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Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat ru bau a 21/05/2010

GVHD : PGS.TS. Le Van Viet Man Page 1 of 41

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

KHOA CONG NGHE HOA HOC VA DAU KH

BO MON CONG NGHE HOA THC PHAM

BO CO THUYT TRNH MN CNG NGH LN MEN

GVHD: PGS.TS L VN VIT MN

Nhm thc hin: Nguyn Cnh Hng

Dng Hoi Nam

Nguyn ng Trng

T Phm Khnh Trung



MC LC

1. Nguyn liu v ging vi sinh vt

2. Quy trnh cng ngh

3. Gii thch quy trnh cng ngh

4. Sn phm

5. Thnh tu cng ngh

6. Ph lc

7. Ti liu tham kho



1. NGUYEN LIEU: Nguyn liu sn xut ru Bu gm go lt (1 loi go cha xay b lp cm), nc

trong ging ca xm Bu v cc vng ln cn ( m bo hng v c trng ca ru Bu , v cc chng nm men v nm mc cn thit (trnh by sau).

1.1 Go lt:

Hnh 1: Go lt trng



Hnh 2 : Go lt

Go lt l go ch xay cho thc tru m khng gi. Go lt c hai loi:

Go Go trng

Go tt hn, nu vng no khng c go th dng go trng cng c. Min l go c trng theo thin nhin, ngha l khng c phn bn ho hc v ri thuc tr su th mi tt. Tuy nhin cng c trng hp ngoi l.

1.1.1 M t nguyn liu T lu, chng ta dng cm go trng khng nhng ming quen n loi go mm m mu

trng ca go cng quen mt, nn c cm gic ngon ming, thch n hn go lt-l go ch xay cho trc tru m khng tc ng n mm v cm ca go bn trong, t ngi n loi go no b dng, p ng nhu cu c th tt hn. Nhng nm gn y, qua phn tch cht go, c bit l go lt, ngi ta nhn thy khng nhng n c nhng cht ch yu nh l protein, cht bo,glucid m cn c nhiu loi vitamin, cc cht khong, cc loi axitamin, cht x v nhiu cht khong, v vy go lt l loi thc phm b dng,phng v cha bnh tt. Sau y ta s i su vo thnh phn dinh dng ca go lt.

Bng 1: Thnh phn dinh dng ca go lc (theo 100g)



Thnh phan ca go lt gm cht bt, cht m, cht bo, cht x cng cc vitamin nh B1, B2, B3, B6; cc axit nh pantothenic (vitamin B5), paraaminobenzoic (PABA), folic (vitamin M), phytic; cc nguyn t vi lng nh canxi, st, magi, selen, glutathion (GSH), kali v natri.

go trng qua qu trnh xay, gi, 67% vitamin B3, 80% vitamin B1, 90% vitamin B6, mt na lng mangan v hu ht cht x b mt i. Cc chuyn gia dinh dng cng nhn thy, mt lon go lt khi nu thnh cm cha 84 mg magi, trong khi go trng ch c 19 mg. Lp cm ca go lt cng cha mt cht du c bit c tc dng iu ha huyt p, lm gim cholesterol xu, gip ngn nga qua cc bnh tim mch. Vi go lt nu thnh cm th cha thnh phn cc axitamin nh sau:

Bng 2: Thnh phn acid amin go nu thnh cm

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaminhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADt_pantothenichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ax%C3%ADt_4-aminobenzoic&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADt_folichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ax%C3%ADt_phytic&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canxihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi%C3%AAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutathion&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BB%87nh_tim_m%E1%BA%A1ch&action=edit&redlink=1



Go lt c th nu cm bng cch ngm go khong 15-20 pht cho mm v nu nh cm

nu go trng. Khi ht cm chn thng khng n nh go trng.

Gao lt khi dung e nau ru rat tot v co nhieu chat dinh dng cung nh nhieu chat vi lng can thiet cho nam men. Viec s dung gao lt e nau ru con co u iem la trong gao con co cac hp chat thm giup tao hng v cho ru nau t gao lt.

Ngoi ra, theo 1 s nghin cu, gi tr dinh dng ca go lt cn gia tng hn na khi go c em ngm trong nc m, lu khong 22 gi.

Tht vy, mt nhm cc nh khoa hc Nht Bn tm thy go lc ngm lu 22 ting ng h vo nc m cha rt nhiu cht b dng v go lc trng thi ny mm. Gio s Hiroshi Kayahara thuc i hc Shinshu (Nagarro), trng nhm nghin cu, cho bit "Cc enzyme ng trong ht go trng thi ny c kch thch hot ng v cung cp ti a cc cht dinh dng."

Theo gio s Kayahara th "Mm go lc cha nhiu cht x, vitamins v cht khong hn l go lt cha ngm nc". Go lc ngm nc cha gp ba ln cht lysine v cha mi ln nhiu hn cht gamma-aminobutyric. Cc khoa hc gia cng tm thy trong mm go lc c mt loi enzyme, c tc dng ngn chn prolylendopeptidase v iu ha cc hot ng trung ng no b. Gio s Kayahara ni thm Go lc ny mm khng nhng ch em li nhiu cht dinh dng m cn nu rt d dng v cung ng cho chng ta mt khu v hi ngt v cc enzymes tc ng vo cc cht ng v cht m trong ht go. Go trng khng ny mm khi ngm nh vy.

Chnh v vy, go lc l mt loi thc phm nhiu dinh dng khi so snh vi go trng. sn xut ru bu nhiu ngi chn go lc thay cho go trng.

1.1.2 Tiu chun chn go lt

- Go lt c th khong 4 - 5 thng. Nu lu, cht du trong lp cm s b h, go s c mi, khng th s dng c na nn khi mua go, bn nh kim tra ngy sn xut v thi hn s dng tht k, chn mua go mi vi s lng va phi.

Tt nht l go lt ht trn v c mu ; l tng nht l tm c loi go sch (go nng chng hn), ht trn dng hn ht di, mu dng hn mu trng. Hin nay th trng ang bt u c thc phm t bin gen, chng ta cn phi tm mt ngun thc phm tin cy.

Vt l: kch thc, hnh dng (t l gia chiu di v chiu rng ht), s ng u, m 14%, trng thi, mu sc, khng b v vn, nt. Khng cha sn, si , rm r v cc tp cht v c, hu c khc... Nhit h ha: 69- 75 0C.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1m



Ha sinh: khng cha cc loi cn trng, khng b vi sinh vt k sinh nh nm mc, vi khun...

Cm quan: mu sc ti, khng c mi l, khng nht...

1.2 Cc chng nm men, nm mc

1.2.1 M t bnh men Bnh men l hn hp VSV c s tc ng tng h trong qu trnh ln men.

Cc loi bnh men

Bnh men c thuc bc

Bnh men khng c thuc bc

Bnh men l

nc ta, mi vng u c cc bi thuc lm men khc nhau to nn nhiu loi ru c sn ca tng vng, c nhiu ngi bit n nh ru Bu (Bnh nh), ru G en (Long An), ru Lng Vn, ru cn

H VSV trong bnh men: (100 300 triu t bo VSV/gr).

Nm mc: Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Aspergillus ozyzae,

Asp. niger, A. awamori, Asp. sp, Penicillium sp... Nm men: Saccharomyces sp v Candida sp.

Vi khun: VK Lactic v VK Acetic

Aspergillus oryzae:

Thng c mu vng khi gi nn cn c gi l nm mu vng hoa cau. Khi mi pht trin, h si c mu trng, sau chuyn dn sang mu lc v khi gi chuyn hn sang mu vng. Mc mu hoa cau m nhn dn ta thng dng lm tng.

