Rome: Republic and Rome: Republic and EmpireEmpire

Rome: Its LocationRome: Its Location(Perfect for trade and (Perfect for trade and

expansion)expansion)

Rome: Republican Phase: 750-500 BCRome: Republican Phase: 750-500 BC Rome: Maximum Extent of Empire, AD 63Rome: Maximum Extent of Empire, AD 63

The Centrality of the Roman The Centrality of the Roman StateState

Expectations of the citizen Expectations of the citizen (Obedience to the state)(Obedience to the state)

Service in the military—Service in the military—which could be profitable which could be profitable (left) Professional soldiers.(left) Professional soldiers.

The soldier had to finance The soldier had to finance (repay) his own spear, (repay) his own spear, shield, armor and helmet shield, armor and helmet (left)(left)

Both were essential to the Both were essential to the rise of the Roman empirerise of the Roman empire

Roman RoadsRoman Roads ““All roads lead to Rome” is an All roads lead to Rome” is an

apt description of Roman apt description of Roman roadsroads

The network on this map show The network on this map show how the Roman army could go how the Roman army could go anywhere (upper left)anywhere (upper left)

Later, it also indirectly Later, it also indirectly contributed to the spread of contributed to the spread of Christianity throughout the Christianity throughout the empireempire

The paving was basic to the The paving was basic to the rapids transport of troops rapids transport of troops (lower left)(lower left)

Vitruvius wrote about Roman road specifications, shown in profile above with over 1 meter in

thickness (compare to present day 0.60 meters).

Roman Roads /Bridges

How the empire grew!

Example of typical Roman Example of typical Roman street street

Some Roman bridges are still in use today!

Twelve Tables of Roman Twelve Tables of Roman LawLaw

The Twelve Tables of Law formed The Twelve Tables of Law formed the basis of all Roman lawthe basis of all Roman law

These tenets were engraved in These tenets were engraved in stone and mounted at the speakers’ stone and mounted at the speakers’ forum near the Temple of Saturn forum near the Temple of Saturn (left)(left)

The Tables were destroyed by the The Tables were destroyed by the Celts in AD 700Celts in AD 700

The Tables summarized such tenets The Tables summarized such tenets as civil procedure, parents and as civil procedure, parents and children, debts, constitutional law, children, debts, constitutional law, and crimeand crime

Roman LawRoman Law

Formed the model of legal systems Formed the model of legal systems throughout European countries except throughout European countries except England, which relied on common lawEngland, which relied on common law

The term The term jus jus meant both the law and meant both the law and justicejustice

The system of customary law (The system of customary law (iusius) was ) was written down as codes (written down as codes (lexlex))

These were displayed as the Twelve These were displayed as the Twelve Tables of Law at the Forum.Tables of Law at the Forum.

Nobody was above the Roman Nobody was above the Roman Law!Law!

Building MaterialsBuilding Materials

Brick used by both Etruscans and Brick used by both Etruscans and RomansRomans

Marble was used as a facing over brickMarble was used as a facing over brick Concrete: Mixture of mortar, gravel, Concrete: Mixture of mortar, gravel,

rubble, and water made a solid mix of rubble, and water made a solid mix of materialmaterial

Travertine: Hard, durable limestone that Travertine: Hard, durable limestone that ages into an attractive shade of yellow.ages into an attractive shade of yellow.

AqueductsAqueducts Romans left their Romans left their

marks in the form of marks in the form of Aqueducts built in Aqueducts built in Rome and through Rome and through EuropeEurope

They were built so that They were built so that water could flow water could flow hundreds on miles hundreds on miles using gravityusing gravity

Notice how arches Notice how arches were so strong that were so strong that several could be built several could be built atop one another (left) atop one another (left)

They were used long They were used long after the Fall of Romeafter the Fall of Rome

Architectural and Engineering Architectural and Engineering ProfessionsProfessions

Roman architecture and engineering were Roman architecture and engineering were considered to be one disciplineconsidered to be one discipline

The most influential manuals were The most influential manuals were Vitruvius’s Vitruvius’s Ten Books on ArchitectureTen Books on Architecture

Function to the Roman architecture Function to the Roman architecture determined designdetermined design

Classic architecture emphasized size to Classic architecture emphasized size to accommodate 1 million people of Rome:accommodate 1 million people of Rome:

Namely, the Coliseum, the amphitheaters, Namely, the Coliseum, the amphitheaters, all designed for entertainment, whether all designed for entertainment, whether gladiators, drama, or circuses gladiators, drama, or circuses

