rural development in china

Rural Development in

ChinaReporter: Shella May N. Solis

China Todaycurrent population of China

is 1,383,441,085 as of Sunday, September 4, 2016, based on the latest United Nations estimates.

ranks first in worldwide farm output - rice, wheat,potatoes,tomato,sorghum,peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed and soybeans.

Although accounting for only 10 percent of arable land worldwide, it produces food for 20 percent of the world's population.

China- Model Rural Development

China. . .• has only 8% of the world's cultivated lands but it has 20% of the world's population yet it has provided the basic needs of its one billion people

China- Model Rural DevelopmentChina. . .- has created a society which grants a sense of dignity, spirit of self-reliance, and opportunity of participation and decision making.

- has introduced fundamental changes in values and development objectives

China- Model Rural Development

China. . .collective rather than individual rewards

social rather than pure materialistic or technical objectives.

Historical BackgroundChinese agriculture is almost 4500 years old.

- As early as 2500 B.C., the central plain of northern China

was growing millet, rice and wheat

- By 1949 only 10.2 percent or

98 million hectares were

cultivated

- Another deficiency of China's agriculture is its exposure to natural calamities and extreme diversity of

climatic conditions.Climate Classification in China

Historical BackgroundThe Expansion of labor force and irrigation increased agricultural productivity.

Historical BackgroundHowever, the increasing pressure of population and feudalism created many peasant uprising.

Landlords and Capitalist Exploited the Peasants

In 1911, the Nationalist Movement under Sun-Yat-Sen overthrew the Manchu Empire and established the Republic of China.

Chinese capitalist and Foreign imperialist joined the oppressive landlords in plundering the country's economy for their own interest

There was massive government corruption and incompetence


The formidable enemies of the people were feudalism, imperialism, and bureaucratic capitalism .


In 1927 Mao Tse-Tung led his first peasants' uprising.

This was also the last exploitations of the 2,500 years of feudalism and 125 years of Western colonialism.the People's Republic of China.

Land Reform: 1949-1952The first task of the new

government was to institute a drastic land reform in order to :- achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth - change of social relationship to create greater equality based on egalitarian ethics

the need of the new landlords to work together in promoting their own welfare.

Land Reform: 1949-1952

cooperative endeavors were applied in (1) improving their land and water resources, (2) in increasing their production and incomes, (3) and in organizing a dynamic rural community.


It is not only an abolition of feudalism, but also also a preliminary step towards collectivization and an educational process.

key words -class struggle and struggle for agricultural production.

- it started releasing the productive forces of the

rural areas.


It abolished excessive land rents, usury, and the abuses of the private armies of the landlords.


The objective of the new government was to educatethe farmers and to make them scientific-minded. through collective agriculturegoal of the collectivization to abolish the differences between towns and cities and between rural factory workers and between manual and mental labor.


By 1952, China's agrarian reform was completely change.

The land reform nevertheless eliminated the old agrarian structure, and it created a conducive environment for further development of the rural society of China.

Stages of Rural Development

from a peasant economy into a collective (span of six years from 1952 to 1958)

These stages are:

Mutual aid teams

Elementary co-operatives

Advanced co-operatives

People's communes


Production Problem: new landowners like to increase their farm outputs but their means of production were limited.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Solution: 6 to 10 families grouped themselves into mutual aid teams. They pooled their labor, animals and farm implements.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Production Problem: limitations of Mutual aid teams such as inability to: (1) cope with national disasters, (2) undertake big farm projects, (3) purchase agricultural machinery or adopt modern techniques of production.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Solution: elementary co-operative were formed in 1953 which were the agricultural producers co-operatives. - These had been the simple credit and marketing

co-operatives even before 1953.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


The main feature of elementary co-operative is their recognition of individual property rights in the system of income distribution.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes

Elementary Co-operatives

Income allocation: 60 to 70% of the total income was on the basis of the work performed by each co-operative member; remaining 30-40% of the income was distributed as devidends or rents to the factors of production contributed by the members.

membership and withdrawal was voluntary

annual election


An advance co-operatives is composed of 10 to 20 elementary co-operatives.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Considering its size, an advances co-operatives has more resources to buy farm machinery, undertake large irrigation and flood-control projects, and finance small scale rural industries.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


ADVANCED CO-OPERATIVESThe entire income of the co-operative was distributed on the basis of work done by the members of the co-operatives - NOT on the basis of the land of farm implements contributed by the members.

The government extended financial and technical assistance to advance co-operatives.


Problem: need to undertake larger irrigation projects or build many industrial units

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Problem: need to from a unit of rural development which can take care of not only agricultural activities but also political, social, economic and administrative aspects of the rural areas.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Solution : communes were created-agricultural co-operatives and the

adminitrative units, called hsiang, were merged into the people's communes.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


peoples communes proved effective in meeting farm problems as well as in improving the rural life of the peasants.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


They work together to provide relief and to construct embankments and water wells.