Pht trin trong khong nhit rt rng (15-40oC), nhit ti u l 30-32oC. Hnh 3: Aspergillus oryzae



C cht ca Aspergillus oryzae tinh bt go, u tng. y cng chnh l loi m ngi Nht dng ng ha go khi lm ru Sake, sn xut tng t u tng.

Kh nng sinh enzyme rt mnh, trong ch yu l cc loi enzyme amylase, protease, lipase, maltase, hemicellulase, cellulase, oxidoreductase, phytase, pectinesterase Phng php nui nm si Aspergillus oryza trn cm v dng cn chit xut ra men amylase (men ng ha tinh bt). Aspergillus oryzae s dng cc cht dinh dng ca u nnh ph v cc carbohydrate v protein, hnh thnh Koji.

Aspergillus niger

Khi mi pht trin, si nm mu trng, sau sm li nhng khng hon ton en. Bo t ca chng l c mu en tuyn.

T mt si u tin, chng phn nhnh to ra 2-4 nhnh si nh. T cc nhnh ny s pht trin thnh nhng nh bo t v t s pht trin thnh nhng bo t mu en.

Nm si ny c kh nng to ra rt nhiu enzyme khc nhau nh: amylase, invertase, maltase, protease, pectinase v cellulase...

Mi trng c cht nui cy:

Cm 70%

Tru 25%

B sn 5%

Dung dch khong Czapeck b sung vo mi trng

Kh trng mi trng nui cy 121oC, 20 pht

Hnh 4&5 : Aspergillus niger

Penicillium sp (Nm chi)



B phn mang bo t c dng phn nhnh hnh chi.

Cung c th phn nhnh 1,2, 3 tng, trn l cc th bnh ri n bo t nh. Cc b phn ca th chi c th pht trin u, i xng vi trc cung hoc khng.

C kh nng sinh cellulase,

Hnh 6,7,8&9 : Penicillium

Mucor

Mu trng, bc bo t hnh cu mu trng hoc nht mu.

Mucor c h si hnh ng, dng nhung hoc len, khng c thn b (Stolon) cung bc bo t dng ng, lun lun tn cng bng bc bo t, n c hoc phn nhnh.

Mucor mc cc ht, thc n gia sc, thc phm b m to thnh mt lp lng t mu xm. Mt s loi Mucor c kh nng ln men v oxy ho.

Kh nng sinh enzyme protease, amilase.... Hnh 10 : Mucor

Chng c dng trong sn xut axit hu c, ru v cc ch phm enzyme



Rhizopus sp

Mu trng xm, r gi mu vng, bc bo t hnh cu.

Bo t kn, phn nhnh.

Phn b rng: t, ng cc, rau qu.

Kh nng sinh enzyme protease, amilase.

Hnh 11,12,13&14 : Rhizopus

Endomycopsis

L loi nm men rt giu amylase v glucoamylase.



C tnh cht tng t nh Sac. cerevisiae. T bo Encomycopsic c hnh di ni tip nhau thnh nhng dng si gi l khun ty (mycelium).

Sinh sn dinh dng bng ny chi.

Hnh 15 : Endomycopsis

Va c kh nng ng ho va c kh nng ru ho (ln men Glucose, maltose).

Enzyme glucoamylase t nm men Endomycopsis filligenes c pH hot ng l 4,8; enzyme ny bn vng pH 4-5, nhit thch hp cho enzyme ny hot ng l 50oC.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisae l loi nm men ln men ni, k kh khng bt buc. Sinh sn theo kiu ny chi, phn i, bo t.

Trong iu kin c oxy, pht trin sinh khi.

Trong iu kin khng c oxy,chuyn ng thnh ru.

C kh nng ln men nhiu loi ng khc nhau (glucose, saccharose, fructose, mantose)

Nhit ti u:25-30oC, nhit ti thiu 2-3oC, 40oC ngng sinh trng v men b cht.

Hnh 16: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lng Nit ha tan cn c trong canh trng ln men ru phi vo khong 0.35-0.4 g/l.

Nhit ti u cho s pht trin nm men: 28-320C

pH ti u to alcol etylic l 4.5-5.

Nng cht kh ca dch ng tt nht l t 16-18%, tng ng 13-15% ng, sau khi ln men thu c nng ru trong dm chn l t 8.5-9.5% V.

Cht st trng ngn nga v hn ch tp khun:

+ formalin hay fluosilicat natri: nng khng vt qu 0.02% so vi dch ln men.

+ furfurol: 0.002% (V) dch ln men: nh hng xu n sinh trng v trng thi sinh l ca dch ln men khi cha 4-6 triu t bo /ml, nhng khi dch ln men cha 90 triu t bo /ml- nng furfurol 0.006% mi nh hng ti sinh l nm men.

+ nng 0.005% Caramelan s lm nhiu t bo nm men b cht.



Vi khun

Ch yu l VK lactic v VK acetic thng lm chua mi trng trong dch ln men c oxy,

Vai tr ca bnh men ru

H VSV trong bnh men tham gia cc qu trnh chuyn ha c cht.

Giai on u VK pht trin hnh thnh cc acid hu c.

pH mi trng gim xung to iu kin thun li cho cc loi nm mc pht trin. Nm men cng bt u pht trin (tc yu hn nm mc).

Qu trnh chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng: nh nm mc Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus sp, Mucor sp, Endomycopsis . to ra amylase (alpha amylase, glucoamylase).

Qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh ru: nh cc loi nm men Saccharomyces, cc loi nm mc Mucor rouxii, Rhizopus delamar v cc loi thuc Endomycopsis va c kh nng chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng, va c kh nng chuyn ha ng to thnh cn.

Len men la qua trnh phan huy chuyen hoa ng glucose di tac dung cua cac chung vi sinh vat trong ieu kien yem kh tao thanh ethanol va CO2.

Khi nguyen lieu ban au e san xuat ru khong phai la ng th qua trnh len men co hai giai oan, ay ru bau a s dung hoan toan cac enzyme cua vi sinh vat e lam ca hai qua trnh: ng hoa va len men.

Nam moc: S dung nam moc Rizopus va Mucor, cac nam moc nay thuy phan tinh bot thanh ng glucose (bang enzyme alpha amylasethuy phan lien ket alpha 1,4 glucoside gia mach tinh bot lam giam o nht va glucoamylase thuy phan lien ket alpha 1,4 glucoside t au khong kh tao glucose.

Nam men: S dung loai giong Saccharomyces Cereviciae, la loai nam men sinh san theo loi nay choi, co kha nang hnh thanh bao t, song ky kh bat buoc, co kha nang len men cac loai ng khac nhau. Saccharomyces cerevisiae co nhieu u iem: len men nhanh va sau cac loai ng, ket lang tot, tao mui thm ac trng.ben vng vi ru; axit; va cac chat sat trung. Cac loai vi sinh co hai cho nam men la vi khuan lactic, vi khuan butyric.

C che: C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH +CO2

Nhom ieu chnh pH: HCl. H3PO4....

Nhom chat sat trung: formal, Na2SiF6, NaF.



Do ham lng cac chat nit trong gao rat thap va phan ln khong c hoa tan vao moi trng len men nen viec bo sung cac hp chat nit vao moi trng la can thiet. Nhom chat dinh dng cung cap cho qua trnh len men gom (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)3PO4 Ngoai ra, con bo sung photphore va cac hp chat vi lng (t chat chiet nam men hoac dch chiet t mam ngu coc) cho nam men s dung trong qua trnh len men.

1.2.2 Tiu chun chn bnh men

1.3 Nc

1.3.1 M t

c s dung trong san xuat ru bau a la nc gieng to ong xom Bau a va cac vung lan can. Nc c lay t nguon nay thi trong, mat va tao hng v ac trng cho ru bau a.

