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Slide 1
Sakari Uppala & colleagues
ECMWF
Satellite data in reanalyses
Seminar on Development in the Use of Satellite Observations in NWP, 3-7 Sept 2007
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Slide 2
Contents
Motivation of reanalyses
Observing system: reanalysis perspective
Evolving analysis schemes
Observing system changes analysis quality
The impact of satellite data:
ERA-15 ERA-40 ERA-Interim Future directions
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Slide 3
Motivation of reanalysis
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Slide 4
OPERATIONS
Zonal mean vertical velocity mPa/s 1979-1993
ERA-15 reanalysis
(Stendel & Arpe, ERA-15 Report series No 6)
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Slide 5
Application of reanalyses (1)
To improve understanding ofWeather and climate
General circulation of atmosphere
Long term variability and trends
Tele-connections
Atmospheric transport
Hydrological cycle
Surface processes
Predictability studies: daily seasonal
Extreme weather, storm tracking, tropical cyclones, …
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Slide 6
Application of reanalyses (2)
To provide: Initial states, external forcing or validation data for
Climate model integrations
Ocean models
Monthly and seasonal forecasting
Chemical transport models
DEMETER, ENSEMBLES, ENACT, CANDIDOZ, …
A substitute for “observed statistics”
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Slide 7
Reanalysis projects
NCEP/ NCAR 1948 … CDASNASA/ DAO 1980 - 1995ECMWF, ERA-15 1979 - 1993ECMWF, ERA-40 1957 - 2002ECMWF, ERA-Interim 1989 … ECDASJMA, JRA-25 1979 … CDASIn preparation
NASA/ MERRA 1979 New coupled NCEP reanalysis 1979 US Arctic Reanalysis System 2000 2010New JRA reanalysis 1957
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Slide 8
Operational forecast performance 1980-2007
Northern Hemisphere
500 hPa geopotentialANC reaching 60%
Southern Hemisphere
500 hPa geopotentialANC reaching 60%
Tropics
850 hPa wind vectorABC reaching 70%
F o r e c a s t D a y M A 1 2 M o n t h M o v in g A v e r a g e
1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 64 .55
5 .56
6 .57
7 .58
8 .59
9 .51 0
2005200019851980 1990 1995
1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 60123456789
1 01 1
2005200019851980 1990 1995
1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 7 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 63
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
2005200019851980 1990 1995
Monthly time seriesMoving average
ERA-15 ERA-40
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Slide 9
Reanalysis quality depends on:
1) The available observational information:Conventional
Satellite
The spatial and vertical distribution of the previous
Boundary forcing fields: SST and ice dataset
2) The data assimilation system:The analysis method and the assimilating forecast model
The observation and background model errors
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Slide 10Analysis product quality improves in time
Observing systems including SST/ ICE improves: Better quality, more data types, higher time frequency
Data-assimilation system, model and analysis, unchanged through the period
Reanalysis schematically
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Slide 11
Observations for reanalysis
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Slide 12
1958 March
Surface observations
75¡S
60¡S
45¡S
30¡S
15¡S
0¡
15¡N
30¡N
45¡N
60¡N
75¡N
150¡W 120¡W 90¡W 60¡W 30¡W 0¡ 30¡E 60¡E 90¡E 120¡E 150¡E
0.01 - 0.1 0.1 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 4 4 - 10 10 - 100 100 - 10000
1998 March
75¡S
60¡S
45¡S
30¡S
15¡S
0¡
15¡N
30¡N
45¡N
60¡N
75¡N
150¡W 120¡W 90¡W 60¡W 30¡W 0¡ 30¡E 60¡E 90¡E 120¡E 150¡E
0.01 - 0.1 0.1 - 1 1 - 2 2 - 4 4 - 10 10 - 100 100 - 10000
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Slide 13
Average number of soundings per day: 1609
Radiosonde coverage for 1958
AB
C
DEH
I
JK
M
N
P
Q
UV
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Slide 14
Average number of soundings per day: 1626
Radiosonde coverage for 1979
AB
C
DEH
I
JK
M
N
P
Q
UV
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Slide 15
Radiosonde coverage for 2001
Average number of soundings per day: 1189
AB
C
DEH
I
JK
M
N
P
Q
UV
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Slide 16
Year 2000
mobile ships, Dropsondes and radiosondes
A single analysis time
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Slide 17
Daily number of radiosondes in the Northern Hemisphere
ERA-15 / L31
ERA-40 / L60
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Slide 18
Zonal mean number of radiosondes
ERA-15 / L31
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Slide 19
MAIN OBJECTIVES
Improved understanding of the physical processes of the
general atmospheric circulation
Formulation of improved physico-mathematical
models of the atmosphere
Optimum design for a global observing system
Research projects Technological developments
Program components: Tropical (GATE), Global, other (MONEX,POLEX,…)
GARPTHE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM (1969)
FIRST GARP GLOBAL EXPERIMENTFGGE
December 1978 November 1979
Numerical experimentation
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Slide 20
GATE EXPERIMENT 15 June 19 September 1974
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Slide 21
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161918
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1715
