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Role and activity of cultural practices in the control of grapevine trunk diseases[restricted to cultural decisions (F)

no sanitation methods]

P. Lecomte, UMR SAVE Bordeaux (F)P. Lecomte, UMR SAVE Bordeaux (F)

WG4 COST Action FA 1303Warsaw, 2014 ; September 25-26

PLANIntroduction

Generalities

What can we find in the main English reviews?

Known or putative role of some cultural practices

Before planting: 1 slide

When planting: 1 slide

After planting, in established vineyard:10 slides

Role of cultural practices/control


GTDGTDPathogen (s)

Cultivar

Environment

soil, climate

Role of cultural practices/control – Generalities

Human decisions

e.g. cultural practicesGrower


What do we mean by role of a cultural practice?

We can think about an increase or a decrease of the deve lopment of 1 woodpathogen or several pathogens?

In fact, in general, we think about the development of inner necrosis leadingto a critical situation of one disease often character ized by a prevalence like a % of mortality or a % of symptomatic vines

Role of cultural practices - Generalities

Equally, it is generally accepted that the more nec rosis, the greater the decline is

Esca, Maher et al. 2012 : the amount of necroses generally determinesthe disease status of vines (asymptomatic, chronic, a cute forms)

Also reported by Liminana et al., 2009, Lecomte et al. , 2008, Calzarano and Di Marco, 2007


A grapevine trunk disease can be briefly define/model as

Wounds

Bark

Inner necrosis(not functional)

Functional wood(healthy?)

Leaf expression sporadic or chronic

Beforeplanting

Atplanting

In established vineyard

Age, cv, …

Decline

a progressive development of inner necrosis reducing the f unctional wood

Role of cultural practices - Generalities

Infections


What can we find in the English literature regarding the ma jor reviews ?

Eutypa Dieback:Carter, 1991 mentioned a« modified pruning system (Smith and Wishart, 1955) that was developed in order to avoid any wounding allowing a direct access of the pathogen to the major branches : no pruning for 1 year and then pruningon young branches

Role of cultural practices/control - Introduction

Esca:Mugnai, 1999 : one paragraph : « frequent and extensiv e pruning or large rejuvenation cuttings creates favorable conditions for esca (Lafon, 1921)


Training systemLengthof arms

% of vinesshowing apoplexy (esca)

‘Guyot simple’ Short 10 - 25

‘Guyot double’ Short 15 - 20

‘Gobelet, Cordon Royat’ Long 0-5

‘Trellis in cordon’ Long 0-1

Lafon, 1921: Comparison of vineyards (20- 30 yrs) in Charentes area

Difference between cordon system /guyot system

Also reported by Arnaud et Arnaud, 1931 ; Mugnai, 199 9 ; Dubos, 2002

Role of cultural practices/control(In established vineyard)


What about in the English literature regarding the major reviews ?

Eutypa Dieback:Carter, 1991 mentioned a« modified pruning system (Smith and Wishart, 1955) that was developed in order to avoid any wounding allowing a direct access of the pathogen to the major branches : no pruning for 1 year and then pruningon young branches

Role of cultural practices/control - Introduction

Esca:Mugnai, 1999 : one paragraph : « frequent and extensiv e pruning or large rejuvenation cuttings creates favorable conditions for esca (Lafon, 1921)

Bertsch et al., 2013: double pruning=late pruning

Bot dieback:Urbes-Torres, 2011: double pruning


Interesting references but low number of mentions on cu ltural practices

PLANIntroduction

Putative or known role of some cultural practices

Before planting: 1 slide

When planting: 1 slide

In established vineyard: 10 slides

Role of cultural practices/control


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009*

Forçage de greffés-soudés

Greffes Boutures mises en terre

Plants reportés

Implementations of grafted vines ( Source: France-Agrimer 1995-2009 )

Quality of grafting material!