1.3.1 Tiu chun ca nc sn xut ru bu

Trong sut, khng mu, khng mi.

cng: khng qu 7 mg-E/l

oxy ha: 2ml KMnO4/l

Cht cn: 1 mg/l

Khng c kim loi nng

Hm lng cc mui phi tha yu cu sau:

+ Hm lng Clo 0,5 mg-E / lt

+ H2SO4 80 mg-E / lt

+ Hm lng Asen 0,05 mg-E / lt

+ Hm lng Pb 0,1 mg-E / lt

+ Hm lng F 3 mg-E / lt

+ Hm lng Zn 5 mg-E / lt

+ Hm lng Cu 3 mg-E / lt

+ NH3 v cc mui NO2-, NO3-: khng c



2. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ru bu v thit b

Hnh 17 : S o khoi quy trnh san xuat ru bau a

Gao

Lam nguoi

Nau

Gao



3. Gii thch qui trnh 3.1 Nu:

3.1.1 Mc ch cng ngh:

- Ngm nhm ra sch cht bn bm bn ngoi ht, ng thi lm cho ht go mm, trng n gip d dng cho qu trnh nu.

t (48h) Nc gieng

U kho (len men 72h)

Lam nguoi

Nau

Chng cat phan oan

Banh men



- Nu nhm mc ch lm chn ht go nhm h ha tinh bt go gip cho vi sinh vt d s dng tinh bt ny ln men ru.

3.1.2 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

- Sau khi ngm:ht go sch hn, mm, xp, trng n do hm m tng, t trng gim.

- Sau khi nu: ht go mm do, ht go c nu chn.

Sau khi ro, go c cho vo ni, thm nc v nu chn. Lng nc cho vo c tnh ton sao cho cm sau khi nu khng qu nho cng khng b sng. T l go nc khong 1:1 theo th tch.

3.1.3 Thit b

Thung ngam: lam bang kim loai; gao c bo vao Khi ngam c khoang 20-30 th keo len va at tren mot bang tai li nham muc ch lam rao e em i nau chn.

Hnh 18: Thit b ngm go v bng ti li

Thiet b nau chn: dang tu hap cm gom nhieu khay nham gi o



t va phai cua cm.

Hnh 19: Thit b dng t hp

Hnh 20: Thit b nu dng ng hm



3.1.4 Thng s cng ngh

Ngm: Sau khi ro go trn bng ti li, go c cho vo ni, thm nc v nu chn. Lng nc cho vo c tnh ton sao cho cm sau khi nu khng qu nho cng khng b sng. T l go nc khong 1:1 theo th tch. Thi gian ngm go t 10 20 pht

Nu go: un go ln 70-75 oC gi trong 15 pht, sau nng ln 100oC v gi trong 15 pht.

3.2 Lm ngui:

3.2.1 Mc ch cng ngh:

Cm sau khi nu chn c tri u trn mt b mt phng lm ngui xung nhit thch hp cho vic trn bnh men ru. Nhit cm cao s lm bnh men rt kh hot ng. Bnh men ru c trn vo bng cch bp nh, rc u ln b mt lp cm vi t l thch hp ty theo hng dn trn tng loi men.

3.2.2 Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Nhit ca khi cm s c gim xung, nc bc hi, hm m gim do t trng tng. Khi cm s bt nho, kh hn nho trn vi bnh men.

Quatrnh lam nguoi c thc hien tren thiet b dang ng phun am e lam nguoi ben trong tu hap ket hp vi thiet b lam nguoi dang ban mong trao oi nhiet bang nc xung quanh tu hap. Qua trnh lam nguoi ket thuc khi nhiet o cm at ti nhiet o toi thch cho qua trnh len men.

3.1.3 Thit b



Hnh 21:Thit b lm ngui dng ng

Hnh 22: Thit b lm ngui dng ngang

3.2.4 Thng s cng ngh

Tc nhn lm ngui l khng kh lnh hoc khng kh thng c v trng. Vn tc khng kh c thi qua khi cm go, thit b lm ngui v mc ch mong mun.

3.3 Ln men (): 3.3.1 Mc ch cng ngh

Ln men ru sinh ra cn to mi, v, hng c trng cho sn phm ru bu .

3.3.2 Cc bin i

Ln men ru l mt qu trnh ln men ym kh (khng c mt ca xy) din ra rt phc tp, bao gm cc qu trnh sinh ha hc v cc qu trnh vi sinh vt. Qu trnh ln men din ra nhit thng, trong thi gian ny c 3 qu trnh din ra song song vi nhng mc khc nhau. Qu trnh ng ha c s phn ct tinh bt thnh ng nh men amylase v glucoamylase trong nm mc. ng va to ra tr thnh thc n nm men thc hin qu trnh ln men ru. Qu trnh ln men ru din ra do nm men s dng ng to thnh ru etylic v CO2. CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men s to thnh bt kh bm vo b mt



nm men v lm cc t bo nm men ni ln trn, khi ln n b mt, bt kh v ra v t bo nm men li chm xung to ra s o trn gip qu trnh ln men c tt hn.

3.3.3 Thit b

Hnh 23: Thit b ln men

Hnh 24:Thit b ln men



3.3.4 Thng s cng ngh:

Sau khi cay giong hoan tat, banh men c tron vi cm bang canh khuay trong thung len menva bat au len men.Thi gian len men la 72 gi, s dung thiet b len men gian oan co bo sung chat dinh dng cho nam men (cac chat dinh dng c chuan b san dang dung dch), tiep tuc che nc gieng trong vao, u tiep 48 gi.

- Nhit , pH...

- Lng bnh men (v sinh vt) cn cy vo mt th tch (hay khi lng) cm go lt.

- Ln men ym kh

3.4 Chng ct:

3.4.1 Mc ch: Qu trnh chng ct ru nhm tch hn hp ru v nc c nhit si khc nhau. p sut thng, ru si v bc hi 78oC, cn nc l 100oC. Khi chng ct ru c tch ra khi nc nh bay hi d hn nc. Qu trnh chng ct c tin hnh bng cch un si hn hp ln men, hi bay ln c dn qua ng dn v c lm lnh bng cch cho qua bn nc ngng t ru. Dung dch ru thu c trong sut c mi thm c trng v nng ru s gim dn theo thi gian chng ct. Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng m ta c th tin hnh pha trn cc loi ru thu c cc khong thi gian chng ct khc nhau to ra ru c nng cao thp khc nhau.

3.4.2 Cc bin i

- Ru, cht mi, cht chit s bay hi trc v c ngng t cng vi mt phn nc, ta thu vo bn cha.

- S chuyn pha t pha lng hi lng.

3.4.3 Thit b



Hnh 26&27: Thit b chng ct ru bu

3.4.4 Thong so cong nghe: Sau qua trnh len men ta chuyen phan cm ru en ay thap chng cat phan oan. Phan noi un cua thap chng cat c bm nc gieng vao cung vi cm ru c un soi. S d phai chng cat phan oan v thi gian chng cat can kha lau (khoang 6 tieng) e co the thu triet e lng ru, tang o con va u hng cho ru. Thap chng cat c lam bang nhom. - Nhiet o chng cat la 78oC. - Thi gian chng cat theo thc nghiem. - Lu lng nc ngng tu 3.5 U ru : 3.5.1 Muc ch ay la giai oan nham hoan thien san pham, tao mui hng ac trng, tao o trong cho ru. 3.5.2 Cac bien oi - U hng cho ru, tao mui hng ac trng cho ru. - Cac can ru se lang xuong ay o u nh trong lc. - Loai tap chat va oc to cua ru trc khi ong chai. - Khi lu tr sn phm di ngy th hng v sn phm tt dn ln, v v hng du hn, hng v xc ca ru etylic giam dn. 3.5.3 Thong so cong nghe:Ru qu nhat la cho thanh trng (tang tr ) trong vi sanh, muc ch la lam cho ru c em giong. - oi vi ru bau a thi gian u la 80-100 ngay. - ieu khien nhiet o e u ru, khng ch nhit lu tr khng thay i v khi y cc qu trnh l hoa tin hnh theo mt chiu nht nh, v c th to n nh bn vng cho sn phm. - Thi gian u ru.ong thi vi viec u hng cho ru cac can ru se lang xuong ay o u nh trong lc.



