The south facing wind sheltered courtyard which creates an extension of the building’s social terrain incorporates the library wing and residential tower of the original Schulich complex and expands the existing system of interconnected courtyards which characterize the School within the York Uni-versity campus.


Fig 3: View of North Elevation as seen from Campus

Climate Responsive, Bio-Climatic Design for the Environment and Occupant Comfort

Pursuing Innovation to Promote Human and Environmental Well Being

The design process involved significant changes in client program that led to dramatically differ-ent design iterations, but also a design language and sectional strategy developed around the solar chimney, is both innovative in scale and engineering integration for buildings of this type. The original program brief anticipated a mixed use complex with a student residence above classrooms and offices. The initial design concept, illustrated by an “origa-mi” sketch model, proposed a thin residential tower situated above an academic base wrapping the site. The brief also emphasized the client’s commitment to “sustainable design” and the tower idea incorpo-rated “folds” to twist it from the contextual orienta-tion of the base to a more optimal south orientation for effective shading of residence windows. To push passive design performance further the design team took advantage of the height of the tower to incor-porate a solar chimney with the scale and height required to drive effective stack ventilation of the three storey academic base building. A change in University policy led to deletion of the residence component, but the client and design team agreed that the potential environmental performance, in terms of energy and user well being, provided by a large scale solar chimney was sufficiently compelling that it should be retained in the final project as a free standing tower.

Selecting Materials and Systems to Further Environmental Goals

From the beginning, decisions about materials were similarly driven by the potential for a interplay of form and environmental design. Concrete was se-lected for the structure and exposed as a finish as it is fundamentally durable, but also provides a heavy mass that can significantly enhance passive cool-ing and solar harvesting by its capacity to absorb heat energy when it is exposed to the interior and insulated from the exterior. The potential to sculpt its form by coordinating structural design with cast-ing methods also presented opportunities to create dramatic elements unique to the project, such as the slender central stair and the “bridge lounge” spanning the atrium. Light weight Fibre Reinforced Cement panels were selected as a rain screen to clad the highly insulated mass, except at base level conditions where stone panels were used to both better resist wear and visually resonate with the existing stone clad complex next door. Other interior finishes chosen for durability and distinctive appear-ance include: stainless steel mesh as well as natural oak acoustic panelling, doors, frames, flat panelling; perforated metal radiant and acoustic panels; and textile fibre acoustic ceiling panels. The use of con-ventional drywall and acoustic panel systems was minimized.

Calibrating the Envelope to Achieve “Transparency” and “Passive” Design Goals

A high performance enclosure is the first building block of low energy green design. For this building highly insulated opaque walls (R 30 / U 0.033 Btu/hr.ft2.°F) have been punctuated with glazed walls and windows in a manner that achieves a glazing to opaque wall ratio not exceeding 40%, while pre-senting an experience of high transparency to activ-ity spaces in the building, most especially the central atrium. Daylight and shading studies informed the distribution of windows to ensure effective day light-ing of all occupant spaces. Glazing systems on the north, east and west facades are comprised of high performance thermally broken structural silicone curtain wall framing, while south facing windows to offices utilize highly insulating fibreglass frames. Triple glazed insulated glass units with argon fill are used in all openings and low emissivity coat-ing combinations in the units were calibrated and specified separately for each orientation to optimize visible light transmission and solar heat gain coeffi-cients for different exposure conditions. Continuous shade awnings on the south facade control solar gain relative to seasonal sun angles, while clerestory level glazing is strategically un-shaded and uses light diffusing frosted glazing to maximize day lighting ef-fectiveness. South facing glazing at grade is shaded by canopies and east and west facing glazing is shaded with deep vertical fins. All canopy structures are supported, either by free standing structure, or thermally broken connections integrated into the design of the building structure.

Photo credit: Steven Evans Photography

Fig 4: View of South courtyard with south facing spaces with solar shading, solar chimney above Social Hub, and classroom wing at right with vertical shading fins on west facing glazing


Fig 5: View of East Elevation and classroom wing glazing with shading vertical fin columns.