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1615
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7
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2327
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7 231615
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1516
138
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1516
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-15
2019
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201714
-24
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-15
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2014
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-15
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2125
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1615
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2019
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1915
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1720 15
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25
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1618 18
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1821
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1918 18 1917
15
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2015
17
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1818
00UTC
06UTC
12UTC
18UTC
GATE
Example day19740710850 hPa
Pilot & Temp
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Slide 22
First Garp Global Experiment FGGE 1979
Definition of the observing system
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Slide 23
Satellites with VTPR instruments
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Slide 24
TOVS/ATOVS satellite data 1978-2002
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
OCT FEB
TIROS-N
JUN APR
NOAA-6APR NOV
JUN FEB
NOAA-7
APR JUN
NOAA-8
DEC NOV
NOAA-9
NOV SEP
NOAA-10
SEP JAN
NOAA-11JUL APR
MAY DEC
NOAA-12
APR
NOAA-14
JUL
NOAA-15
OCT
NOAA-16
HIRSMSUSSU
AMSU-AAMSU-B
YEAR
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Slide 25
Failure of channel 2
Drifting of channel 3
Bad earth location
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Slide 26
TOVS archive 1979-2002
~ 700 GB
Thousands of tapes/ cartridges
In the past
Technological advances
1 Super DLT capacity ~800GBToday
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Slide 27
VTPR1973
TOMS/ SBUV1979
1979TOVS:
HIRS/ MSU/ SSUCloud Motion Winds
1987SSM/I 1991
ERS-11995ERS-2
1998ATOVS:AMSU-A
METEOSAT Reprocessed
Cloud Motion Winds
1982 1988
CONVENTIONAL SURFACE AND UPPERAIR OBSERVATIONSNCAR/ NCEP, ECMWF, JMA, US Navy, Twerle, GATE, FGGE, TOGA, TAO, COADS, …
AIRCRAFT DATA1973
1957 2002 Observing Systems in ERA-40
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Slide 28
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Slide 29
SATOB
Latitude band: 30N-15N 300-200 hPa lev els 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Oct 1993: 00+06+12+18 UTC data,VER= 1
91 day mean sqrt(urms**2+v rms**2): from OB - FG to OB - AN
-10123456789
1011
W
ind
RM
S (m
/s)
Latitude band: 30N-15N 300-200 hPa lev els 1 Jan 1979 - 31 Oct 1993: 00+06+12+18 UTC data,VER= 1
91 day mean sqrt(urms**2+v rms**2): from OB - FG to OB - AN
Quality of Cloud Motion Winds improves
Moving average of daily Sqrt(Urms2+Vrms
2)
Latitude band 30N-15N (OB–AN, OB–FG) levels 300-200 hPa
1979 1993 AIRCRAFT
0123456789
1011
Win
d R
MS
(m/s
)
AIRCRAFT
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Slide 30
METEOSAT Reprocessed Winds
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Slide 31
Sea Surface Temperature and Ice data
Before November 1981 (HADISST1, Met Office)- Monthly SST analysis based on ship and buoy measurements - Sea ice extent has large uncertainty
From November 1981- Retrievals of SST from Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer after cloud clearing- Buoy and ship data- OI or 2D-Var weekly SST analysis (R. Reynolds, NCEP)- Background is the previous SST analysis- Bias correction applied to satellite SSTs- Sea ice extent determined from ice concentrations retrieved from
SSMR and SSMI instruments
Interpolation to daily values
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Slide 32
NOAA/ NCEP weekly 2D-VarSatellite, Ship and buoy
Met Office monthly HADISST1Ship and buoy
Nov 1981
El Nino La Nina
(F. Wentz, Remote Sensing Systems)
30N
30S
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Slide 33
ECMWF reanalyses
ERA-40 1957-2002
ERA-15 1979-1993
Improved data assimilation system- Assimilating model T159L60 - Optimum Interpolation 3D-Var FGAT- Analysis of O3
More extensive use satellite radiances (from CCR Level 1c radiances)ERA-15 experience ERA-40 blacklistMore comprehensive use of conventional observationsUse of Meteosat reprocessed winds, CSR data passiveImproved SST & ICE datasetOcean wave height analysis
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Slide 34
7 LEVELS
Model levels
ERA-15/ L31 ERA-40/ L60
13 LEVELS
10 hPa
100 hPa
65 km0.1 hPa
9 LEVELS in PBL
Levels added
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Slide 35
Use of atmospheric satellite data in reanalyses
1c
1c
1c
-
NESDIS operational T & q retrievals
SSU SSM/IAMSUMSUHIRSVTPR
GEODMSPVTPR/ TOVS/ ATOVS
Oper+reprocessedAMWs, CSR
passively
1c radiances and 1D-Var retrievals of
rainy radiances 1c1c1c-
ERA-Interim
1989
Oper+reprocessedAMWs
JMA retrievals of TCWV1c1c1c-
JRA-25
1979
Oper+reprocessedAMWs, CSR
passively
1D-Var retrievals of TCWV & wind
speed1c1c1c1c
ERA-40
1957-2002
Oper AMWs--1D-Var retrievals of T & q
using CCR. Above 100hPa NESDIS retrievals.
