safety at landfill sites.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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"INOGATE Technical Secretariat & Integrated
Programme in support of the Baku Initiative and the
Eastern Partnership energy objectives" Project
B U I L D I N G P A R T N E R S H I P S F O R E N E R G Y S E C U R I T Y
www.inogate.org
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Training Presentation 2 Introduction to Safety at Landfill Sites
By Jes Kromann Bak, Senior Waste Management Expert
November, 2014
Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Georgia
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Hazards of Landfill Gas
• Flammability and Explosivety
• Asphyxiation
• Toxicity
• Corrosion
• Odour
• Ecotoxicity
• Global Warming Potential
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas LANDFILL GAS
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Flammability and Explosivity
• Methane is a flammable gas with a calorific value of 35.9MJ/m3.
• Explosive Limits of LFG
– Lower explosive limit (LEL) = 4.4% CH4 • Lower – not explosive in air
– Upper explosive limit (UEL) = 16.5% CH4 • >15 %, too rich to be explosive in air
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas LANDFILL GAS
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Explosion Limits
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas
Methane Concentration
LANDFILL GAS
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Physiological effects of Asphyxiation
Concentration of Oxygen (%)
Physiological Effects
18 Blood saturation adequate for resting, walking and heavy work
17 Faster, deeper breathing, slight impairment of judgement
16 First signs of anoxia. Dizziness, buzzing in ears
12-16 Increased breathing and pulse rate. Muscular co-ordination impaired
10-14 Emotional upset. Abnormal fatigue upon exertion
6-10 Nausea, vomiting unconsciousness. Collapse may reoccur with person unable to move or cry out
<6 Convulsions, gasping respiration, death
LANDFILL GAS
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Physiological effects of respiration of Carbon Dioxide
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas
Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (%) Physiological Effects
0.03 None, normal atmospheric concentration
0.5 Slightly deeper breathing
2.0 Lung ventilation increased by 50%
3.0 Lung ventilation doubled
5-10 Three-fold increase in rate of respiration. Rapid exhaustion and headaches
10-15 Intolerable panting. Severe headaches, collapse
25 Death
LANDFILL GAS
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
GAS MESSUREMENT AT LANDFILL SITE
O2 = 5,5% => Death
CO2 = 29,0 % => Death
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
Corrosion
• Components of LFG and its derivatives have a corrosive potential.
• Corrosion accelerates wear on the plant and equipment, and reduces their effectiveness as control measures.
• Main culprit is carbon dioxide which will dissolve in water and form carbonic acid.
• Effective collection and combustion system is able to reduce the corrosion effects.
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
Odour
• Odour from landfill causes local annoyance and is possible the main reason for the number of complaints received by the operator.
• Presence of odour is often linked to concerns about the impact of LFG emissions on human health.
• Important odorants in LFG include:
• Hydrogen sulphide H2S;
• Organosulphur compounds, e.g. Dimethyl sulphide;
• Carboxylic acides, e.g. butanoic acid;
• Aldehydes, e.g. ethanal;
• Carbon disulphide.
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
Ecotoxicity
• The lateral sub-surface migration of LFG can cause damage to vegetation on adjacent land and crop die-back. LFG can exert phytotoxic effects to plants.
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
Global Warming Potential
• Carbon dioxide, methane and a variety of halocarbons found in LFG are all greenhouse gases. They absorb infra-red radiation and produces thermal heat.
• Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, having an ability to cause damage as much as 22 times of carbon dioxide (CO2).
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TAKE NOTE THAT:
– LANDFILL GAS IS HIGHLY FLAMMABLE!
– NO LOITERING
– NO SMOKING
– NO NAKED FLAME
– WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR
– ALWAYS BE CAREFUL (ABC)
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
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SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
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Need for Landfill Gas Management
• Landfill Gas Management is essential and required to eliminate or at least minimise the hazards.
• Prevent the migration of and control of any release of landfill gas.
• Minimise the impact on local air quality.
• Minimise the contribution to climate change.
• Control the release of odorants.
• Minimise the risk of accidents.
• Prevent harm to human health.
SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas SAFETY AT LANDFILL SITES
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas LANDFILL OPERATION AND TRAINING
During operation a compactor is very sufficient. The use of a compactor can increase the amount of waste capacity with up to 100%
The compactor has a strong steel plate in the bottom, witch will protect the operator in case he hits a sharp object. Most compactors has a pressure cabin to avoid the operator to inhale toxic substances
The first layer of waste must be a least 1,5 m thick and must be crushed and with out mayor object – to protect the liner system
Depositing at embankment must always be started from the bottom – to avoid slides
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas LANDFILL OPERATION AND SAFETY
Personal hygiene is important. In the welfare building the following is preferable:
• Two clothes lockers for each employee. One for clean clothes and one for dirty clothes (working clothes)
• Sink with cleanser, liquid soap, disposable towels and skin care cream
• Shower rooms and toilets
• Work wear and protective equipment
• Canteen
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SESSION 2 – Safety on Landfill Gas LANDFILL OPERATION AND SAFETY
In modern landfills, wells will be part of the leachate collection system. While working in leachate wells, safety is important:
Risks:
• Toxic or explosive fumes • Suffocation due to lack oxygen
Precautions:
• No open fire (No smoking) • Always work in team. One on ground and one
in well • Man in well equipped with: cloves, helmet,
breathing apparatus and safety line • Before entering the well: Empty the well the
day before, effective ventilation by blowing air into well, gas measurement to ensure ventilation is sufficient, continuously air blowing while working in well
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Any Questions?
Thank you