Julie Robinson; ISS Program Scientist NASA Johnson Space Center

April 2013

Interna'onal  Space  Sta'on  Research  Na'onal  Research  Council  

U.S.  Research  on  ISS  –  Objec3ves  (NASA  Authoriza3on  act  of  2005,  2008,  2010)    §  NASA  Utilization  of  the  ISS    

ú  Astronaut  health  and  countermeasure  development  for  space  exploration  

ú  Testing  research  and  technology  developments  for  future  space  exploration  

ú  Developing  and  validating  operational  procedures  for  long-­‐duration  space  missions  

ú  Microgravity  physical  and  life  sciences  program  to  maintain  U.S.  capability  in  these  areas  

§  ISS  National  Laboratory  ú  Other  U.S.  government  agencies  use  ISS  to  meet  

their  agency  objectives  ú  Commercial  and  non-­‐profit  organizations  use  ISS  in  

the  interests  of  economic  development  in  space  §  International  Commitments  

Research Sponsors on ISS

Commercial Sector Non-profit organizations U.S. Government Agencies

International Partner

Research

NASA Research Human Exploration

Science Mission Space Technology

Russian Research

Biology and Biotechnology, Earth and Space Science, Educational Activities, Human Research, Physical & Material Sciences, Technology Demonstration

CASIS - National Lab

ISS  Utilization  Statistics:    Expeditions  0-­‐32,  December  1998-­‐September  2012  •  Expedi'ons  0  –  32  

–  1549  Inves'ga'ons  •  527  NASA-­‐led  inves'ga'ons  •  1022    Interna'onal-­‐led  inves'ga'ons  

–  >  1500  scien'sts  served  –  747+  scien'fic  publica'ons  –  68  par'cipa'ng  countries  

         

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CSA ESA JAXA NASA/U.S. Roscosmos

Biology and Biotechnology Earth and Space Science Educational Activities Human Research Physical Science Technology

20 216 423 527 364

ISS  U'liza'on  Sta's'cs    Expedi'ons  0-­‐32  

68  Countries  Have  Par'cipated    in  ISS  U'liza'on  through  2012  

Expedi'ons  0  -­‐  32  

Flags = ISS Partners

Argentina Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Columbia Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Fiji Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan

Kenya Korea

Kuwait Lebanon

Luxembourg Macedonia

Malaysia Mali

Mexico Netherlands

New Zealand Nigeria Norway

Peru Poland

Portugal Romania

Russia Senegal Slovenia

South Africa Spain

Sweden Switzerland

Taiwan Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago Turkey

Ukraine United Kingdom

Uruguay United States

Venezuela Vietnam

Growth  of  ISS  Na3onal  Lab  •  From  2005-­‐2012  “National  Lab  Pathfinders”  

–  By  2011,  Approximately  25%  of  ISS  investigations  were  National  Lab  Pathfinders  

•  2011-­‐2013  Transition  to  CASIS  management  –  First  research  solicitations  open  now  –  First  CASIS-­‐selected  experiments  will  fly  in  Expeditions  37/38  (about  1  year  from  

now)  –  Some  pathfinders  will  end,  some  will  transition  to  CASIS  management  

Biology  and  Biotechnology  

Physical  Sciences  

Human  Research  

Tech  Demos  

Earth    Science  

Na3onal  Lab    (Earth  Benefits)  

NASA    (Explora3on)  

Education  

Approximate  sponsorship  by  scien3fic  discipline  

Astrophysics  

Decadal Surveys and Reviews Guiding science and technology development

selections for NASA use of ISS

Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society (NRC, 2012)

Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (NRC, 2007)

Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (NRC, 2011)

Review of NASA's Human Research Program Evidence Books - A Letter Report (IOM, 2008)

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space (NRC, 2012)