3.6Tinh ch:

3.6.1Mc ch cng ngh

ay la giai oan nham hoan thien san pham, lc c t sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ru bu

3.6.2Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

He thong nay co tac dung tach cac thanh phan cua ru ra, sau o ru c chuyen en cac cot loc hap thu, tai ay cac vat lieu hap thu c tao ra mot o xop va o hoat hoa cao, se dan dan hap thu tng phan cua cac hp chat hu c no n chc co trong ru, tach chung ra va thu vao trong cac khang rong va gi chung lai. Qua trnh nay xay ra lien tuc khi ru c i qua tng lp vat lieu cho en khi ru i qua het lp vat lieu cua he thong.

3.6.3Thit b:

Hnh 28: Thit b lc c t trong ru



3.6.4Thng s cng ngh

Ru c a vao bnh cha va c bm Inox au nguon bm vao he thong loc a tang.

Trc khi a vo s dng cn cp nc sch sc ra cho n khi trong nc v a ru vo cn bc cao chim ch ca nc v y nc ra ngoi. Trnh trng hp vt liu hp th gim nng ca ru.

Cc ct lc Catric lp pha ngoi c tc dng gi li cc vt liu ln trong ru v cc thnh phn cht hu c b kt ta, to trong v a ru t tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN).

H thng ny cn c tc dng gi li mi v c trng ca cc dng ru, lm ru c m khi ung.!

3.7Thiet b ong chai

3.7.1Mc ch cng ngh

Hon thin v bo qun.

3.7.2Thit b:

Hnh 29: My chit rt ng chai dng chy thng



3.7.3Thng s cng ngh

Sau khi chng cat ru vao cac vai sanh chung c em i u trong phong kn bang at set hoac c chon di at hoac lu tr trong cac tang ham. Sau khoang 3 thang ru c lay ra va c em i ong chai

Chit rt: dng my chit rt dang chay thang, rt ru vo bnh d bo qun v vn chuyn. Qu trnh chit rt c tin hnh iu kin thng.

ng chai: Ru bau a c ng vo nhng bnh s gia co co hoac khong co hoa van, hoac chai thuy tinh, hoac chai nha PET. bnh ng ru phai sch, kh, khi rt chai cha khong trng trong chai khng qu 5cm, nt chai phi y k, nut chai c lam t xa bn hoac s (bnh s), nhom hoac nha (chai thuy tinh) va nha (chai nha PET).

Dn nhn: ru c dn nhn mac trc khi lu tr. Kho bo qun phi cao ro, sch s, khng m mc, khng cho nh sng mt tri chiu ri vo kho.

4. Sn phm

4.1 Mo ta:

Theo nhng ngi sanh ru, ru Bu c nhng nt ring t loi ru no c c. a ru ln rt nghe thnh tht trong veo, hi ru thm nng, nc ru trong nh pha l. Ru rt ra chn si bt si tm, ung vo khng c cm gic gt, hay nng chy c khin ngi ta git mnh, e ngi.



Muon ru bau a ngon phai tuan thu nghiem ngat ve gao men dung cu nau va kinh nghiem gia truyen. Tren ay ch la nhng suy ngh s khi, nhm th nghiem e co the a mot ac san noi tieng cua Viet Nam tr thanh mot san pham cong nghiep nham quang ba manh me hn na ti ban be tren the gii.

4.2 Ch tieu chat lng:

_ Trong sut, khong mau, khong mui la

_ pH khong 6,5 7

_ Ham lng etanol 96,5%

_ Furfurol: khong co

_ Aldehyde: 6 10 mg/l

_ Ester: 30 35 mg/l

_ Du fusel: 30 60 mg/l

5. Thnh tu cng ngh:

5.1 Nghin cu ci tin cng ngh nng cao cht lng ru c sn lng ngh

ti c Hi ng Khoa hc Cng ngh B Cng nghip nghim thu.

(Tng hp t bo co kt qu nghin cu ti KHCN cp B).

Ru c truyn t lu l nim t ho dn tc ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Ngi ta khng ch bit n hng v c o c trng ca n, m thng qua cch thng thc ru c truyn dn tc c th tm v ci ngun vn ha ca dn tc y. Vit Nam ru c truyn do cc lng ngh v dn t nu vi sn lng ng k. Nhiu lng ngh chuyn sn xut ru ngon ni ting nh ru lng Vn Bc Giang, ru Mu Sn, ru San Lng Lo Cai

Ngoi cc ru lng ngh c cht lng cao th phn ln l ru dn t nu, do trnh cng ngh cn km v thit b sn xut th s nn cn rt nhiu c t, tp cht c tc ng xu ti h tiu ha, h thn kinh, nh hng xu ti sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Mt khc hiu xut thu hi ru thp, hao ph nguyn vt liu ln dn n hiu qu sn xut cha cao. Nhm hon thin cng ngh sn xut cc loi ru c truyn vi s kt hp hi ha gia cng ngh c truyn v

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k thut hin i thnh nhng loi ru c sn c tnh cht c trng cho tng vng, Vin Nghin cu ru bia nc gii kht thuc Tng Cng ty ru bia nc gii kht, B Cng nghip c giao ti: Nghin cu ci tin cng ngh nng cao cht lng ru c sn lng ngh.

Bo co nu r tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ru trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. tin hnh iu tra, kho st, tm hiu c cng ngh sn xut ru c sn lng ngh ti Mu Sn Lng Sn, lng Vn Bc Giang, San Lng Lo Cai. T nh gi c cht lng nguyn liu u vo, xc nh c cc u nhc im ca cng ngh nu ru c truyn. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti p ng c cc mc tiu ra:

5.1.1. T ngun bnh men thuc bc, bnh men l ca a phng sn xut ru c cht lng cao phn lp v tuyn chn c: 2 chng nm men (SL4, SB2), 2 chng nm mc (AL1, AB3), 2 chng gi nm men (EL2, EB4). Cc chng vi sinh vt ny c cht lng tt p ng c yu cu ca cng ngh.

5.1.2. Cc tc gi xy dng c quy trnh cng ngh ci tin sn xut bnh men l, bnh men thuc bc c th nh sau:

- la chn c thnh phn v t l cc loi l, c, qu v cc v thuc bc thch hp sn xut bnh men l v bnh men thuc bc.

- Xc nh c t l b sung cc chng vi sinh vt c cht lng tt, thch hp vo sn xut bnh men:

- Bnh men l: nm men SL4: 0,2%; nm mc NL1: 0,4% v gi nm men EL2: 0,6%.

- Bnh men thuc bc: nm men SB2: 0.3%; nm mc AB3: 0,6% v gi nm men EB4: 0,5%.

- xc nh c cc iu kin cng ngh: men, sy kh, bo qun nng cao cht lng bnh men.

5.1.3. a ra c qui trnh cng ngh ci tin sn xut ru c sn lng ngh:

- Xc nh nguyn liu go ph hp cho sn xut.

