s 2 del - solid state and diamond electronics lab solaris photonics roma tre 1/20 radiation hard...

S2DEL - Solid State and Diamond Electronics Lab SOLARIS PHOTONICS

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1/20

Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond Electronics

Marco Girolami1, Arnaldo Galbiati2, Stefano Salvatori3

1 Department of Physics, Roma TRE University, Rome, Italy2 Solaris Photonics, London, United Kingdom

3 Department of Electronic Engineering, Roma TRE University, Rome, Italy


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2/20

Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond

ElectronicsINTRODUCTION

This work reports on the realization and test of a compact diamond-based radiation beam profiling system: multistrip and pixel structures have been used for the realization of 1D and 2D position and imaging detectors, respectively. A dedicated read-out electronic circuitry has been designed and used to independently sample the signal produced by each strip (or pixel), enabling a real-time beam profile reconstruction.


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3/20

Radiation Hard Imaging Detectors based on Diamond

ElectronicsWHY ?

can be operated at room temperature and are able to detect deep UV photons, X-rays, gamma rays, charged particles, M.I.P. and neutrons for a wide range of industrial and research applications as: particle tracking at CERN, beam conditions monitoring for synchrotrons and LINACS, radiotheraphy imaging, excimer laser beam diagnostic etc.


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4/20

WHY ?

M. Pillon et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 640 (2011) 185–191

Alpha Spectrum with Diamond Radiation Detectors


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5/20

AMPTEK Cool-X source, double emission:

• Cu Kα = 8.05 keV

• Ta Lα= 8.14 keVEnergy resolution (FWHM/Centroid):

@200V : 730 eV

@500V : 900 eV

X-ray spectroscopy

G.Conte, M.Girolami, S.Salvatori, V.Ralchenko “X-ray diamond detectors with

energy resolution” Applied Physics Letters

91, 183515 (2007)


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6/20UV and X-ray source imaging

Focus: Real-time monitoring of beam shape and intensity

• Microanalisys techniques (EXMA, XPS, XRD, XRF)

• Industrial radiography

• Medical diagnostics and radiotherapy

• VLSI-ULSI integrated circuits and MEMS lithography

• Refractive eye surgery (LASIK)

• Reflected UV imaging

UV

X-rays


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7/20State-of-the art silicon beam profilers

CCD beam profilers for UV and X-ray

source imaging:

PROs: • well-established technology

• good Q.E. for back-thinned devices

• large area detectorsCONs: • radiation damage

• strong VIS-IR absorption

• large dimensions, high cost

It’s mandatory the use of:

• attenuators (to limit radiation damage)

• complex optical systems to improve UV-VIS discrimination

Scheme of a commercial UV beam profiler


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8/20Why diamond?

The special characteristics of diamond allow its use in extreme environmental conditions like high temperature, high radiation, and highly corrosive environments.

high carrier mobility (e.g. greater than silicon)-> ultra fast high radiation hardness-> High S/N ratio after radiation damage (e.g.: see oral N7-4) → no frequent replacements• Resistivity ~5 orders of magnitude > Silicon high break down field• transparency in the VIS-IR spectral regions• wide bandgap (5.45 eV)-> Low leakage current• highest thermal conductivity (22 Wcm-1K-1)-> no cooling

No need for attenuators

and/or converters between source

and DUT


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9/20Dark current and spectral photoconductivity

• Sandwich configuration (Ag)• Ohmic behavior up to 100 V bias• Low dark current (few pA)• UV light: λ = 220 nm, PINC ≈ 1 μW

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

Natural Type IIa

Qu

antu

m Y

ield

(a.

u.)

Photon Energy (eV)

CVD DiamondRA270

80 meV

Eg

Urbach Tail

• High quality sample• High UV vs. VIS selectivity• Low sub-bandgap conductivity• Low surface recombination


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10/20Response speed and linearity

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

#RA270

Vacuum Tube

1.7x10-1 mJ/cm2

9.4x10-2 mJ/cm2

9.6x10-3 mJ/cm2

Nor

mal

ized

Sig

nal

Time (ns)

• Single laser pulses (ArF, 193 nm) • Rise-time ~ 1.3 ns (VT)• Fall-time ~ 6 ns• Intensity-dependent pulse shape

101

102

103

104

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

#RA270Va= 30V

Vol

tage

(m

V)

Energy (mJ)

1° Fascio

2° Fascio

=0.5

=1

Sign=k

• Linearity up to a 5×10-3 mJ /cm2 (trap-assisted recombination)• Band-to-band recombination prevails at higher energies (sub-linearity)


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11/201D and 2D pixel detectors technology

