s.a. torchinsky1 en route to ska astrophysics with e-lofar, hamburg 15-19 sept 2008 en route to the...

S.A. Torchinsky 1En Route to SKAAstrophysics with E-LOFAR, Hamburg 15-19 Sept 2008

En route to theEn route to the

Square Kilometre ArraySquare Kilometre ArraySteve Torchinsky

Nançay Radioastronomy Facility(Obs de Paris)

SKADS Project Scientist

www.skads-eu.org


Square Kilometre ArraySquare Kilometre Array

• Science goals

• Technical overview

• Worldwide efforts in SKA

• Technological development in Europe

• Time line

• Future development


SKA Key ScienceSKA Key Science

?Tests of gravity

Epoch of Reionisation Cosmic

Magnetism

Cradle of Life

Large Scale Structure

Transient Universe

The Unknown


Strong Field Tests of GravityStrong Field Tests of Gravity

Binary orbit permits determination of masses

Relativistic effects permit (re) determination of masses.

ALL MUST AGREE

http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~pulsar/


Strong Field Tests of GravityStrong Field Tests of Gravity

• Large surveys will find exotic binarys– ~20 000 pulsars in the galaxy

– Nearly edge-on Pulsar – Black-hole binary (at least one)• Probe eg. Frame dragging, cosmic censorship, no hair theorem

• Pulsar timing array– Gravitational wave background


Probing the Dark AgesProbing the Dark Ages• When did the first luminous objects form?

• How did they form and over what period of time?• SKA will detect the Epoch of Reionisation and map the evolution history of the first luminous objects

Di Matteo et al


Cosmic MagnetismCosmic MagnetismFaraday rotation of > 107 polarised background sources

Origin of magnetic fields– Dynamo?– Primordial?

NGC 891 NGC 891 (Krause)(Krause)

M 51 VLA+Eff 6cm M 51 VLA+Eff 6cm (Fletcher & Beck)(Fletcher & Beck)


Large Scale StructureLarge Scale Structure

Billions of galaxies!


Baryonic Acoustic OscillationsBaryonic Acoustic Oscillations

• Improve signal confidence by measuring wiggles in separate redshift bins

• A catalog of a billion galaxies

• Position and redshift measured simultaneously

• There are fluctuations at all scales but there is a preferred scale of around 1 deg.


1%

Complementarity with PlanckComplementarity with Planck


G. Bryden / NASA

Cradle of LifeCradle of Life• Protoplanetary disks resolved to Earth-like orbits

• Organic molecules– methanol (834 MHz)

– acetaldehyde (1.1 GHz)

– acetamide (9.2 GHz)

– cyclopropenone (9.3 GHz)

– propenal (26 GHz)

• Extrasolar planets


ProjectPhoenix

AllenTelescopeArray

SKA

Jill Tarter

SETI at leakage levels from nearby stars

eg:• planetary radar• Interplanetary

communication• Interstellar

communication

Indicators of Indicators of Extra Terrestrial IntelligenceExtra Terrestrial Intelligence


Transient signalTransient signal


TransientsTransients


Transient signalTransient signal


TransientsTransients

• Pulsar is a special case of transient phenomena (periodic)

• Giant pulses

• Supernova

• Bursters

• ETIrequires:• fast time constant• memory buffer for post analysis• wide instantaneous, fully-sampled FoV


The UnknownThe Unknown• New discoveries always result from observations in new

parameter space– sensitivity

– spatial resolution

– spectral resolution

– polarisation

– time domain

– observing speed (multibeaming)

• eg. CMB, pulsars, extra solar planets,…

SKA improves all of these

SKA is designed for the Key Projects but with an overriding design philosophy of flexibility to maximise

the likelihood of new discoveries


Chris Carilli & SteveSteve RawlingsRawlings,

New Astronomy Reviews, Vol.48, Elsevier, Dec. 2004

SKA Science BookSKA Science Book

http://www.skads-eu.org/p/SKA_SciBook.php


Cosmology, Galaxy Formationand Astroparticle Physics on the Pathway to the SKA

Hans-Rainer Klöckner, Steve Rawlings,

Matt Jarvis, Angela Taylor (eds.)