- a ra c qui trnh cng ngh cm vi vic s dng hi v thit b chuyn dng.

- Xc nh c cc iu kin ln men m, ln men dch th ph hp i vi 2 loi bnh men l v bnh men thuc bc.

- La chn c cng ngh chng ct ru thch hp l vic s dng phng php ct gin on bng ni ng hnh qu l, s dng hi.

- Tin hnh tng tr, lc v hon thin sn phm lm tng cht lng sn phm.

5.1.4. Xy dng c m hnh sn xut ru c sn lng ngh men l qui m 1.500 lt /ngy.

Cc giai on cng ngh tng tr, lc v hon thin sn phm c ng dng vo sn xut ti trung tm khai thc sn phm du lch Cng ty du lch v xut nhp khu Lng Sn. Sn phm



ru Mu Sn t huy chng vng, cp vng ti hi ch hng cht lng cao nm 2003 v gii thng sao vng t Vit nm 2003.

5.2 Vai tr hu dng ca nm trong ch bin thc phm

GII THIU S pht trin v hot ng trao i cht ca nm (nm men v nm mc) trong thc phm c

th c nhng nh hng khc nhau. Mt khc hot ng ca nm c khai thc bi con ngi cho muc ch sn xut v ch bin thc phm. Thc tin thu c qu th nm rm cng nh s ng dng nm mc chun b thc phm ln men tri qua nhiu th k. Gn y l nm si cng nh nm men c nui cy thu c thc phm dinh dng giu m cho con ngi v vt nui. Nm ng vai tr quan trng trong s ln men cng nghip to ra nhiu loi phn ho t (enzim) v cc cht hu c khc. Nhiu trong s ny c ng dng nh thnh phn ca thc n. Gn y nht, k thut ti t hp DNA tr nn ph bin b sung nhng c tnh ca nm. Mt vi ng dng cho cng ngh thc phm s c cp.

Ru

S a dng ca ru khng ch v nhiu hn 5.000 loi nho (Vitis vinifera) m cn c bit n iu kin trng trt (a im, t, kh hu) v iu kin ln men. Nguyn tc c bn ca lm ru c tm tt hnh 7.1

Nho phi l khng b ln mc, tr phi s ch bin ca ru ngt Sauterne loi ny i hi mc Botrytis cinerea. Ru th thng thng ln men trn lp v. Thng th SO2 c thm vo 100-150mg/lt c ch s pht trin ca nm men biu sinh (Candida, Hanseniaspora, Kloeckera, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulopsis spp.) iu ny s thc y s chim u th tt ca nm men ru chn lc (Saccharomyces cerevisae thng ng hnh vi Torulopsis stellata) (cho vo sp x 106/ml dch nho. Lu rng nm men to mi (hng v) l cn bng vi nm men chc nng cho s ln men ru. Khi tt c ng ln men cn kit th s ln men ru dng li v nm men c ly ra ngn cn s mt mi t s t phn gii ca nm men. ru axit cao, vi khun axit lactic (Oenococcus oeni) c chng bin i axit malic thnh axit lactic, v th cho ra ru v ngt hn.

Thc phm ln men bi nm Ln men l mt trong nhng k thut lu i nht ca s ch bin thc phm v mang tm

quan trng kinh t to ln. S xut hin, qui trnh ch bin, v s dng ca thc phm ln men c vit nhiu (Campbell-platt 1987, Steinkraus 1997). Mt vi sn phm ln men (ph-mat,



bia, ru, nc tng) c kinh nghim sn xut mt lng ln, vi vic s dng ging chng u vit, mt khc nhiu thc phm ln men hy cn c sn xut s dng k thut truyn thng lu i di nhng iu kin n gin hoc ngay c nguyn s.

Do nhiu nguyn nhn, ca nn kinh t v tnh cht yu cu ca sn phm, hu ht vic ln men thc phm khng th tin hnh mt cch li nhun di iu kin v trng. Thc phm ln men v th c th cha ng nhiu vi khun, nm men v nm mc, xut x t vt liu th, ging chng, s nhim trong tin trnh.

Bng 7.1. Thc phm (chn lc) ln men bi ging hn hp (nm mc, nm men, vi khun)

Nm mc Nm men Vi khun C

cht sn

phm s dng ngun gc

Actinomucor elegans

u h

chao thc phm m

Trung Quc, VN

Amylomyces rouxii

Endomyces spp. Hyphopichia spp.

Pediococcus spp.Enterococcus spp.

go (khng

nu) Ragi

ging chng

lm ru

Phng ng

A. oryzaeA. soyae group

Zyg. rouxii, Zyg. soyzae,

Hansennula spp., Torulopsis spp.,

Candida spp.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Tet. halophilaPed.

damnosus

u nnh + la m + mui

Nc tng

gia v Phng

ng

A. oryzae Hans.

anomala,Sacch. Cerevisae (sak)

Leuc. mesenteroi-des var sak, Lb. sak

go nu

Sak ru Nht

Monascus purpureusM.

rubber,M. pilosius

go nu

Ang-kak(go ln men vi mc

)

cht to mu,

gia v,thnh phn b dng

Trung Quc, Nht

Penicillum roqueforti

Yarrowia lipolytica Leuconostoc spp.

Bnh sa (hoa sa

Ph-mt kiu

roquefort

thc phm

m,

Php



p) gia v

P. camemberti

Candida spp.Kluyveromyces spp.Torulopsis spp

Brevibacterium linensLc. lactis ssp cremoris

Bnh sa (hoa sa p)

Ph-mt kiu

Camem-bert

thc phm

m, gia v

Php

P. nalgiovenseP. chrysogenum

Mirococcus spp.Staphylococcus

spp.Pediococcus spp.Lactobacillus spp.

tht (xc xch)

Salani thc phm m

Chu u

Rh. oligoporusRh. chinensis,Rh. oryzae,Mucor

indicus

Trichosporon beigelii,Clavispora

lusitaniase,Yar. lipolytica

Klebsiella pneumoniaeEnterobacter cloacae,Lactobacillus spp.

u nnh

Tempeh

thc phm

m,thc n nhanh

Indonesisa

thc phm ln men nm a ging chng, s kch thch t cht chuyn ho bi s phn gii tng h ca c cht hoc bi s phng thch ca cc sn phm phn gii; hoc s c ch bi s cnh tranh s to thnh ca cht khng sinh hoc cht trao i khng vi sinh l cc yu t quan trng ca s cn bng ca cc qun th vi sinh vt (Nout, 1995). Theo tnh t nhin vt l ca c cht, s ln men c th c phn bit thnh ln men b su hay ln men chm (liquid fermentation) v ln men b mt (solid-state fermentation). Trong ln men b su, cht lng phc v nh mt mi trng cho s phn b ng nht ca vi sinh vt v cho s truyn nhit v truyn khi. Ln men b su c s dng cho vic ch bin nc gii kht v nc st (sauces).

Bng 1 lit k vi thc phm ln men trong nm ng mt vai tr thit yu.

Thm vo , vt liu th ca chng, vi sinh vt ln men i din, kiu ca h thng ln men (b su hoc b mt) v lin h n nhm h vi sinh vt cho s ln men thnh cng cng c lit k. vng n i, tht lm chn bi nm mc v ph-mt l chim u th bi Aspergillus v Penicillium spp. Nm men ng vai tr trong cc sn phm nng v nc gii kht c cn. nhng vng nhit i v cn nhit i, thc phm ln men nm chim u th ng v ng nam chu . Rhizopus, Amylomyces, Mucor, Neurospora, and Monascus spp. thng c tm thy nh h vi sinh vt chc nng. Cc sn phm ln men bi nm men t vng nhit i bao gm thc n nhanh v nc gii kht c cn. Sau y l mt vi thc phm ln men chn lc.