• multistrip structure• 32 strips (6 mm × 80 μm)• Ag contacts• wire-bonding

1D detector

• multipixel structure• 36 pixel (750 × 750 μm2)• Ag contacts• wire-bonding

2D detector


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12/20Operation principle


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13/20Multichannel electronic system (32/64 channels)

• Integration time: 50 μs ÷ 1s

• Selectable charge range: 50 pC ÷ 350 pC

• Sensitivity: LSB < 15 fC (150 pC FS)

• ADC resolution: 20 bit

• Floating input ADC resolution: 14 bit

• Selectable number of acquisitions: 1 ÷ 210

• Max. data throughput: 2 kHz (2∙64 kSPS)

• Math tools: centroid, mean value, displacement

Main features


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14/20UV position-sensitive detectors

[ # ]

ii

ii

N iCentroid ch

N

• Centroid vs. displacement linearity

• Spatial resolution: 5 μm (1D), 20 μm (2D)


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15/20UV 1D beam profiling (32 channels)

Example of a 8-channelsacquisition in a color-graded scale

32 channels beam profile acquired along horizontal axis

Monochromatic UV source:• spot 5 x 5 mm2

• λ = 220 nm• PINC ≈ 1 μW

Sensor held on a micrometric moving stage (10 μm of

resolution)

It’s worth noting the relative low standard deviation

values of the ADC output codes we gained

M.Girolami, P.Allegrini, G.Conte and S.Salvatori – “CVD Diamond Detectors for Real-Time Beam Profile Measurements” – Proceedings of The 7th IEEE Conference on Sensors, pp. 270-273 (2008)


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16/202D detector for UV and X-ray source imaging


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17/20

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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Excimer laser pulse beam profile: ArF 193 nm

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Closed shutter Single pulse “Ghost peak”

Single excimer laser pulses real-time monitoring


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18/20

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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5.25 mm

Centroide: ( 1.29 , 3.66 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

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1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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5.50 mm

Centroide: ( 1.36 , 3.67 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

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1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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5.75 mm

Centroide: ( 1.49 , 3.69 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

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6.00 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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Centroide: ( 1.69 , 3.68 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

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6.25 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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Centroide: ( 2.02 , 3.76 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

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6.50 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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Centroide: ( 2.40 , 3.72 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

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6.75 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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Centroide: ( 2.82 , 3.78 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

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7.00 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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750000-875000

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Centroide: ( 3.25 , 3.74 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

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1E+06

7.25 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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Centroide: ( 3.66 , 3.78 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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3E+05

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7.50 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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Centroide: ( 4.11 , 3.78 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

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7.75 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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Centroide: ( 4.49 , 3.78 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

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8.00 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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Centroide: ( 4.94 , 3.77 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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S5

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

8E+05

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1E+06

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

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8.50 mm

Centroide: ( 5.57 , 3.60 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

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1E+06

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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8.75 mm

Centroide: ( 5.71 , 3.59 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

8E+05

9E+05

1E+06

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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9.00 mm

Centroide: ( 5.70 , 3.56 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

8E+05

9E+05

1E+06

8.25 mm

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

875000-1000000

750000-875000

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0-125000

Centroide: ( 5.33 , 3.70 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

8E+05

9E+05

1E+06

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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0125000250000375000500000625000750000875000

1000000

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750000-875000

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buio

Centroide: ( 3.51 , 3.54 )

1 2 3 4 5 6S1

S2

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01E+05

3E+05

4E+05

5E+05

6E+05

8E+05

9E+05

1E+06

Pixel position

Temporal evolution of UV deuterium lamp radiation

Deuterium 10 μW, 220 nm


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19/20X-ray beam profiles

Coolidge tube:

• Mo target (Kα = 17.48 keV, Kβ =19.6 keV)

• V = 45 kV

• I = 1.1 mA

• spot-size 3 mm

Displacement along X-axis


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20/20X-ray beam profiles

Displacement along Z-axis

X-ray beam divergence increases with source-detector

distance


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21/20Conclusions

Diamond multistrip and pixel structures have been used for the realization of radiation hard imaging detectors with dedicated read-out electronics for real-time photon and particle beam profile reconstruction.

• Integration time: 50 μs ÷ 1s

•Spatial resolution: 5 μm (1D), 20 μm (2D)


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22/20Future Work

Diamond radiation hard imaging detectors with dedicated fast electronics:1.6 GHz Amplifier+5 GS/s Digitizers

APPLICATIONS:

Time of flight Pulse shape analysis Spectroscopy/Pixel

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

s 2 del - solid state and diamond electronics lab solaris photonics roma tre 1/20 radiation hard...

Documents

diamond radiation detectors

solid state

roma tre university

uv imaging uv

high radiation

beam conditions

radiotheraphy imaging

source imaging focus