role of materials development in resource efficiencypage 1 imperial college london chris cheeseman...
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©
Imperial College LondonPage 1
Chris CheesemanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering Imperial College London
RECIMAT’09 Avances en el Reciclado de
Materiales y Eco-Energía
Role of materials development in resource efficiency
Madrid, 12-13 de Noviembre de 2009
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1. Drivers for innovation
2.
Examples from research at Imperial College LondonSilt from aggregate washingAPC residuesSewage sludge ash
3.
Portland cement and novel low-carbon systems
4.
Conclusions
Presentation
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Driver for change and innovation
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World population growth
(Source: United Nations 2008)
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Predictions for levels of atmospheric CO2
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Global warming predictions
We are living in a time of rapid change
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CO2
emissionsGlobal warming Population growthExploitation of natural resources
Environmental issues
GovernmentInitiatives
(EU and UK)
Increased cost of energy/transportWaste disposal taxCO2 pricingTaxes on resource extraction
Business Development
and Innovation
Industrial symbiosisBeneficial reuse of wastesSustainable materialsLow-carbon economy
Drivers for change
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Increase in UK Landfill Tax -
active waste
Inert waste Landfill Tax is at £
2.50 per tonne
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Business drivers are absolutely key
Innovation in resource efficiency
Improved competitiveness
Associated carbon and landfill savings
Next 10 to 20 years represent a huge opportunity
Research challenges and opportunities
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Linear system
ProductsNaturalresources
Waste
Conventional industry
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Conventional raw materials
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Move toward Circular system
Natural resources
Products
Products
Waste
To
Resource
Natural resources
21st
century industry
NISP –
National Industrial Symbiosis Programme
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New resources
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Industrial wastes
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Material cycles and embodied energy
Research needed to make the green arrows happen
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGWASTE MANAGEMENT
MATERIALS SCIENCEAND PROCESSING
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
Industrially focussed applied researchWaste materials as resourcesKey driver is avoiding landfill
Research focus
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Cement and concrete
Alkali-activated pozzolans
Geopolymers
Ceramics
Glass-ceramics
Inorganic-organic composites
Technologies and materials processing
Primarily interested in fine inorganic problematic materials
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Incinerator bottom ash:
lightweight aggregate alkali activated cements
sintered ceramic productsAir pollution control (APC) residues:
stabilisation/solidification glass, ceramics, glass ceramics, geopolymers
Sewage sludge ash:
alkali activation/pozzolanic propertiesphosphate extraction/phosphoric acid production
Spent bleaching earth:
stabilisation/solidificationnovel composites
Mixed colour glass:
lightweight aggregateQuarry fines:
cat litterSilt from aggregate washing:
aggregate, flowable fill/CLSMPulverised fuel ash:
sintered ceramic productslightweight aggregate
Oil drill cuttings:
sandcrete blocks, geopolymers, sintered ceramicsScallop shells:
lime cementsMetal finishing wastes
sintered ceramics
Types of Wastes
Increasing costs of disposal/management as driver for innovation
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Silt from aggregate washing plants
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Silt from aggregate washing plants
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Aggregate washing plant
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Aggregate washing
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The problemAggregate washing plants produce up to 80 tonnes per hour of waste siltEstimate ~ 400,000 tonnes of waste silt produced per year from aggregate washingSilt management is having a major impact on plant operating costs
Cost implicationsUp to £24 per tonne for landfill disposal Estimated at ~ £1.0 M per annum per plantTotal cost to the aggregate recycling industry ~ £10M per annumThis is only likely to increase!
Problem = Opportunity Need to develop a sustainable solution –
sustainable products
Commercial and environmental drivers in place
Silt from aggregate washing
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How to avoid landfill disposal of silt?