Ph-mt Camembert

y l mt ca nhiu ph-mt b mt chn. C ngun gc t Normandy, Php ln u tin n c lm bi Marie Harel vo nm 1791. Nm 1890, M. Ridel pht trin hp g ni ting to iu kin xut khu vi lng ln.

Nguyn tc c bn ca sn xut ph-mt Camembert c vit ra nh hnh 7.2. Sau khi sa ng cn rt non (p thnh bnh sa), n c chng ging bi bo t ca Penicillium camembert bng cch phun nh sng m. Sau khi ngm trong nc mui v a vo iu kin thch hp, s pht trin ca mc bt u ti b mt ph-mt trong sut giai on . V cng ca ph-mt Camembert th mng v trng. Cc dng mc chng khc nhau c mu sc trong khong t xm lc nht ti trng tinh. Bn trong ca ph-mt phi l vng nht vi trung tm mu trng rn chc. Trong qu trnh chn, cc phn ho t (enzim) thu phn m v cht bo ca P. camemberti khuych tn vo trong ph-mt.

Nhng tnh xp mm l v pH tng ln gy ra bi s phng thch ca NH3, nm men, c bit l Debaryomyces hansenii, thng hin din trong ph-mt v cng gp phn lm tng pH bi v s tiu th ca axt lactic. Cc phn ng thu phn m v hot ng ca enzim aminotransferase ng gp phn ln vo s pht trin hng v. Thng thng sn phm c tiu th sau 3-5 tun. Kim nh ging thun chng, tt c cc dng P. camemberti c bit l c kh nng sn xut ra c t nm (mycotoxin) axit cyclopiazonic (CPA). Cht ny xem ra mang c tnh bn bi v cc dng thu thp nui cy lu khng mt i kh nng to ra CPA. Nhiu n lc tin hnh t c cc dng t bin CPA m tnh v cc ging chng c tuyn chn theo tiu chun ny. C hi ri ro ca vic ng c l rt nh. Ch mc rt thp ca CPA c th c pht hin ra ph-mt Camembert. iu ny c gii thch bi s khng n nh v ho hc ca n trong s hin din ca cht amines v s khuych tn ngho nn t v cng vo bn trong. Hn na, CPA th kh c to ra ti nhit bo qun



Hnh 7.2. Quy trnh ch bin ph-mt Camembert

Chao (sufu)

Chao (sufu) cng c vit nh fu-ru, l do hoa sa u nnh ln men mc c mi kh nng (Su, 1986). Chao c sn xut ch yu Trung Quc cho tiu th ni a v xut khu, sn lng hng nm c tnh t nht 300 triu tn. Chao c tiu th nh mt cht gia v, v d vi cm im tm sng hoc bnh m hp.

Chao c lm t khi u h (thu c t kt ta sa u nnh). u h c dng lm chao cng hn bi p hoc c s l hi nng nhanh, v tun t c chng ging trn b mt v m cao ti nhit 20-35C, tu thuc vo a im v ma (trong nm). Cc loi nm mc tham gia ch yu l Actinomucor v Mucor spp. Nhng nh my sn xut ln c s dng ging thun chng, chng hn nh Actinomucor elegans, ngc li ti cc c s sn xut nh, s dng rm ln mc chng ln khi u h vi mt h vi sinh vt hn hp ca nm mc v vi khun. Actinomucor elegans khng pht trin tt nhit vt qu 25C, cc mc khc v d nh Mucor hiemalis hoc Rhizopus chinensis c s dng nhit cao hn. Sau vi ngy khi u h c bao ph vi mt lp dy ca si nm nh bng gn. Sn phm trung gian c gi l pehtze-u h ln mc. Pehtze tr thnh mt ngun enzim thu phn m, v m u nnh phn ln c phn ct.

Bc k tip mui v ngm nc mui vi mc ch bo qun sn phm trong khi cho php s trng thnh v mt enzim m cui cng s cho ra cu trc mm, mi v v nng theo yu cu. S l u tin vi mui (ht, bt) vi mc ch l lm tng ln nhanh chng hm lng mui khong 15%. Bc k tip cc pehtze mui c t vo cc keo/l v bm y vi nc mui hoc hn hp nc chan chao chn . Thnh phn ca nc mui chao chn nh hng mnh m n tnh cht ca sn phm cui cng. N lun cha 10-12% NaCl, v ru go 10% hm lng ethanol. Sn phm rt ni ting l chao , trong nc ngm chao ny c cha ang-kak (xem Bng 8.1). Ang-kak khng ch cho sc t cam v m cn cha ng nhiu phn ho t (enzim) tch cc gp phn vo s phn ct v to hng v ca chao. Chao c th c s hin din ca vi khun



Tetragenococcus halophila. Sau nhiu thng chn, cc keo c lm sch bn ngoi, dn nhn v phn phi cho vic tiu th.

Tempeh

Tempeh c ngun gc t Java, Indonesia nhng cng c ph bin H Lan v n t c th trng tiu th ng k M, chu u v c. Tempeh l mt bnh c th thi (ct) c, thu c bi phng php ln men b mt vi nm ca nhng ht u, ng cc hoc vt liu ph hp khc sau khi ngm ri nu. C cht c dng nhiu v ph bin nht l u nnh (Nout and Rombouts, 1990; Wood, 1998). Tempeh cung cp mt ngun m thc vt r tin giu dinh dng d tiu ho v an ton. N thng c n ch khi sau khi nu hoc rn/chin trong du. Qui trnh ch bin truyn thng c trnh by Hnh 7.3. u nnh c ngm v tch v, hoc tch v kh trc ri ngm (c gii ho nh H lan). Trong qu trnh ngm s ln men lactic t nhin din ra lm h thp pH ca u, lm cho chng ph hp hn cho s pht trin ca nm mc v chng li vi khun gy h hng v cc mm bnh.

Sau khi nu si v lm ngui, u c chng ging truyn thng usar (Rhizopus spp. hin din trn l cy Hisbiscus, hoc ging thun chng trong bt go hoc bt khoai m. Mc chc nng chnh yu l Rhizopus oligosporus v R.oryzae, chng ny mm nhanh 37C v s pht trin si nm nhanh ca chng m bo s chim u th v ln t cc dng tm nhim khc nh Aspergillus spp. trong vng 30 gi cc u ri rc c kt cht li nhau to thnh khi rn. R.oligosporus c kho st l thm nhp khong 2mm vo su bn trong u nu.

ot ng enzim ca Rhizopus spp. bao gm enzim thu phn protein, enzim thu phn cht bo, enzim thu phn cc hp cht cc-bon v phosphatase. Nh hot ng ca cc enzim ny, mt phn cc c cht mch di b thu phn thc y cho s tiu ho d dng.

Qui trnh mi ci tin c bo co bao gm tin trnh bn lin tc cho ln men tempeh vi nhit c iu khin trong thng ln men xoay vng.



Hnh 7.3. Quy trnh ch bin tempeh

Nc tng u nnh

Nc tng u nnh ln men c ngun gc t Trung Quc. Nht c khong 3600 cng ty, trong c 5 cng ty ln nht sn xut 1,2 triu tn chim khong 1/2 sn lng hng nm . Nc tng c nhiu dng khc nhau, nhng Koikuchi-Shoyu l i din tt nht ca nc tng ln men (Yokotsuka and Sasaki 1998). N l mt cht lng nu xm trong vi thnh phn xp x: 22B, 17% NaCl, 1,6% m tng s, 1% m formol, 3% ng kh, 2,3% ru alcohol v pH 4.7. V c bn ca qu trnh ch bin (Hnh 7.4) bao gm 3 giai on: lm koji (u nnh ln mc), ln men trong nc mui v lc trong. Lm koji l qu trnh ln men b mt ca hn hp u nnh nu/hp v bt m rang. N c chng ging vi bo t Aspergillus oryzae hoc A.sojae v c 25C trong 2-3 ngy thu c s pht trin dy c v s to bo t xanh vng ch ra rng mc cao ca enzim c to ra. Nhng enzim ny bao gm peptidases, proteinases, glutaminase, amylase, pectinases v cellulases cn thit cho s thu phn tng phn ca m v cc hp cht carbon ca vt liu th.