Cosm

olo

gy,

Gala

xy F

orm

ati

on

an

d A

stro

part

icle

Ph

ysi

cs o

n t

he

Path

way t

o t

he S

KA

Available online:

www.skads-eu.org (click “memos” or “documents”)


Possible SKA ConfigurationPossible SKA Configuration

Station

Core ~5km dia

Central ProcessingFacility

Comms links

Not to scale!

180km

Dishes spread along spiral

Dishes

AA-hi

AA-lo


• ~5km inner cores

• sparse aperture arrays (eg. LOFAR)

• dense aperture arrays (eg. EMBRACE)

• parabolic dishes

• Outer core ~5km of stations

• Arms > 5km of stations

• dishes spread out along spiral arms

• maximum baseline of ~3000km

Three TechnologiesThree Technologies


candidate site: South Africacandidate site: South Africa

• Karoo radio quiet zone


Candidate site: AustraliaCandidate site: Australia

• Mileura Radio Quiet Zone


Worldwide SKA effortsWorldwide SKA efforts• Europe

– LOFAR– Square Kilometre Array Design Studies

• 4 year study, 38MEuro (11MEuro from EU Framework Programme 6)• EMBRACE demonstrator at Westerbork and Nançay

– PrepSKA• EU FP7 5.5MEuro, 2008-2011• Central Design Integration Team in Manchester

– SKA on ESFRI Roadmap

• Australia & Canada– AU$56M announced in 2007 Australian budget– ASKAP demonstrator

• South Africa– Karoo Array Telescope and MeerKAT– Over US$200M confirmed by SA gov’t for construction, infrastructure, including high

capacity network to Karoo region.

• USA– Allen Telescope Array– Technology Demonstrator Programme

www.skads-eu.org


http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/


ASTRONETASTRONETInfrastructure RoadmapInfrastructure Roadmap


ReviewHi-freq SKA

Design

06 | 08 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 |

System DesignSystem DesignSKA mid + low construction SKA mid + low construction

and commissioningand commissioning

SKA-hi ConstructionSKA-hi Construction

Sites short-listed

EC-FP7: PrepSKASystem design Funding Governance Site Selection

Preliminary SKA specs External

Engineering Review of design

Reference Design selected

Pathfinder Suite Construction

Early ScienceEarly Science SKA mid+low SKA mid+low

SKA-mid+lowSKA-mid+lowCompleteComplete

SKA SKA PathfindersPathfindersCompleteComplete

System design System design SKA-hiSKA-hi

Costed SKA low+mid designs complete

Pathfinder science

Phase 1 complete

Concept Des’nConcept Des’n

SiteSelect

Production Readiness

ReviewSKA-mid+low

Concept design for SKA-hiConcept design for SKA-hi

Phase 1 construction and Phase 1 construction and commissioningcommissioning

SKA timelineSKA timeline

FP7: PrepSKA [Path2SKA] [AAVS]

http://www.skatelescope.org

FP6: SKADS


SKA in EuropeSKA in Europe

• Square Kilometre Array Design Studies– 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2009

– 26 institutes in 13 countries

– 38MEuro (including matching funds and EU funds)

– Detailed design and costing, including science simulations, signal transport, processing requirements, construction costs,…