Manufacture of aggregate: Portland cement/polymer system usinga mixing/extrusion/pelletising technology
Flowable fill: Free flowing, setting time between 24 and 48 hours, (CLSM)
compressive strength 1-2 MPa but < 4 MPa
Both options are potential business opportunities
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Air pollution control (APC) residues
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Municipal solid waste management
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UK Energy from Waste facilities:
1) Lerwick 2) Dundee
3) Billingham 4) Bolton
5) Huddersfield 6) Grimsby
7) Sheffield 8) Stoke
9) Nottingham 10) Wolverhampton
11) Dudley 12) Tyseley 13) Coventry
14) Swansea 15) Edmonton
16) Lewisham 17) Chineham 18) Marchwood
19) Portsmouth
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Air Pollution Control (APC) residues
APC resides -
Hazardous waste from cleaning gaseous emissions
European Waste Catalogue -
19 01 07* Solid wastes from gas treatment
Mixture of lime, fly ash and activated carbonlime to neutralise any excess acidfinely divided activated carbon to remove heavy metals and dioxins
Fine particles removed by high efficiency filters
Hazardous waste -
primarily due to high alkalinity
UK currently generates ~160,000 tonnes per year and increasing
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Aqua regia total metals/soluble ions
mg/kg
Leachable metal ions at L/S10
mg/kg
Hazardous landfill WAC
mg/kgAlCaCdCoCrCuFeKNaNiPbSiTiZnCl-
10,000-24,000250,000-350,000
100-1509-14
12-200350-600
3,000-5,2009,000-24,00013,500-20,500
15-352,500-3,500
Nd900-4,000
4,000-8,500160,000
-----
1.3 –
3---
0.2 –
45300 –
700--
40 –
85140,000 –
170,000
-----
100---
4050--
20025,000
Composition and leaching of APC residues
BS EN 12457-3
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APC residue treatment and disposal
Heavy metals, high alkalinity, high soluble salt content, leachable chloride
UK options for APC residues:
–
Hazardous waste landfill -
fails WAC due to excessive Cl-
leaching–
Long-term storage in salt mines -
limited capacity
–
Chemical treatment -
mixing/reacting with waste acid–
Solidification/stabilisation
–
Thermal treatment -
vitrification
DC plasma technology supplied by Tetronics
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DC plasma treatment of APC residues
PLASMA ZONE
> 10,000 K
High Temperature Destruction of Organics
Metallic Phase
Recovery of Metal Value
High Intensity UV
Catalysis of Photo-Chemical Reaction
Environmentally Stable Slag
Repository for Heavy Metals
Furnace Off Gas
Combustible Gases and Volatile Species
PLASMA ZONE
> 10,000 K
High Temperature Destruction of Organics
Metallic Phase
Recovery of Metal Value
High Intensity UV
Catalysis of Photo-Chemical Reaction
Environmentally Stable Slag
Repository for Heavy Metals
Furnace Off Gas
Combustible Gases and Volatile Species
DC plasma furnace
Feed to plasma (wt.%): 69.8% APC residues, 21.9% SiO2
, 8.3% Al2
O3
Blend melted at~1500 -
1600°C
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Re-use of plasma treated APC residues
cms
APC residues
plasma
process
APC residue glass
10 20 30 40 50 60In
tens
ity (a
.u.)
2 (deg.)
XRD -
APC residue glass
10 20 30 40 50 60
A
A
C CD
B
A
A
D
A
F
AA
G
D EHA
D
H
D
F A
D
C
H
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
2 (deg.)