In winter months, windows must be closed to save energy and, similarly, on hot summer days, they must be closed to maintain efficient cooling and control humidity. To achieve this, the building uses a Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS). The DOAS system is sized to meet ventilation / air exchange re-quirements only, and does not provide the primary heating or cooling loads unlike a conventional air handling system. As a result, significantly less air must be driven by the building’s air handlers and, thus, required fan energy is significantly reduced. The building contains a very limited quantity of ductwork compared to a conventional building. This allowed for lower slab to slab heights and thus ma-terial efficiency, while maintaining the desired feel of tall and light filled spaces for occupants. Enclosed ceiling finishes to conceal ductwork and services were able to be limited to primarily corridor spaces, allowing the concrete structure to be exposed and effectively used as mass and a heat sink for the active radiant heating and cooling systems, and pas-sive solar harvesting. Building wide acoustics are improved since there is very limited mechanically driven air flow. Combining the DOAS system with delivery of ventilation air via low speed displace-ment ventilation grilles located at the base of rooms also contributes to exceptional indoor air quality and promotes occupant health and well being, since natural air buoyancy conducts pollutants up and out via high return grilles.

Hybridizing Active and Passive Modes in the Solar Chimney Design to Maximize Effectiveness

The 28m tall solar chimney, situated atop the central atrium is the central driver of the multi modal hybrid active/passive ventilation and environmental control system. The base of the solar chimney opens into the central atrium and is fitted with an operable glazed skylight vent driven by a rack and pinion tech-nology similar to that found in commercial green-house glazing systems.

Switching between passive hybrid natural ventilation mode in shoulder seasons, active preheat mode in winter, and active cooling mode in summer is fully controlled though the building automation system (BAS). The BAS responds to real time inputs from the building’s dedicated weather station to open, close and modulate the various dampers and glazed vents of the solar chimney, the DOAS system, and fully automated operable windows in all occupant spaces, including classrooms and social areas. A;; acoustically sensitive spaces are fitted out with acoustic transfer ducts that provide a route for return air out into corridors, and up through the central atrium to the chimney. In this way the full building and not just the mechanical system com-ponents operate under the application of sophisti-cated control technology as an integrated system which is responsive to changing seasonal and climatic conditions to maintain optimized perfor-mance and occupant comfort year round.

Using the Building Mass to Augment Climate Responsive Hybrid System Design

Toronto’s extremely variable climate of hot, humid summers and cold winters, poses significant chal-lenges for architects and engineers considering how to incorporate and control natural ventilation into assembly / classroom buildings, which have large dynamic cooling loads. Unlike the predominant ap-proach of specialized engineering layered on top of architectural design, this project was developed with a true “whole building design” approach from the outset. The concrete mass of the structure, which includes the main feature stair and bridge lounge, serves as a heat sink that supplements efficient hy-dronic radiant heating in the building’s active slabs in winter. Similarly in summer, thermal mass lags heat build up to augment radiant cooling through the building’s active slab system. The slabs are a key part of the strategy to separate heating and cooling functions from ventilation as water is an inherently more efficient medium for conducting heat energy due its much greater density and thermal mass. Pump energy required is 10% of fan energy required to convey the equivalent amount of heating or cool-ing.

Deploying Active Systems that Maximize Well Be-ing and Minimize Energy and Material

To meet code requirements for healthy fresh air, a mechanical ventilation system is required to serve the buiding when natural ventilation is not possible.

When the building is in passive hybrid natural ven-tilation mode, glass dampers at the base and top of the solar chimney open and modulate to allow air flow from occupied spaces to be drawn up and out of the chimney through natural stack effect and controlled pressure differential. The mass wall in the upper portion of the solar chimney serves as a passive solar energy absorber, re-radiating exces-sive heat gain to enhance exhaust air buoyancy and further augment system effectiveness and create air draw levels comparable to mechanically driven ventilation systems.

In winter preheat mode, the chimney’s south facing glazing and mass wall generate a greenhouse effect under direct sunlight to effectively preheat incoming outdoor air which is drawn through openings in the mass wall and through a heat recovery wheel in the DOAS system before being distributed throughout the building. This sequence of preheat and heat recovery greatly minimizes the demand for direct heat energy inputs to temper make-up in even the coldest times of the year.

Involving Occupants in Building Performance

The size and engineered integration of the solar chimney is rare in North America, and unique in On-tario. It is stacked on top of the Social Hub / atrium to exaggerate its height for the purposes of creating greater pressure differential between inlet windows low in the base building and opening vents at the top of the chimney. Control of both “active” and Fig 6: Concept sketches from Preliminary Climate Design Brainstorm

Fig 7: Original paper sketch model of “project vision”

“passive” technology is designed as a fully integrat-ed multi modal system, which includes the Building Automation System. Wherever possible, occupant participation in control of the building is enabled in two ways. Where it is possible for occupants to practically open and close windows in rooms such as classrooms, offices and labs, local controls of the windows are provided. To assist and encourage oc-cupants in using windows when climate conditions are appropriate, all window controls are fitted with a green light system connected to the weather station and BAS system.