-ERA-15
1979-1993
Oper AMWs-NCEP
1948
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Slide 36
Use of TOVS data in ERA-15
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Slide 37
Radiosonde temperature biases 1980 onwards
VTPR, TOVS, SSMI and ATOVS radiances
ERS scatterometer wind bias correction
Handling of biases in ERA-40
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Slide 38
ERA-40ERA-15
SSMIVTPR/ TOVS/ ATOVSTOVS
Once per satellite life time or after a jump in instrument
Once per satellite life time or after a jump in instrument based on about two week
statistics
monthly
Update frequency
Predictors:
Model values ,10 m wind speed, Tskinand TCWV
Predictors:
Model values , DZ(1000-300), DZ(200-50), Tskin and TCWV
Predictors:
MSU-2,3 and 4, which are unaffected by clouds
Air-mass dependent
bias
18 latitude bands18 latitude bandsGlobal offset with 0 at centerScan bias
Static
B. Harris & G. Kelly
Static
B. Harris & G. Kelly
Static
J. Eyre based on W. Smith & H. Woolf
Method
Level-1c data from RSS & ECMWF. Satellite to satellite calibration with
reference to the 1st satellite, F. Wentz
Level-1c calibrated at ECMWF from Level-1b
Cloud Cleared and nadir corrected RadiancesInput radiance
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Slide 39
Pinatubo
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Slide 40
ERA-15 Tropical temperature
NOAA-9 MSU-3 problemNovember 1986
TrenberthTrenberth et al. (2000)et al. (2000)
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Slide 41
Quality of Analysis & Background
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Slide 42
VTPR introduced
Global 500 hPa Temperature analysis mean increment and STD
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Slide 43
VTPR
Tropical TCWV analysis mean increment and STD
Tropical mean TCWV (kgm-2) background and analysis
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Slide 44
Conventional•Surface•Upperair•Aircraft•Satellite products
TOVS radiances
SSMI radiances
AIRS radiances
O3 data
Bias
mod
ules
NWP systemNWP system
Observations and observation equivalents
from the model and analysis
in database
Quality anddeparture
information
Input observations How the observations were used in the analysis
(feedback)
Conventional feedback•Surface•Upperair•Aircraft•Satellite products
TOVS feedback
SSMI feedback
AIRS feedback
O3 feedback
- Input and feedback observations in BUFR code as well asas the runtime database, ODB, through the period)
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Slide 45
analysis
background
VTPR FGGE
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Slide 46
ERA-40: SATOB U- Wind 850 00 UTC Tropics RMS (m/s) OB-FG OB-AN 15 days MA
Number of used observations per day
MeteosatReprocessed winds
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Slide 47
Global OB-BG STD/ mean MSU-Ch 4 Max energy 90 hPa
Global OB-BG STD/ mean SSU-Ch 3 Max energy 1.5 hPa
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Slide 48
Analysis of ozone
The three-dimensional ozone field is consistent both with available ozone observations and the
dynamical state of the atmosphere
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Slide 49
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Slide 50
ERA-40 analysis
TOMS and SBUV data assimilated 1979-1988 and 1991-2002.
Ground-based measurements
From NOAA/ CMDL and not used in analysis.
Monthly mean values
No data assimilated in 1989 and 1990.