AB
CEA DDD
A - CaClOHB - CaSO4C - K2SD - CaCO3E - SiO2F - NaClG - Ca(OH)2H - KCl
XRD -
APC residue
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DC plasma treatment: viable treatment for APC residues APC residue derived glass: inert waste
Possible reuse applications of APC residue glass include:Unbound aggregateAggregate in concreteSand blastingDecorative cement bonded glass concrete productsPolymer/resin bonded glass products Decorative sintered tiles
Sintered products such as pavers, slips, bricks and tilesGlass-ceramics Cast glassAPC residue glass-geopolymer composites
Possible reuse applications of APC residue glass
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APC residue
glass
Crushed<250μm
bottle glass,glass sand,
other wastes
Mixer
~ 5% clayand water
Uni-axial pressing
Sintered Product
The envisaged products are slips, tiles and pavers60,000 tonne per annum plant
APC residue glass supplied as fritEasier to process to < 250μmBottle glass purchased as EcoSand
APC residue glass sintered products
Standard ceramic processing technology
Uniaxial pressing at 250 kgcm-3
Sintering: ramp rate of 10°Cmin-1, 1 hour dwell, temperatures 600 to 1100°C
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Sintered APC residue derived glass tiles
100APC and 50:50 APC:CG –
various coloured products
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600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
Monoporosa tilesFloor tilesPorcelain tilesCullett glass - 100 wt%APC derived and cullett glass : 50 + 50 wt%APC derived glass : 100 wt%
Bul
k de
nsity
(g/c
m3 )
Temperature oC
Density -
sintering temperature data
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600 700 800 900 1000 1100 12000
5
10
15
20 Monoporosa tilesFloor tilesPorcelain tiles
APC derived glass : 100 wt%APC derived and cullett glass : 50 + 50 wt%Cullett glass - 100 wt%
Temperature oC
Wat
er a
bsor
ptio
n (%
)
Water absorption -
sintering temperature data
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Geopolymers from APC residue glass
Parameters optimised: •
Si/Al ratio
•
S/L ratio•
Type and concentration of activating solution
•
Curing temperature and conditions•
Particle size distribution
Geopolymers
Aluminosilicates reacted with alkali hydroxide or alkali silicate solutionSiO4
and AlO4
tetrahedra linked by shared oxygen atomsLow-carbon sustainable materials
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Materials
•
APC residue plasma derived glass TEMA milled for 2 minutes•
Sodium hydroxide –
alkali source
•
Sodium silicate solution –
silicate source
TEMA milled APC residue glass powder Particle size distribution data
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Compressive strength data
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2 4 6 8 10 12
[NaOH] in the activating solution (molar concentration)
Com
pres
sive
Str
engt
h (M
Pa)
7 Days curing
28 days curing
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Comparison of microstructures
[NaOH] = 4 [NaOH] = 6
[NaOH] = 10
Reduced size of residual APC residue glass particles with increasing NaOH concentration
Geopolymer -
glass composites
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Geopolymer prepared with [NaOH] = 6
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APC residue glass geopolymer composites
Amorphous High compressive strength ~ 110 MPaDensity = 2070 Kg/m3
Water absorption = 11%
XRD analysis of optimum APC glass geopolymer
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60Angle 2Θ (deg)
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Crack propagation around APC glass particles and through geopolymer phase
APC residues glass particles
geopolymer
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Sewage sludge ash
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1. Beckton: East London2. Crossness: East London3. Roundhill: Stourbridge4. Coleshill: Birmingham5. Leeds6. Sheffield7. Huddersfield8.
Bradford9.
Widnes10. Belfast
UK sewage sludge incinerators
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Sewage sludge incinerators
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Sewage sludge incineration plant
~100,000 tonnes of ISSA produced per year in the UK
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Beneficial reuse applications for ISSA
1. Characterisation of ISSA from UK plants
2.
Evaluation of pozzolanic activity by different methodsStrength activity index testFrattini testSaturated lime test
3.
Development of phosphate extraction by acid leachingOptimised process conditions
(reaction time, acid concentration, L/S ratio) High value phosphoric acid productPozzolanic activity of the acid treated residue
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20µm
1000µm 200µm 60µm
Blackburn Meadows SEM with EDS
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Sewage sludge ash samples
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
2θ degrees
Cou
nts
(offs
et fo
r cla
rity)
Q
Q
W
H
W
H HH
W
HHH
WQ
W Q QQW
QW
Q Q QQQ
H
Q
WXN
Beck
UU
Knos
Esh
CVI
BBM
Q - Quartz SiO2 - various formsH - Haematite Fe2O3 - various formsW - Whitlockite Ca3(PO4)2 - various forms
UK ISSA typically contains 14 to 18% by weight P2
O5
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
H2SO4 concentration (Mol/L)
% to
tal e
lem
ent e
xtra
cted
ZnFeMgCaAlP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25
L/S ratio (ml/g)
% to
tal e
lem
ent e
xtra
ctio
n ZnFeMgCaAlP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Reaction time (mins)
% to
tal e
lem
ent e
xtra
cted
Zn
FeMg
CaAl
P
Extraction efficiency of P, Zn and major cations from ISSA
with reaction time (0.5mol.l-1
H2
SO4
at a L/S ratio of 20).