The DomeThe Dome The dome was a third form of The dome was a third form of

rooftop architecture in Rome rooftop architecture in Rome (upper left)(upper left)

It is created by rotating a round It is created by rotating a round arch through 180 degrees on its arch through 180 degrees on its axisaxis

They must be buttressed from all They must be buttressed from all sidessides

The weight must be evenly The weight must be evenly distributed at all sidesdistributed at all sides

The dome included a circular The dome included a circular skylight (interior of dome, lower skylight (interior of dome, lower left)left)

The Vault The Vault

They also contributed the vault, They also contributed the vault, a three-dimensional extension a three-dimensional extension of the archof the arch

Notice how a wider surface Notice how a wider surface supports the weight (upper left)supports the weight (upper left)

It formed the basic architecture It formed the basic architecture of medievalof medieval

This Gothic cathedral in This Gothic cathedral in Pamplona, Spain, includes a Pamplona, Spain, includes a row of vaults (lower left)row of vaults (lower left)

Further Details: p. 213, boxFurther Details: p. 213, box

Military OrganizationMilitary Organization The army was the tool of imperial The army was the tool of imperial

expansionexpansion The Roman army was a highly The Roman army was a highly

disciplined force and the backbone of disciplined force and the backbone of RomeRome

Initially, all free men served two-yearsInitially, all free men served two-years Later, professional soldiers filled the Later, professional soldiers filled the

ranksranks As the empire expanded, non-Romans As the empire expanded, non-Romans

joined to gain Roman citizenship joined to gain Roman citizenship The phalanx was the basic unit (left)The phalanx was the basic unit (left) Later it would be divided into smaller Later it would be divided into smaller

unitsunits These units could combine to form a These units could combine to form a

legion if necessary.legion if necessary.

The ArchThe Arch Rome built on the arch, contributed Rome built on the arch, contributed

by the Etruscansby the Etruscans The principle appears left; weight is The principle appears left; weight is

evenly distributed from the evenly distributed from the keystone to the sideskeystone to the sides

It could provide so much strength It could provide so much strength that other structures could be built that other structures could be built above itabove it

This aqueduct in Nimes, France, is This aqueduct in Nimes, France, is one example (lower left)one example (lower left)

Notice that the lower row of arches Notice that the lower row of arches support the upper row and the support the upper row and the canal at the top. canal at the top.

More details: see p. 313More details: see p. 313

Roman SculptureRoman Sculpture Emphasized Roman victories: triumphal Emphasized Roman victories: triumphal

arches and victory columns (obelisks arches and victory columns (obelisks redesigned in Roman style)redesigned in Roman style)

Sculptures of Roman emperors, in Sculptures of Roman emperors, in realistically detailed Roman realistically detailed Roman breastplate and idealized faces and breastplate and idealized faces and proportions (Caesar Augustus, upper proportions (Caesar Augustus, upper leftleft

Equestrian statues were added in the Equestrian statues were added in the 22ndnd Century BCE Century BCE

Emphasis on realism was evident in Emphasis on realism was evident in balding senators and matronly womenbalding senators and matronly women

Fig leafs in nude male statues such as Fig leafs in nude male statues such as Mercury (left) were a Roman invention Mercury (left) were a Roman invention after conversion to Christianity; after conversion to Christianity;

Greek statues had shown male organs Greek statues had shown male organs in detailin detail

Roman Murals and PaintingsRoman Murals and Paintings The technique give a three-dimensional The technique give a three-dimensional

image on a two dimensional surfaceimage on a two dimensional surface Portraits were common, as seen in Portraits were common, as seen in Young Young

Woman With a Stylus Woman With a Stylus (lower left)(lower left) Paintings depicted realistic representations of Paintings depicted realistic representations of

mythical themes, historical events, and mythical themes, historical events, and landscapeslandscapes

Murals in atria (sing. Atrium), large airy Murals in atria (sing. Atrium), large airy rooms, were commonplacerooms, were commonplace

Mosaics were commonly usedMosaics were commonly used Frescos gave the impression that viewers Frescos gave the impression that viewers

were looking out into actual gardens (were looking out into actual gardens (trompe trompe l’oeill’oeil, or “fool the eye”), or “fool the eye”)

Fall of RomeFall of RomeBarbarian Invasions /disease Barbarian Invasions /disease

and the 8 issues!and the 8 issues! Rome was Rome was

besieged by besieged by various tribes various tribes from modern day from modern day Germany and Germany and France.France.