Human Research

ISS includes international research on medical risks to astronauts So that humans can

explore outside Earth orbit

Human Physiology: Response to Spaceflight

• Muscle

• Cardiovascular

Astronauts experience a spectrum of adaptations in

flight and postflight

Balance disorders Cardiovascular deconditioning Decreased immune function

Muscle atrophy Bone loss

• Neurovestibular

• Behavior

• Radiation

• Immunology

• Nutrition

• Bone

Human Research Program– Integrated Research Plan

Life & Physical Sciences

NASA Response to Life and Physical Sciences Decadal survey

Ø NASA response steering committee developed weighting factors for the primary and secondary criteria identified in the two bounding policies: Ø (Goal 1) “send humans to mars” Ø (Goal 2) “develop new capabilities by advancing

leading edge science”. Ø The steering committee addressed the bounding

policies separately as integration and investment strategy downstream should be the responsibility of the SLPSRA organization.

Ø Twelve of the highest priority recommendations supported both bounding policies.

Ø Space Life and Physical Sciences within HEO is now folding these in to build a comprehensive science plan for the Division

Enabling greater scientific return

Cold Atom Laboratory Advanced Plant Habitat

Rodent Research System

Drosophila Habitat and Centrifuge “Microbial Observatory”

ACME Gaseous Combustion

Technology Demonstration on ISS

Utilization Plans, Technology Development and Demonstrations

Ø Technology  goals  of  ISS  Ø Demonstrate  advanced  technologies  that  benefit  from  the  unique  environment  of  ISS.  

Ø Mature  cri'cal  systems  on  ISS  like  Environmental  Control  and  Life  Support  so  that  they  enable  future  explora'on  missions.  

Ø Obtain,  run-­‐'me,  reliability,  and  opera'onal  data  on  systems  in  the  applicable  space  environment.  

NRC Technology Roadmap Recommendations

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA's Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space – feedback on NASA’s Technology Roadmaps: “The International Space Station (ISS) is a unique research and test facility that is critical for the development of space technologies. It provides a platform for testing in microgravity and the harsh environment of space (cosmic rays, solar coronal ejecta, micrometeorites, etc.) for long durations.” Ø  14 roadmaps identify critical enabling technologies necessary to meet the goals outlined in the strategic plan. Ø  The NRC defined 3 main technology objectives and 16 top technical challenges mapped to those objectives:

Highlighted technologies could utilize ISS as a testbed for validation (or commercial crew mission to ISS**)

A: Extend and sustain human activities beyond low Earth orbit

B: Explore the evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere

C: Expand our understanding of Earth and the universe in which we live

Radiation Mitigation* In-situ Instruments & Sensors Optical Systems

Long-duration Crew Health Extreme Terrain Mobility High-Contrast Imaging & Spectroscopy

ECLSS Detectors & Focal Planes

Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Active Thermal Control of Cryogenic Systems

GN&C GN&C Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures

Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures

Lightweight & Multifunctional Materials & Structures

Fission Power Generation Fission Power Generation EDL TPS** EDL TPS** Solar Power Generation Solar Power Generation Electric Propulsion** Electric Propulsion**

Current, Planned, or Proposed ISS Technology Demonstrations, Nov 2012

Ø Robotics Ø  Next Gen Canadarm testing (CSA) Ø  Robotic Assisted EVA’s (Robonaut, NASA) Ø  METERON (ESA) and Surface Telerobotics Ø  Delay Tolerant Network Robotic Systems Ø  Robotic Refueling Mission (CSA, NASA) Ø  Robotic assembly to optical tolerances (OPTIIX,

NASA)

Ø Comm and Nav Ø  OPALS – Optical Communication Ø  X-Ray Navigation, (NICER/SEXTANT, NASA) Ø  Software Defined Radio (CoNNeCT/SCAN, NASA) Ø  Delay tolerant space networks Ø  Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking advancements

(ESA/JAXA) Ø  Advanced optical metrology (sensing/mat’ls)

Ø Power Ø  Regenerative fuel cells Ø  Advanced solar array designs [FAST, IBIS, or other] Ø  Advanced photovoltaic materials Ø  Battery and energy storage advancements [Li-Ion or

other]

Ø  Thermal Control Ø  High efficiency radiators Ø  Cryogenic propellant storage & transfer Ø  Advanced materials testing