Achieving Meaningful High Performance Environ-mental Results

Energy use reduction is modeled to be 83.2% below Canada’s Model National Energy Code and energy use intensity to not exceed 72.4 KWh/m2. This represents a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the MNECB. This ultra low energy use intensity also allows the building to be made Net Zero-ready. Building structure and energy infrastructure has been designed to accommodate the future installation of solar panels to generate equivalent energy at such time as funds may be-come available. A net-zero study conducted for the project demonstrated that 370kW of PV array would be required to achieve a net-zero energy solution.

Monitoring Success through System Metrics and User Experience

In its first winter of operation, the solar chimney has been found to work better than expected in its pre-heat mode. With outside air temperature of -1 deg C air temperature at the inlet to the DOAS system was measured at nearly 11 deg C, a warming of over 12 degrees before heat recovery. Temperature gain from the solar chimney pre-heat will be most effec-tive on cold days with full sun. The typical Toronto winter has sunny days 75% of the time (65 days).

Air flow capacity of the Solar Chimney is 47, 000 CFM in natural ventilation mode and 20, 000 CFM in winter mechanical ventilation mode. With the solar chimney the building can operate in natural ventila-tion mode for 1,926 average hours of the year, as compared to 628 average hours in a conventional building with operable windows only. This corre-sponds to using natural ventilation 160 days of the year with the solar chimney, as compared to 52 days of the year in a conventional building.

“It’s good to see our investment working to our benefit in terms of energy savings”

Engineering Services Manager, York University

In only the first several months since opening, build-ing occupants from students to the School’s Dean have commented on the exceptional air quality, abundant natural light, and high level of occupant comfort in the building.

“This is home for the people who come here. We can’t get people out of the building. They’re here sometimes until 2 o’clock in the morning.”

James McKellar, Director of the Brookfield Centre in Real Estate and Infrastructure Schulich School of Business

In addition to tracking energy performance metrics from the building’s computerized BAS system, a sys-tem of data tracking for statistics such as staff absen-teeism, as well as user experience surveys related to occupant perception of air quality, acoustics, day lighting vs. artificial lighting, general sense of health and well being, occupant control etc are currently being developed by the School to track building performance in an ongoing manner.

“The first thing you notice is the silence. With-out the dull roar of fans, a heating and cool-ing system, the whole clangorous machinery needed to make our buildings inhabitable, these rooms are exquisitely quiet — not just a treat, a luxury.

Add to that the sunshine pouring through the glass walls and you have that rarest of archi-tectural creations, a structure made for human occupation.”

Christopher Hume, Toronto Star

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Ground Floor Plan1: Main entry 2: Social Hub (Atrium)

4: Seminar Rooms

6: Cafe

8: Loading and Service

10: Landscaped Courtyard11: Covered Colonnade

Physical model of redesigned scheme

Solar Chimney towerof mixed use scheme with residence

Fig 8: Design and project

Fig 9: Ground Floor and Site Plan


Phys

Solaof mixed use scheme with residence


Fig 8: Axonometric of Site Design illustrating response to site constraints; integrated urban and solar design

Fig 9: Design and project program iteration models

Physical model of redesigned scheme with academic facilities and integrated solar chimney tower

Digital model of last design iteration of mixed use scheme with residence tower above academic facilities

5m 10m 25m 50m

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44

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55

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4: Seminar Rooms

6: Cafe

8: Loading and Service

10: Landscaped Courtyard11: Covered Colonnade

Ground Floor1. Main Entry2. Social Hub3. Research Presentation / Teaching Spaces4. Seminar Rooms5. Small Group Breakout Rooms6. Cafe7. Student Engagement Office8. Loading and Service9. Link to Existing Building10. Landscape Courtyard11. Covered Colonnade


Basement1. Student Lounge Space2. Student Workout Room3. Change Rooms / Showers Spaces4. Mechanical5. Electrical6. Storage / Service Offices7. Utility Corridor8. Utility Corridor / Tunnel9. Communication Room10. Rainwater Cistern

Second Floor1. Social Hub (Atrium)2. Graduate Lounge3. Executive Seminar Room4. Staff Office (typ)5. Study Carrels6. Reception7. Research Lab8. Research Office (typ)9. Meeting Room10. Storage / Support11. Media Support Spaces12. Green Roof

Fig 11a: Floor Plans

Third Floor1. Social Hub (Atrium)2. Reception Lounge3. Media Production4. Executive Seminar Room5. Staff Office6. PhD Office7. Reception8. Research Lab9. Research Lab10. Meeting Room11. Storage / Support

Solar Chimney and Mechanical Penthouse1. Mechanical2. Electrical3. Solar Chimney4. Green Roof