Mutual aid teams



People's communes


Mutual Aid teams

1952 40% of the rural families belonged to 8 million mutual aids teams


1955 about 33 % of the farm families belonged to 633,000 elementary producers' co-operatives


1957 almost 97% of the farmers were members of 740, 000 advanced co-operatives

People's Commune

1958 740, 000 advanced co-operatives were re-constituted into 260, 000 communes

Organizational Structure of a Commune

Commune

production brigades

production

teams.

production

teams.

production brigades

production teams.

size vary on the number of population of the commune

vary on the size of the commune

vary on the size of the commune


PRODUCTION TEAM- is the basic production and accounting unit which owns the land.

- constitutes a natural village or a group of houses with 20 -40 families. They cultivated 10-40 hectares.

- is responsible for ALL decisions which involve the deployment of manpower, managing production, and distributing its revenues.


PRODUCTION TEAM- Overall planning, however, is subject to certain policies such as quotas for grains and basic production.

- sold to the government at fixed prices.


PRODUCTION TEAM- has discretion in meeting the different quotas.

-has considerable autonomy in making investment decisions regarding its labor and savings.

- is considered the most important unit of rural

organization in China.

The Government of CommunesPeople's Assembly

People's Council

Revolutionary Committee

Party Committee

Chairman (First Secretary)

1 or more Vice-Chairmen

Committee members

composed of ALL members of the commune

Consists of 100- 200 representatives

elected 10-25 members which manages the

commune

composed of several officials who are elected

by all party members

Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee

in charge of the day-to-day operations of the

commmune

The Government of Communes

Brigade level - Revolutionary Committees

Chairman

Vice-Chairman

Members


Production level - Revolutionary Committees

Structure is less formal

Head of the Team

Accountant 4-5 other team officials


All officials are paid by local units work on part-time physical labor to

earn their income.are difficult to distinguish from the

rest of the community ( wear the same style of clothes)

Functions of CommunesPRODUCTION BRIGADE- responsible for coordinating the annual

production plans of the production teams on the basis of quota assigned by the communes.

- distributes farm inputs like fertilizers and pumps.

- undertake investments and developmental programs which are too large for the production teams.

- provides certain social services like elementary schools and health clinics.

Functions of Communesbrigades may. . . - put up livestock farms, vegetable gardens, fruit orchards, and small-scale industries.- form a credit

co-operative of militia units

Functions of CommunesCOMMUNE - ventures

into big projects which require

considerable manpower and

substantial financial resources, such as big

dams, rural roads and industrial projects

- supplementary social services, particularly high school education and hospitals

Functions of Communes- supervise and execute the political and administrative policies of the government and to bolster the ideological and political basis of the rural society

- provide military training, control of the movement of the population and the collection of government taxes

- economic role: provide leadership and assistance to both agricultural and rural development programs

Functions of Communesit allows smaller self-contained groups through the production teams to plan, manage and share productions, and retains some forms of material incentives of the peasants.

it enjoys autonomy in the discharge of its functions.

Some Key FactsThe main purpose of the commune

and brigade enterprise is to serve agriculture.

Promotion of village industries is an important element in the national development policy. Policy makers should guarantee the essential viability of such industries.

The most common starting points for village industrialization has been a small factory for the manufacture of farm tools, repair of farm machinery, and the production of simple spare parts for farm machines.

Some Key Facts

Village enterprises are not owned by the state and are not part of the planned economy. These are owned by the community.

Factors of SuccessAbility to mobilize the surplus laborAbility to diversify the rural

economy.Progress in improving the

knowledge and skills of the rural population.

Capacity for equitable distribution of income has been realized.

Provision of a very effective mechanism for local planning.

Progress in improving the knowledge and skills of the rural population.

Social TransformationIn the case of China, its communes have greatly contributed to the development of the countryside. Its success in social transformation was made possible because of two basic factors:(1) Equitable distribution of rural resources.(2) Presence of dedicated leaders who are interested in the welfare of the masses.

Lessons from ChinaIn spite of the importance of modern agriculture, China gives first priority to the social transformation of agriculture.

Selective agricultural mechanization program has not adversely affected the employment situation.

Lessons from China- Agricultural mechanization -

financed by the communes and brigades largely from their own savings.

- Farm machineries are made in China with local materials.

Socialist economy based on agricultural and rural development .

Employment, equality and satisfaction of basic needs.

Lessons from ChinaAbility to meet the basic needs of its people.- achieved equality for the people but it has restricted individual freedom.- provided a minimum of economic well - being to the entire population- sense of security and identity among the average Chinese people.

China: Growing under Mao Tse Tung (1965)

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rural development in china

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