Ø Closed Loop ECLSS Ø  Atmospheric monitoring: ANITA2 (ESA),

MIDASS (ESA), AQM (NASA) Ø  Air Revitalization: Oxygen production, Next Gen

OGA [Vapor Feed or other] (NASA) Ø  Contaminated gas removal Ø  Carbon Dioxide recovery: Amine swingbed and

CDRA bed advancements Ø  Advanced Closed-loop Life Support ACLS

(ESA), MELiSSA (ESA), Ø  Water/Waste: Electrochemical disinfection,

Cascade Distillation System, Calcium Remediation, [Electrodialysis Metathesis or other]

Ø Other Ø  Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration Ø  Radiation protection/mitigation/monitoring Ø  On-board parts repair and manufacturing Ø  Inflatable Module (BEAM)

Italic = NRC High Priority Technology that would benefit from ISS access Underline = NRC High Priority Technology (focus for next 5 years)

ELC-2 ELC-4 AMS

External Workstations (9) on the Russian Service Module

Columbus-EPF

ELC-3

ELC-1 JEM-EF

Earth and Space Science Earth Sciences  CATS (cloud lidar) technology demonstration  HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean)  I/SERV (International Space Station SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System)  

OCO-III (atmospheric CO2)  Rapidscat (wind scatterometer) technology demonstration  SAGE-III (atmospheric composition  

Astrophysics  CALET (Calorimetric Electron Telescope)  

CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass)  Technology Demonstration  NICER (Phase B)  Heliophysics  Coronal Physics Investigation (Phase A)  

Science Mission Directorate use of ISS

Ø  Four directorates: Ø  Astrophysics Ø  Heliophysics Ø  Planetary Science Ø  Earth Science

Ø  ISS Included as a platform in SMD solicitations since 2011 Ø  Explorer-AO Ø  SALMON: Stand Along Missions of Opportunity Ø  SMEX: Small Mission Explorer Ø  ROSES-APRA: Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences – Astrophysics

Research Announcement Ø  Earth Venture

Ø  Selections based on decadal survey priorities among proposals on any platform Ø  Astrophysics selected CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass) for ISS under

ROSES-APRA Ø  Astrophysics selected NICER (X-ray navigation) for ISS under Earth Venture-

Instrument Ø  Some proposals still under evaluation

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

•  Antimatter –  3× more sensitive look at helium/antihelium flux

•  Dark matter and dark energy—neutralinos? –  Positron, anti-proton, or gamma ray flux –  First publication on excess of positrons up to 350 GeV, Phys Rev Letters, 2013

•  Detect strangelets –  Particles should have extremely large mass and very small charge-to-mass ratios

National Laboratory Research -- CASIS

CASIS Mission and selection principles

Ø  Cooperative agreement awarded Summer 2011 Ø  “The mission of CASIS is to incite the imagination of

entrepreneurs and scientists, accelerate and facilitate space-based research, increase public awareness of the National Lab, and make space science more accessible to the nation.”

Ø  First Request for Proposals: Ø  Advancing Protein Crystallization Using Microgravity. Ø  Materials Research in the Extreme Environment of Space Ø  Earth imaging using existing facilities

Ø  CASIS review of unfunded proposals includes evaluation of: Ø  Scientific merit, to justify the use of the space-station research platform. Ø  Potential economic impact, to predict resulting value to the American

taxpayer.

Ø  Proposals receiving high evaluation scores from this review may qualify for funding assistance from implementation partners, and CASIS may facilitate matching of funds.