– www.skads.eu.org/p/memos.php

– Marie-Curie Conferences and Training

www.skads-eu.org


• 1st MCCT SchoolMedicina 23-29 Sept 2007

• Wide field imaging and calibrationGroningen 2-7 March

• Synergies with the SKABonn 14-18 April 2008

• Deep Field Imaging with SKACambridge 25-29 Aug

• Radioastronomy and the New InstrumentsSiguenza 27 Aug – 4 Sept

• Multifield and multibeam science with SKAOxford 15-27 March 2009

Training the next generationTraining the next generation


EMBRACEEMBRACE

• Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt

• Aperture-Plane phased-array

• 500MHz – 1500MHz

• Linear polarisation

• 96m2 at Westerbork

• 64m2 at Nançay


EMBRACE TileEMBRACE Tile


NanNançay Beamformer Chipçay Beamformer Chip


EMBRACE observations of the SunEMBRACE observations of the Sun


Simulations for the SKASimulations for the SKA

image by D. Obreschkow


Simulations for the SKASimulations for the SKA

Effort in SKADS:• Catalog of continuum sources (250 Million sources)• Epoch of Reionisation (tomography from z≈15 to z≈6)• The Cosmic Web• Pulsars

• See SKADS Simulated Skies website– www.skads-eu.org/p/s-cubed.php

• See Proceedings of the Pushchino Meeting– www.skads-eu.org/memos.php– And others listed there, available on astro-ph


SKADS Science and Technology SKADS Science and Technology The Universe

Our understanding of the Universe

Sky Simulation (DS2T1)

Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)

Network simulator (DS3T3)

Technology development

(DS4)

Technology demonstrators(DS5 & DS6)

observations

brain power

Catalogs, images, EM fields

voltages

mea

sure

men

tsan

dsi

mu

late

d pe

rfor

man

ceRequest spec changeBENCHMARK

Backend data

Data imaging(DS2T2)

Simulated telescope image

Data analysis (DS2)

science goals achievable?


SKADS Science and TechnologySKADS Science and TechnologyThe Universe

Our understanding of the Universe

Sky Simulation (DS2T1)

Convolution with the telescope (DS2T2)

Network simulator (DS3T3)

Technology development

(DS4)

Technology demonstrators(DS5 & DS6)

observations

brain power

voltages

mea

sure

men

tsan

dsi

mu

late

d pe

rfor

man

ce

Backend data

Data imaging(DS2T2)

Simulated telescope image

Request spec changeBENCHMARK

Catalogs, images, EM fields

Data analysis (DS2)

science goals achievable?

Consider trade-offs

NO: not technologically feasible

NO: too expensive

YES: We can do better than that !

SKADSDesign & Costing


SKA Design and CostingSKA Design and Costing

• SKADS final deliverable “Designed and Costed SKA”

• First memo: detailed design– www.skads-eu.org/memos.php

– SKA Memo #93

– ~1.5BEuro

• Development of costing tool: SKACost– Designed and costed components and subsystems

– Data base for costing different SKA implementations

– SKADS in collaboration with International SKA Program Office


SKADS Science SimulationsSKADS Science Simulations

?In the context of technological constraints


SKADS after 2009SKADS after 2009• EU-FP6 project SKADS ends 30 June, 2009• Overlap with PrepSKA (EU FP7)

– European led

– Starts 1 April, 2008

– Worldwide participation:• EU, Australia, South Africa, Canada, USA, China

– International SKA Program Development Office in Manchester

– Governance

– Technology development

• Path2SKA (EU FP7 Marie-Curie)– Sky simulations to telescope simulations for virtual observations

– Led by Steve Rawlings, Oxford

• Aperture-Array Verification System (under discussion)– Larger than EMBRACE

– Dual polarisation (perhaps all-digital)

– In southern Europe (Spain or Portugal)


Aperture Array Verification Aperture Array Verification SystemSystem

~few hundred m2, national funds, in southern Europe


ContactContact

Steve TorchinskySKADS Project ScientistUSN, Observatoire de Paris

Phone: +33 1 45 07 75 02Email: [email protected]: http://www.skads-eu.org

s.a. torchinsky1 en route to ska astrophysics with e-lofar, hamburg 15-19 sept 2008 en route to the...

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