Giai on 2 ln men trong nc mui din ra trong m nc mui 22-25% NaCl vi sinh vt gy h hng khng th pht trin nhng s phn ct enzim vn din ra. Tuy nhin, trong 2 thng u 15-20C, vi khun axt lactic (Tetragenococcus halophila) v nhng thng tip theo 30C, nm men a mui (Zygosaccharomyces rouxii) s pht trin, vo khong thi gian chn, nhng sn phm trao i cht ca chng thm vo thnh phn hng v thc cht thm ngon ca nc tng.

Hnh 7.4. Quy trnh lm Nc tng u nnh ln men

Sinh khi nm v s chuyn ho sinh hc Nm rm

Nm rm (n c) rt phong ph v a dng, nhng ch mt vi loi c pht trin v thng mi ho. Vic sn xut nm rm thng mi c c tnh 1-2 triu tn. Agaricus spp. chim phn ln trong tng s nm sn xut. A. bisporus trng l c bit nhiu nht, nhng A. bitorquis chng chu vi-rt v A. bisporus m nu ang c tng ln s ch . Sau khi si nm chim ng c cht, s to tri c khi ng bi s thay i iu kin mi trng (thong kh, m , nhit ). Qu th c to thnh trong s ca s ny mm vt qu khong 1-2 tun. Sau 4-5 t thu hoch, sn lng gim xung



v vng i bt u li vi c cht ti mi. C cht c dc s dng nh thnh phn thc n gia sc giu protein. Qu th ln k l ca Basidiomycete, Ustilago maydis c thu thp v tiu th nh nm rm, v ph bin chu M Latinh.

m n bo (nm men, protein nm)

Nhiu dng nm men (Candida utilis, C. tropicalis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis) c th pht trin vi sn lng t bo cao trn c cht l sn phm ph cng nghip, v d nh nc nh thanh (whey) t lm ph-mat, nc thi t cng nghip tinh bt khoai ty, ru sulfite g, v cn b ca hp cht cac-bon. Mc

d nhiu qui trnh cng nghip c cp bng, th nhng m n bo thu c hin ti l khng th cnh tranh vi cc m khc (v d nh u nnh).

Si nm ca Penicillium chrysogenum v Aspergillus niger c to ra mt lng ln nh mt sn phm ph ca s ln men sn xut khng sinh, phn ho t (enzim) axt hu c... khun ty ca nm khng c l mt thnh phn thc n l tng bi v n c hm lng m th cao (xp x 12% trn trng lng ti). Khun ty c s dng nh thnh phn thc n gia sc. Ging nh vy, si nm ca dng Fusarium venenatum c s dng cho sn xut cng nghip protein cho ngnh dt may (Wiebe et al., 1996).

Sn phm tm thy cho s ng dng nh tht thay th trong bnh nhn to thm, sp...S dng m vi sinh cho s tiu th ca con ngi v vt nui l b gii hn bi hm lng axt nucleic ca n. T chc WHO khuyn co mc ti a ca axt nucleic l 2% trong thc phm. Trong khi m vi khun cha mc kh cao axt nucleic, m nm (F. venenatum) cha khong 6-13%.

Lm giu thm m cho thc phm tinh bt v thc n gia sc

Do c kh nng phn ct vt cht cc-bon, nm l hu dng trong vic nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca cc sn phm ph nng-cng nghip sau ch bin, chng hn nh tinh bt cha trong cht cn b khoai lang (Yang et al., 1993) hoc b ma ng cellulose (Moo-Young et al., 1992). Cho mc ch thm vo cc ngun m r tin nh (NH4)2SO4 v urea c th bin i thnh m v th lm giu dinh dng thm cho thc n. Sn phm cui cng (sau vi ngy ln men) c th cha dng xp x 30% m th trn trng lng kh, khi s dng nm Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp. v Neurospora sitophila.

Thnh phn thc n v gia v c ngun gc t nm mc

a. Axt hu c

Axt hu c c to ra bi s ln men c th phn thnh hai nhm: (i) c to ra thng qua l trnh axt carboxylic, (ii) c to ra trc tip t ng glucose.



nhm (i), axt citric l axt hu c quan trng nht c to ra bi s ln men. Sn lng hng nm c tnh khong 400.000 tn c lm ch yu vi Aspergillus niger nhng Yarrowia lipolytica cng c s dng. H thng nui cy b mt cng nh b su (chm) c s dng cho s bin i nhng ngun carbon r tin (mt ng) v n-alkanes. Axt citric c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm, cht hng v

Trong nhm (ii) axt gluconic (50.000 tn/nm) c lm ra ch yu vi vi khun, nhng A. niger v A. foetidus c s dng trong cc qui trnh nui cy b mt v nui cy chm. Axt lactic (30.000 tn/nm) c lm ra ch yu vi vi khun lactic, nhng cng vi Rhizopus oryzae v c nhng ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm nh cht axt, nhn t bo qun, bt nng (Mattey, 1992).

b. Cht bo (lipids)

Hm lng cht bo ca nm i khi c th cao n 60-80% sinh khi kh. Tuy nhin, cht du v cht bo ng v thc vt l r tin hn sn xut, v th ch nhng sn phm c sn th vic ln men l s quan tm v mt kinh t. Ni ring, kh nng tch lu axt bo khng no t nm l l th v quan im dinh dng. Nhiu nm mc c s dng thng mi to ra axt linolenic, trn ngun m v cac-bon r tin (b nho, tinh bt, mt r ng), Mucor javanicus v M. rouxii c th pht trin trong mi trng nui cy chm sn lng axt linolenic 0,33g/l. Nhng trng

hp nh th hm lng lipid l 7-11% ca sinh khi kh v axt linolenic chim 17-37% trng lng lipid (Lindberg and Hansson, 1991).

c. Phn ho t (enzim)

Trong s nhng phn ho t enzim c to ra bi s ln men, chim a s l enzim thu phn m (proteases) v enzim thu phn hp cht cac-bon (carbonhydrases). Enzime thu phn m thu c t Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium roquefortii v Mucor spp. c ng dng trong cht ty ra, v trong ch bin thc phm nh lm nhanh chn ph-mat, lm bnh m, s lm mm tht. Enzim thu phn hp cht carbon bao gm enzim thu phn tinh bt (-amylase, glucoamylase) c to ra bi Aspergillus oryzae v A. niger v c ng dng trong lm bnh m, bia ru, v bnh ko. Nhng carbonhydrases khc l cellulase c tit ra bi A. niger, Penicillium spp. v Trichoderma reesei; enzim thu phn pectin (pectinases) c to ra bi Aspergillus spp.; v glucanase c to ra bi A. niger, Penicillium spp. nhng enzim ny c ng dng thc y s tiu ho ca thc phm c si, s tinh lc nc tri cy v bia Nhng enzim quan trng khc bao gm enzim thu phn cht bo (lipases) c to ra bi Mucor spp. v A. niger ng dng cho s pht trin hng v cc sn phm t sa. Glucose oxidase c to ra bi A. niger c nhiu ng dng trong thc phm v y hc



Mt khc, c s phong ph ca nhng c cht c th c to ra bi nm, bao gm axt amin, cc hp cht ng, cc sinh t vitamins, phm mu v cc thnh phn hng v

6. Ph lc

Tieu chuan anh gia

Ru trng Qui nh k thut (Tieu chuan TCVN 7343:2002) Distilled alcoholic beverages Specification

6.1 Phm vi p dng

Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc loi ru thu c t qu trnh chng ct trc tip dch ln men c ngun gc tinh bt, ng, hoc thu c bng cch pha ch t cn thc phm v nc.