Demand 1995-2005 for planting material has likely excee ded supplyLecomte et al., 2012, 2013

Also reported in Australia and South Africa)

106

A lot of studies have already underlined that the nurse ry process and relatedstress may predispose the vines to the development of parasites and

necroses (Ferreira et al., 1999 ; Stamp, 2001; Waite and Morton, 2007; Grama je and Armengol, 2011),

That means that a rigorous selection of grafted vines is required before sale!

Role of cultural practices - Before planting

Role of cultural practices - When planting

no no soilsoil rotationrotationpoorpoor soilsoil preparationpreparationlatelate plantingplantingno no sufficientsufficient irrigationirrigation

but no experimental data, only reports

choice of the rootstock (and clone) Murolo and Romanazzi, 2014: SO4 showed higher disease in cidence (symptomatic vines) than combinations with 1103P

But we need more data (e.g mortality) according to the regions, the soils, combinations, etc


After planting:

- overcropping during the first years (no data)

- late harvest �� (see Kuntzman and al., 2013)

- mechanization (no data)

- training systems (mostly French experience)

- pruning decisions (mostly French experience)

Role of cultural practices - In established vineyard


Training system% of vines withlow necrosis attransverse cut

% of vines withsignificant necrosis

( >= au ¼ )Transverse cuts

‘Guyot simple’ 9,2 90,8

Cordon bi-latéral 53.5 46,5

Boubals et Mur, 1990

Observations of 100 transverse cuts of the trunk unde r the arms

C. Sauvignon, SO4, same origin, age: 15 years


Role of the training system/Eutypa dieback


Name Area

CultivarP.G.Date of plantingTraining system

YearNb of vines surveyed

%of vines

showing foliar symptoms

% of escatrunk-affectedvines

CénacEntre-2-

Mers

Cabernet Franc3309C1988Guyot, short arms

200420052006

500500550

18,616,825,6

31.438.848.2

Latresne, Entre-2-

Mers

Cabernet Franc/Fercal1987Lyra, long arms

200420052006

1072500500

45,435

55,6

n.a.9.49.6

Differences in Esca incidence observed in the same loca tion in Bordeaux area likely depending on the training system

Lecomte et al., 2012


Role of the training system/Esca

Guyot

Differences between training systems

LyraCordon



In France, we are witnessing a development of training systemsmuch more simplified (to increase the density/ha)

leading to a dramatic concentration of large wounds c lose to the trunks((Bolay,1979; Cordeau et al., 1984; Boubals et Mur,1990; Lecomte et al., 2008) )

Role of cultural practices - In established vineyardRole of training system

Change in practicesfor +-30 years

� The pruning of grapevine is a practice very severe (electric shears!) and destructive (mutilating) compared to fruit-growing pr actices

More than 90% of young shoots are removed every year


Role of pruning itself?

This practice (specific to grapevine) is probably no t without any consequence,on the vine physiology, on the commensalism develop ment,

especially because grapevine is a creeper that hea l poorly (Lecomte et al. , 2008)

Quality of the pruning system

� Pruning system « Guyot-Poussard » is known less favourable to esca

Rationale : use the same sap route over the years, a void large pruning wounds, avoid rase woundings in order to limit the number of cones of dessication


Lafon (Poussard), 1921; Geoffrion et Renaudin, 2002;

Dal, 2008

Marco Simonit‘Preparatori di uva’

Big booming in France!


Geoffrion et Renaudin, 2002, Anjou: activity of Poussard system

Cultivar/ P.G.Date of plantingPruning system

% of no symptomatic

vines

% of vines esca-affected

Number of re-trained

vines

C. Sauvignon/SO41981“Guyot Poussard”

77, 2 20.8 Small

C. Sauvignon/ ??Before 1981“Guyot double”

56,4 43.6 Numerous

Quality of the pruning system



Minimal pruning: low mortality but productivity?

What about other pruning systems?


Mechanical pruning (Australia): ? Richard Smart ?


Thank youfor your attention !

Role of cultural practices - Conclusions

The cultural approach can surelyopen wide perspectives

We already have some evidence

But we need much morescientific data to more convince!

More the distance from infections to trunk is,less possible the decline is


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