Phosphorus extraction experiments
Effect of H2
SO4
concentration on P extraction (reaction time 120 mins, L/S ratio 20).
Effect of L/S ratio on average extraction efficiency of P.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BBM Esh CVI Knos UU Beck XN
% T
otal
Pundissolved Pextracted P
P extraction efficiencies from other ISSA samples using the optimised process.
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ISSA
H2
SO4
Electrical energy
Reaction chamber
2hrs mixing
drying millingRe-use as a
cement replacement
material
vacuum filtration
Electrical energy
cation exchange
HCl
evaporation
Electrical energy or low grade heat
Electrical energy
Electrical energy or low grade heat
~85% H3
PO4
solids
liquids
Phosphoric acid production process
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Portland cement and alternative low carbon cement
systems
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Sintering temperature of 1450ºCDecomposition of limestone (CaCO3
) with release of CO2
Portland cement manufacture
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Cement kilns
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Portland cement
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Cement is the most manufactured material;Hugely important for modern society;Associated with significant adverse environmental effects:
CO2
emitted in huge quantities;Kiln relies on fossil fuels;High embodied energy due to heating and grinding.
Significant drivers for change.
Options for CO2
reduction:Substitution of fossil fuels;Use of alternative clinker raw materials;Replacement of clinker by secondary cement materials;
Calcined claysDevelopment alternative binders/cements.
Problems and solutions
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Novel cement system based on MgO and mineral additives
Formulation effectively locks CO2
into the cement
Manufacturing process causes minimal CO2
emissions
Low temperature, chemical process, non-carbonate raw materials
Hardens by absorbing atmospheric CO2
Potential to form 'carbon negative' construction products.
Novacem -
an Imperial spin-out
Novacem LimitedThe Incubator, Bessemer Building
Imperial College, South KensingtonLondon SW7 2AZ, UK
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Conclusions
Environmental issues are now driving materials development;
Economic/business factors key for innovation and change;
Time of tremendous opportunities;
Key role of materials science and processing;
Move towards a significant industrial sector based on materials cycles.
Research needed in the key areas of RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
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Acknowledgements
For more information please contact: [email protected]
PhD students and Post Doctoral researchers: Amutha
Deveraj, Nikolaos
Vlasopoulos, Marta Pellizon
Birelli, Nicola Bianco, Rosie Greaves Shane Donatello, Abdelhamid
Beshara, Babagana
Mohammed, Ioanna
Kourti, Carsten
Kunzel, Tingting
Zhang, Fei
Zhang, Christos Lampris, Christine Dimech, Vanessa Adell, Richard Lupo
Research collaborators: Aldo Boccaccini, Luc Vandeperre, Mark Tyrer, Julia Stegemann, Chi Poon, David Wilson, Bill Townend, Xuichen
Qiao, Geoff Fowler
Research Sponsors: Technology Strategy Board, EPSRC, Defra-
BREW, Egyptian Government, PTDF Nigeria
Industrial Sponsors: Tetronics
Ltd, Rio Tinto Minerals, Laing O’Rourke, Duo, Walsh, Veolia Environmental, SELCHP, Claylite
Aggregates, Akristos, Bob Martin, Ballast Phoenix, Grundon
Waste Management, UKQAA, BCA, Elkem, NISP, WRAP, Imperial Innovations
Ana Guerrero: Eduardo Torroja
Institute for Construction Science (CSIC)Jose Monzo
Balbuena: Universidad Politécnica
de Valencia