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Slide 51
Moisture analysis
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Slide 52
Year
0-6h forecasts
Year
0-6h forecasts
Year
0-6h forecasts
Aspects of tropical humidity analysis in ERA-40
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Slide 53
SST analysis
Tropical oceans: SST TCWV
K24h forecast Total Column Water Vapourkgm-2
no satellites VTPR TOVS TOVS + SSMI TOVS +SSMI +ATOVS
Monthly SST HADISST1 Reynolds weekly SST
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Slide 54
kgm-2
ERA-40 – SSM/I TCWV 1988-1988 NCEP – SSM/I TCWV 1988-1988
HadAM3 – SSM/I TCWV 1988-1988 ERA-40 – SMMR TCWV 1979-1984
-4 -2 0 2 4 (from Richard Allan)
Detection of tropical cyclones
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Slide 55
Climate variability and trends
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Slide 56
Detection of tropical cyclones
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Slide 57
Ryan L. Sriver and Matthew Huber, 2006, Geophysical Research Letters“Low frequency variability in globally integrated tropical cyclone power dissipation”
• R. N. Maue and R. E. Hart, 2007, comment to the previous• Ryan L. Sriver and Matthew Huber, 2007, Reply to comment
Debate on the trends in tropical cyclone intensity
(Note: No TC bogus data in ERA-40 or NCEP !)TOVS starts
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Slide 58
…. One of the most important and difficult to characterize sources of long-term drift in the data is due to the evolution of the local observing time due to slow changes in the orbital parameters of each NOAA platform, which can alias diurnal temperature changes into the long-term time series. To account for this effect, we have constructed monthly diurnal climatologies of MSU Channel 2 brightness temperature using the hourly output of a general circulation model as input for a microwave radiative transfer model.….
(Carl A. Mears et al: Correcting the MSU Middle TroposphericTemperature for Diurnal Drifts, Remote sensing Systems)
Observations only Reanalysis
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Slide 59
Trend and variability in lower stratospheric temperature
Linear trend: MSU-4 - 0.39OC/decadeERA-40 - 0.30OC/decadeNCEP - 0.82OC/decade
MSU-4 data analyzed by Mears et al. (2003)
ERA-40 equivalent from Ben Santer
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Slide 60
Satellite radar altimeter 1992-2003(Davis et al. Science 2005 Vol 308 No. 5730)
Surface elevation change rate (cm per year):1992 2003
Precipitation change (cm of snow per year): ERA-40 (1992-2001)+ ECMWF OP (2002-03)
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Slide 61
http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/ERA-40_Atlas/docs/index.html
ERA-40 Atlas 1979-2001
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Slide 62
Quasi biennal oscillation
Equatorial band 2S-2NMonthly mean zonal wind anomaly (m/sec) to 1979-2001 climate
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
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Slide 63
FORECAST PERFORMANCE
1957-2002
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Slide 64
Ops 1980Ops 1980
ERA 2001
Ops 2001
Northern Hemisphere
%
Anomaly correlations of 500hPa height forecasts
Ops 2001Ops 1980
ERA 2001
Ops 2003
Northern Hemisphere
%
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Slide 65
Anomaly correlations of 500hPa height forecasts
Ops 1980
Ops 2003
Ops 2001
ERA 2001
%
Australia/New Zealand
%
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Slide 66
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Slide 67
Data-assimilation system
T159L60 T255L60 / 12 hour 4D-Var
New humidity analysis and improved model physics
Satellite level-1c radiances
Better RTTOV and improved use of radiances especially IR and AMSU
Assimilation of rain affected radiances through 1D-Var
Variational bias correction
Improved use of radiosondes
Bias correction and homogenization based on ERA-40
Correction of SHIP/ SYNOP surface pressure biases
Use of reprocessed
- Meteosat winds
- GPS-RO data CHAMP / UCAR 2001 , GRACE and COSMIC
- GOME O3 profiles 1995
New set of Altimeter wave height data 1991
ERA-40 1957-2002
ERA-Interim 1989 to continue as CDAS
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Slide 68
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Slide 69
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Slide 70
Improvement: NH ~ 0.5d SH ~ 1d
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Slide 71
(Uppala S, A Simmons, D Dee, P Kållberg and J-N Thépaut, “Atmospheric reanalyses and climate variations” in the book “Climate variability and extremes during the past 100 years”, Advances in Global Change Research, Springer
(2007, in press, Eds. Brönnimann, S., J. Luterbacher, T. Ewen, H. F. Diaz, R. Stolarksi, and U. Neu)
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Slide 72
Could start ~ 2011 depending on resources
~ 1938 2013 and continue as CDAS
Important components
Recovery, organization and homogenization of observations
Improved SST & ICE dataset
Variational analysis technique aimed for reanalysis
Comprehensive adaptive bias handling
Handling of model biases
Coupled atmospheric-ocean reanalysis?
ERA-InterimERA-75?
!!
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Slide 73
Summary
Reanalyses have, in part, reached the level required for climate studies
Satellite data have an increasing role in reanalysis
The composite observing system improves over time
Due to the use of satellite data reanalysis has substantially better and more uniform quality after 1978 especially over the Southern Hemisphere
Reanalysis is seen as an iterative process, where improvements in the data assimilation/ bias adjustment/ increasing resolution bring new qualities to reanalyses and therefore to the applications
Reprocessing/ recalibration of satellite data improves reanalysis quality and should also be done iteratively
Improving the homogeneity of satellite data record is important
Satellite missions with long period and overlapping important for reanalyses