Fig 11b: Floor Plans

Fig 12: Section perspective illustrating integrated social and climate responsive environmental design

1. Solar chimney rack and pinion awnings for preheat intake and natural ventilation exhaust

2. Solar chimney rack and pinion skylight damper

3: Solar chimney mass wall with intake dampers to DOAS system

4: Mechanical Space with Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS)

5: Radiant acoustical ceiling panels and baffles

6: Active slab radiant heating and cooling

7: Curtain wall and Fibreglass windows with triple glazed insulated glass and building automation system controlled operable vents

8: South elevation solar shading devices

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3

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77

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Fig 13: Hyrbrid Passive / Active Environmental Control System. Winter Preheat Mode

Ventilation path diagram showing solar chimney preheat integrated with heat recovery and dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)

Fig 14: Hybrid Passive / Active Environmental Control System. Passive Hybrid Natural Ventilation Mode

Ventilation path diagram showing solar chimney stack effect driving natural ventilation of all occupant spaces

SOLAR CHIMNEYRACK AND PINIONAWNINGS OPEN

SKYLIGHT RACKAND PINIONDAMPER CLOSED

RETURN VENTILATIONACOUSTICALTRANSFER DUCTS

SUPPLY AIRDISPLACEMENTVENTILATION

OPERABLEWINDOWSCLOSED

VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SUPPLY FANS

EXHAUSTLOUVERS

AIR HANDLING UNITSUPPLY SEQUENCE:• FILTERS• PREHEAT COIL

(ONLY IN USE FOROUTDOOR AIRBELOW -15C)

• HEAT RECOVERYWHEEL

• FILTERS• HEATING COIL• HUMIDIFIER• WRAP AROUND

HEAT PIPE• COOLING COIL• SUPPLY FAN

SOLAR CHIMNEYPREHEAT INTAKEDAMPERS OPEN

SOLAR GAINPREHEAT WITHINSOLAR CHIMNEY(AIR DRAWN DOWNBY AHU FAN)

SOLAR CHIMNEYRETURN AIRDAMPERS OPEN

AIRHANDLING

UNIT

AIR HANDLING UNITEXHAUST SEQUENCE:• FILTERS• HEAT RECOVERY

WHEEL• EXHAUST FAN

CORRIDOR

ATRIUM

CLASSROOMCORRIDORSEMINAR

ROOM

OFFICE

OFFICE

CORRIDOR

CORRIDOR

Fig 15: Hybrid Passive / Active Environmental Control System. Winter Preheat Mode

Solar Chimney Detail and System Schematic showing passive preheat integrated with heat recovery and dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)

RETURN VENTILATIONACOUSTICALTRANSFER DUCTS

OPERABLEWINDOWSOPEN

CORRIDOR

ATRIUM

CLASSROOMCORRIDORSEMINAR

ROOM

OFFICE

OFFICE

CORRIDOR

CORRIDOR

SOLAR CHIMNEYRACK AND PINIONAWNINGS OPEN

SKYLIGHT RACKAND PINIONDAMPER OPEN

SOLAR CHIMNEYPREHEAT INTAKEDAMPERSCLOSED

SOLAR HEAT GAINREINFORCESSTACK EFFECTWITHIN SOLARCHIMNEY

SOLAR CHIMNEYRETURN AIRDAMPERS CLOSED

AIRHANDLING

UNIT

NO MECHANICAL AIRSUPPLY REQUIREDFOR PERIMETERSPACES DURINGPASSIVE VENTILATIONMODE. AIR HANDLINGUNIT MOSTLY OFFLINEEXCEPT FOR SUPPLYTO SECONDARYSPACES SUCH ASSTORAGE ANDWASHROOMS.

Fig 16: Hybrid Passive / Active Environmental Control System. Passive Hybrid Natural Ventilation Mode

Solar Chimney Detail and System Sche-matic showing stack effect driving natural ventilation of all occupant spaces

LEVEL RECEPFACULSTAFF EXECUPHD OF

LEVEL RESEARESEAFACULRECEPRECEP

LEVEL RECEPFACULEXECUQUITE

LEVEL RESEARESEASTAFF RECEPSTUDY

LEVEL SOCIALCAFE SRESEARESEABREAKSTUDE

LEVEL BREAKSEMINA

ROOM

Requirecalculatloads fr

WEST EAST / SOUTH

Level 10

Level 412800

Solar Chimney Top28125

Level 24625

Level 38225

NATUR

Solar C47,000 20,000

Operabventilatbuilding

BAS WMode:

OutdooOutdooNot rain

Operabtempera

10 - 1515 - 1818 - 2121 - 26

LEVEL 3 EAST:RECEPTION 0.24smFACULTY OFFICES (6) 0.13smSTAFF OFFICES (3) 0.13smEXECUTIVE SEMINAR 2.31smPHD OFFICES (4) 0.14sm

LEVEL 3 WEST:RESEARCH LAB 0.35smRESEARCH OFFICES(5) 0.25smFACULTY OFFICES (11) 0.13smRECEPTION 0.13smRECEPTION LOUNGE 1.03sm

LEVEL 2 EAST:RECEPTION 0.24smFACULTY OFFICES (9) 0.13smEXECUTIVE SEMINAR 2.31smQUITE GRAD LOUNGE 1.37sm

LEVEL 2 WEST:RESEARCH LAB 0.35smRESEARCH OFFICES(5) 0.25smSTAFF OFFICES (6) 0.13smRECEPTION 0.13smSTUDY CARRELL 1.31sm

LEVEL 1 EAST AND SOUTH:SOCIAL GROUP (ATRIUM) 1.0smCAFE SEATING 0.15smRESEARCH THEATHRE 4.56smRESEARCH PRESENTATION 3.08smBREAKOUT ROOMS (4) 0.37smSTUDENT ENGAGEMENT OFFICE 0.17sm

LEVEL 1 WEST:BREAKOUT ROOMS (4) 0.37smSEMINAR ROOMS (4) 0.99sm

ROOM TYPEVENTILATIONAREA REQ'D

Required ventilation free area table:calculated relative to room occupancy load, and totalloads from internal gains (W/sm)

NATURAL VENTILATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS:

Solar Chimney Ventilation Capacity:47,000 cfm in Natural Ventilation Mode20,000 cfm in Winter Preheat Mode

Operable windows are sized for effective naturalventilation air flow of 3 to 4 times greater than thebuilding code prescribed ventilation rates.

BAS Weather Station conditions for Natural VentilationMode:

Outdoor air temp above 10 C, and below 26 COutdoor dew point temperature above 15 CNot raining

Operable window preset modulates relative to outsidetemperature:

10 - 15 C: 25% open15 - 18 C: 50% open18 - 21 C: 75% open21 - 26 C: 100% open

Fig 17: Passive Hybrid Natural Ventilation Calculations

Ventilation diagram showing required net free area of exterior operable windows for each occupied space as determined by pressure drop analysis, occupancy loads and internal gains

Fig 18 (above) Second floor seminar room with operable windowsFig 19(below) Ground floor breakout room with connecttion to clerestorey glazing

Fig 20 (above) Second floor graduate student lounge with seminar room beyondFig 21 (below) Large classroom with radiant overhead slab and radiant / acoustic baffles

Photo credit: Tom Arban Photo credit: Tom Arban

Photo credit: Tom ArbanPhoto credit: Tom Arban

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20KWh/m2

Heating coil Heat recovery Preheat

Dire

ct e

nerg

y us

eEn

ergy

reco

very

an

d fre

e en

ergy

5

10

15

20

* Reported values are from tower-integrated chimney. Actual values for free-standing chimney are expected to be similar (to be verified).

- 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Ligh�ng Equipment Hea�ng Cooling Pumps Fans DHW

Design as Usual (MNECB Energy Baseline)

Building Envelope Improvements, shading, thermal mass

Loads Reductions (LED lighting, low �ow �xtures)

System Improvements(DOAS, low energy radiant / active slab)

Solar Chimney Improvements(natural ventilation and ventilation preheat)

345 kWh/m2/yr

271 kWh/m2/yr

250 kWh/m2/yr

98 kWh/m2/yr

89 kWh/m2/yr

Energy Use Intensity (EUI), kWh/m2/yr

Fig 22: Solar Chimney Ventilation Preheat Contribution Analysis

Fig 23: Reducing Energy Use through Incremental Improvements

Fig 25: Level 3 ‘Bridge Lounge’

Fig 24:Basement level lounge with extension of sculptural concrete feature stair base and daylight opening to Social Hub above

Photo credit: Tom ArbanPhoto credit: Tom Arban

Fig 26 (below): Axonometric of cantilevered structure of Main Stair winding up and around to Bridge Lounge structure

Fig 27 (right): Central Atrium with sculptural concrete feature stair and bridge lounge, and solar chimney above Photo credit: Tom Arban


Fig 28: Central Atrium viewed from east loop corridor at central core


Fig 29: Central Atrium at ground level viewed from central core

rob and cheryl mcewen graduate study research …...2019/12/12 · and interior air quality year...

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