6.2 Tiu chun vin dn

Quyt nh 3742/2001/Q-BYT: "Qui nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm".

Quyt nh 1329/2002/BYT/Q: "Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung".

Quyt nh 178/1999/Q - TTg: "Qui ch ghi nhn hng ho lu thng trong nc v hng ho xut khu, nhp khu".

TCVN 378 : 1986 Ru trng. Phng php th.

TCVN 1052 : 1971 Etanol tinh ch. Yu cu k thut.

TCVN 3217 : 1979 Ru. Phn tch cm quan. Phng php cho im.

TCVN 5501 : 1991 Nc ung. Yu cu k thut.

TCVN 5989 : 1995 (ISO 5666-1 : 1983) Cht lng nc. Xc nh thy ngn tng s bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la. Phng php sau khi v c ho vi Penmaganat-Pesufat

TCVN 6193 : 1996 (ISO 8288 : 1996) Cht lng nc. Xc nh niken, coban, ng, km, cadimi v ch. Phng php trc ph hp th nguyn t ngn la.

TCVN 6626 : 2000 (ISO 11969 : 1996) Cht lng nc. Xc nh hm lng asen. Phng php o ph hp th nguyn t.

6.3 nh ngha



Trong tiu chun ny p dng nh ngha sau:

6.3.1 Ru trng (Distilled alcoholic beverages): ung c cn c chng ct t dch ln men c ngun gc tinh bt, ng, hoc c pha ch t cn thc phm v nc.

6.4 Yu cu k thut

6.4.1 Nguyn liu

6.41.1 Nc dng pha ch ru trng: theo TCVN 5501 : 1991.

6.41.2 Etanol dng pha ch ru trng: theo TCVN 1052 : 1971.

6.4.1.3 Nc dng sn xut ru trng theo Quyt nh s 1329/ 2002 ca B Y t v Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung.

6.4.2 Yu cu cm quan

Cc ch tiu cm quan i vi ru trng c quy nh trong bng 1.

Bng 1 Yu cu cm quan

Tn ch tiu Yu cu

1. Mu sc Khng mu hoc trng trong

2. Mi Mi c trng ca nguyn liu ln men, khng c mi l

3. V Khng c v l, m du

4. Trng thi Trong, khng vn c, khng c cn

6.4.3 Ch tiu ha hc

Cc ch tiu ha hc ca ru trng chng ct t dch ln men c quy nh trong bng 2.

Bng 2 Cc ch tiu ha hc ca ru trng

Tn ch tiu Mc

1. Hm lng etanol (cn) 200C, tnh theo % (V/V), Theo tiu chun c cng b ca nh sn xut

2. Hm lng aldehyt, tnh bng miligam aldehyt axetic trong 1 l ru 1000, khng ln hn 50



3. Hm lng este, tnh bng miligam este etylaxetat trong1 l ru 1000, khng ln hn 200

4. Hm lng metanol trong 1 l etanol 1000, tnh bng % (V/V), khng ln hn 0,1

5. Hm lng ru bc cao tnh theo t l hn hp izopentanol v izobutanol, hn hp 3:1, tnh bng miligam trong 1 l etanol 1000

Theo tiu chun c cng b ca nh sn xut

6. Hm lng furfurol, mg/l, khng ln hn Vt

6.4.4 Gii hn hm lng kim loi nng

Gii hn ti a hm lng kim loi nng c quy nh trong bng 3.

Bng 3 Gii hn ti a hm lng kim loi nng Tn ch tiu Gii hn ti a (mg/l)

1. Asen (As) 0,2

2. Ch (Pb) 0,5

3. Thu ngn (Hg) 0,05

4. Cadimi (Cd) 1,0

5. ng (Cu) 5,0

6. Km (Zn) 2,0

6.4.5 Ph gia thc phm

Ph gia thc phm: theo "Quy nh danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm" ban hnh km theo Quyt nh 3742/2001/Q-BYT.

6.5 Phng php th 6.5.1 Xc nh cc ch tiu cm quan ca ru, theo TCVN 3217 : 1979.

6.5.2 Xc nh hm lng etanol, theo TCVN 378 : 1986.

6.5.3 Xc nh hm lng metanol, theo TCVN 378 : 1986.

6.5.4 Xc nh hm lng este, theo TCVN 378 : 1986.

6.5.5 Xc nh hm lng aldehyt, theo TCVN 378 : 1986.

6.5.6 Xc nh hm lng ru bc cao (du fusel), theo TCVN 378 : 1986

6.5.7 Xc nh hm lng asen, theo TCVN 6626 : 2000 (ISO 11969 : 1996).

6.5.8 Xc nh thy ngn tng s, theo TCVN 5989 : 1995 (ISO 5666/1 : 1983).

6.5.9 Xc nh ng, km cadimi v ch, theo TCVN 6193 : 1996 (ISO 8288 : 1996).



6.6 Bao gi, ghi nhn, bo qun v vn chuyn 6.6.1 Bao gi

Ru trng phi c ng trong cc chai kn, chuyn dng cho thc phm v khng nh hng n cht lng ca ru.

6.6.2 Ghi nhn

Theo "Qui ch ghi nhn hng ho lu thng trong nc v hng ho xut khu, nhp khu" ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 178/1999/Q - TTg.

6.6.3 Bo qun

Cc thng ng ru trng phi ni kh ro, bo m v sinh v trnh nh nng trc tip.

6.6.4 Vn chuyn

Phng tin vn chuyn ru trng phi kh, sch, khng c mi l v khng nh hng n cht lng ca ru.

7. Tai lieu tham khao 1, Cong nghe che bien thc pham, Le Van Viet Man (Chu bien), NXB HQG TPHCM.

2, Cong nghe len men ng dung trong cong nghe thc pham, Bui Ai, NXB HQG TPHCM.

3,Cong nghe san xuat va kiem tra con etylic; PGS.TS Nguyen nh Thng, TS Nguyen Thanh Hang; NXB KH&KT

4, http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_lt

5,http://www1.agu.edu.vn/elangviet/cms/SanPhamTuLuaGao/ruougao.htm

6, http://baudawine.com/

7,http://www.bunchaca.com/dac-san/2-product-dac-san-que-huong/26-ruou-bau-da.html

8, http://www.dinhduong.com.vn/story/gao-lut

9, http://tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com/wiki/Go_lt-Mui_vng/1

10,http://www.vhdn.vn/index.php?view=article&id=3363&tmpl=component&print=1&page=&option=com_content

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_lthttp://www1.agu.edu.vn/elangviet/cms/SanPhamTuLuaGao/ruougao.htmhttp://baudawine.com/http://www.bunchaca.com/dac-san/2-product-dac-san-que-huong/26-ruou-bau-da.htmlhttp://www.bunchaca.com/dac-san/2-product-dac-san-que-huong/26-ruou-bau-da.htmlhttp://www.dinhduong.com.vn/story/gao-lut

5.1 Nghin cu ci tin cng ngh nng cao cht lng ru c sn lng nghYu cu cm quanCc ch tiu cm quan i vi ru trng c quy nh trong bng 1.Bng 1 Yu cu cm quan

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