CASIS Annual Report (2012)

Major factors influencing research use of ISS"

Strategies to tip the balance: diverse transportation providers, procure

upmass for more users, simplify integration, communicate successes

Resource limitations (e.g., upmass, downmass, crewtime) - Flight delays to resupply and return plan - Operations scenarios that reduce crew time for research

Research Demand - NASA Funding

- Non-NASA Funding - Research breakthroughs that drive funding

(Earth benefits & applications)

Ease of using the Laboratory -Transportation free for all users

-Multi-user facility development reduces payload development needs

Strategies to tip the balance: diverse transportation providers, procure

upmass for more users, simplify integration, communicate successes

Major Factors Limiting ISS Research and our Response

Ø  Research funding Ø  CASIS establishment to seek non-NASA funds Ø  Within-HEO efforts to expand capabilities Ø  Cross-directorate collaboration on new capabilities

Ø  Crew time Ø  Strategies through cooperation with partners (research cooperation, 1-year

increment, human research coordination) Ø  Future opportunities for 4 USOS crew

Ø  Launch/Return Ø  Commercial cargo Ø  SpaceX upgrades for powered capacity, live sample recovery

Ø  Rack-level Facilities expansion under assessment Ø  EXPRESS “lite” Ø  Additional external site capability, data system upgrades

To get the most out of ISS, we need to expand each resource when it becomes limiting if at all possible

(not congratulate ourselves on reaching “full utilization”)

What kind of benefits come from research in space?

Discovery

Space Exploration

Earth Benefits

Research Benefits

Spinoffs

Examples of Major ISS Benefits from the!Decade of Assembly!

Ø Discoveries Ø  MAXI black hole swallowing star

(Nature) Ø  Vision impacts and intracranial

pressure (Opthalmology) Ø  Microbial virulence (Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci.)

Ø NASA Exploration Mission Ø  Life support sustaining and

reliability Ø  Success in bone health

maintenance resistive exercise (J. Bone Mineral Res.)

Ø  Models for Atomic Oxygen erosion in orbit

Ø Results with potential Earth benefit Ø  Candidate vaccines for

Salmonella and MRSA Ø  Candidate treatment for prostate

cancer Ø  Candidate treatment for

Duschenne’s muscular dystrophy

Ø  Technology Spinoffs Ø  Robotic assist for brain

surgery Ø  TiO2 for filtering bacteria

from the air in daycares Ø  Remotely-guided ultrasound

for maternal care in remote areas

ISS benefits for Humanity Document!

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/benefits/index.html

ISS Results Timeline

•  Time from study inception to launch: –  6 months to 10+ years

•  Time to complete a study in orbit: –  2 weeks to 5+ years

•  Time from completion of study in orbit to first publication –  1 to 3 years for majority of investigations

•  Time from publication to understanding the scientific impact of the article –  5-10 years (we are currently supporting a study to assess how to measure

and represent this) •  Time from publication or patent to product being in the marketplace

–  3-20 years (shorter for technologies, longer for drug development)

ISS Utilization Statistics Expeditions 0-32!

Top  20  Journals  with  ISS  Results*  1.   Nature  2.            Proceedings  of  the  Na3onal  

Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  United  States  of  America  

3.            Physical  Review  LeVers  4.            Journal  of  Biological  Chemistry  5.              PLoS  ONE  6.              Journal  of  Neuroscience  7.              Journal  of  Geophysical  Research  8.            Journal  of  Physical  Chemistry  B  9.            Geophysical  Research  LeVers  10.   Langmuir  11.   NeuroImage  12.        Applied  and  Environmental  

Microbiology  13.        New  Journal  of  Physics  14.        Brain  Research  15.        FASEB  Journal  16.        Journal  of  Urology  17.   Radiology  18.          American  Journal  of  Physiology:  

Heart  and  Circulatory  Physiology  19.          New  Phytologist  20.        Ophthalmology  *Journals are listed in Eigenfactor® order. Eigenfactor® is an estimate of the percentage of time users spend with a journal, with citations from influential journals ranked higher.  

*Future Improvements from Atlas of ISS Science in 2015

ISS Research & Technology (link)

http://www.nasa.gov/iss-science/ ISS Research (Customer) Helpline Phone: 281-244-6187 Email: jsc-iss-research-helpline@mail.nasa.gov

@ISS_Research (link)

ISS Research Blog “A Lab Aloft” (link) http://go.usa.gov/atI See the ISS over Your Town (link) http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/