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Master Key


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iii

MASTER KEY MASTER KEY OF BOARD QUESTIONS

Master Key Series

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY–I

Diploma in Pharmacy Part I (Based on Karnataka Pharmacy Board & ER91)

Ayaz Quraishi M.Sc. B.Ed. D.Pharm

Arranged by: Irshad Ansari B.Sc. (Computer Science)

Author email: [email protected]

[email protected]

Website: https://www.mkbookseries.com

Edition: First Edition 2017

SALIENT FEATURES Master answers of Board Questions.

Arrangement of Board Questions with reference to the Chapters.

Board Questions also arranged according to the sub topics of chapters.

Minimum & Maximum Marks of chapters according to Board Papers.

Systematic record of distribution of marks of chapters.

Give central Idea about Board Master Questions.

Analysis, Research & deep study possible.

Easy to understand & memorize.

Give idea to solve paper according to the type & marks of questions.

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

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mailto:[email protected]

https://www.mkbookseries.com/

iv

PREFACE

It is a great pleasure that the Master Key of Pharmaceutical

Chemistry-I is in your hand. It is prepared according to heed of D.Pharm

student‘s ambition and hardship.

The main objective of pharmacy students is to successfully

complete the pharmacy course and join Pharmacy job, profession or

business. While students acquire the knowledge of pharmacy during their

college lectures but they are not having any procedure or executed

planning for passing the exams with good score. In exams they are not

having complete skills of questions understanding and how to write the

answes (definitions, classifications, differences, advantages,

disadvatages, properties, uses etc.) with respect to the questions and

marks of questions, therefore often result in the form of failure and

finally frustration.

In the light of above mention difficulties of students, the salient

features are included in this Master Key. I hope it will be helpful for both

students and teachers. After many times of proof-reading the errors may

still be inevitable. I am waiting for your opinions, for the identification of

errors and improvement of lack of subject matter.

-Author


v

READ, ABSORB & WRITE

(1) Index with respect to chapters indicates the minimum and maximum

marks. Based on indicated marks, the Random Marks Weightage of

chapters can be identified from examination point of view.

(2) The table of distribution of marks explains about each year total

asking marks of chapters. Besides that, it also indicates about that

questions of some chapters in which year absolutely not asking.

(3) The table of distribution of marks elaborates the significance of

repeated asking chapters. It also indicates that, which chapters are

essential for the study.

(4) Questions are arranged in each chapter and its sub-topics with respect

to questions asked in every year examination.

(5) Double numbering system are kept for questions of sub-topics of

chapters, so that to know how many times that topic has been asked

and in which year. So that it would also be easy to identify which

question has been asked maximum time and understand it as

important.

(6) To avoid studying the same answer multiple times, a unique master

answer is formed on many asked questions of single topic and

similarly, master answers are formed for each topic. So for many

questions a unique respective answer will be sufficient for the study.

(7) Most of the questions are placed in miscellaneous questions because

they are based on mixed topics.

(8) For analysis, research and deep study of genius students, chapter wise

systematic board question bank is arranged.

(9) Most of the students do not have the skill to understand the type of

questions and how to solve those questions as per their marks.

Therefore ―how to solve the question paper‖section is also

included, in which marking scheme are given according to the

points of answers.

(10) To score higher marks, all answers are given in points and with

respect to their marks, so that to make it easy for writing and

examining.

(11) At the end of the book, some question papers are given for practice.

(12) After complete study of this master key, the students can achieve

higher score in their exams.


vi

SYLLABUS

1. General discussion on the following inorganic compounds including

important physical and chemical properties, medicinal and

pharmaceutical uses, storage conditions and chemical incompatibility.

(A) Acids, bases and buffers-Boric acid*, Hydrochloric acid, Strong

Ammonium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide and official buffers.

(B) Antioxidants- Hypophosphorous acid, Sulphur dioxide, Sodium

bisulphite, Sodium meta-bisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Nitrogen

and Sodium nitrite.

(C) Gastrointestinal agents-

(i) Acidifying agents- Dilute Hydrochloric acid.

(ii) Antacids- Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide gel,

Aluminum phosphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium

carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate, Magnesium oxide,

Combinations of antacid preparations.

(iii) Protective and Adsorbents- Bismuth sub carbonate and

Kaolin.

(iv) Saline cathartics- Sodium potassium tartrate and Magnesium

sulphate.

(D) Topical Agents-

(i) Protective- Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium

dioxide, silicone polymers.

(ii) Antimicrobials and Astringents- Hydrogen peroxide*,

Potassium permanganate, Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Solutions

of Iodine, Povidone-iodine, Boric acid, Borax, Silver nitrate,

Mild silver protein, Mercury yellow, Mercuric oxide,

Ammoniated mercury.

(iii) Sulphur and its compounds- Sublimed sulphur, Percipitated

sulphur, Selenium sulphide.

(iv) Astringents- Alum and Zinc Sulphate.

(E) Dental Products- Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride, Calcium

carbonate, Sodium meta phosphate, Dicalcium phosphate ,Strontium

chloride, Zinc chloride.

(F) Inhalants- Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide.

(G) Respiratory stimulants- Ammonium carbonate.

(H) Expectorants and Emetics-Ammonium chloride*, Potassium

iodide, Antimony potassium tartrate.

(I) Antidotes- Sodium nitrite.


vii

2. Major Intra and Extra cellular electrolytes-

(A) Electrolytes used for replacement therapy- Sodium chloride and

its preparations, Potassium chloride and its preparations.

(B) Physiological acid-base balance and electrolytes used- Sodium

acetate, Potassium Acetate, Sodium bicarbonate Inj., Sodium citrate,

Potassium citrate, Sodium lactate injection, Ammonium chloride and

its injection.

(C) Combination of oral electrolyte powders and solutions 3. Inorganic official compounds of Iron, Iodine and Calcium, Ferrous

Sulphate and Calcium Gluconate.

4. Radio pharmaceuticals and contrast media- Radio activity-Alpha;

Beta and Gamma Radiations, Biological effects of radiations,

Measurement of radio activity, G.M. Counter, Radio isotopes-their

uses, Storage and precautions with special reference to the official

preparations. Radio opaque contrast media-Barium sulfate.

5. Quality control of Drugs and pharmaceuticals-Importance of

quality control, significant errors, methods used for quality control,

sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals. Limit tests for Arsenic,

Chloride, Sulfate, Iron and Heavy metals.

6. Identification tests for cations and anions as per Indian

Pharmacopoeia.


viii

INDEX

Sr.

No.

Chapters Name Chapters Avg.

Marks

(Min.-

Max.)

Page

No.

1 Acids, Bases and Buffers C1 1-18 1

2 Anti-Oxidants C2 1-9 17

3

Gastrointestinal Agents:

(i) Acidifying Agents

(ii) Antacids

(iii) Protectives and Adsorbents

(iv) Saline Cathartics

C3

5-24

24

4

Topical Agents:

(i) Protectives

(ii) Antimicrobials & Astringents

(iii) Sulphur Compounds

(iv) Astringents

C4

7-32

46

5 Dental Products C5 1-9 82

6 Inhalants C6 1-8 86

7 Respiratory Stimulants C7 1-6 90

8 Expectorants and Emetics C8 1-19 92

9 Antidotes C9 1-4 103

10

Major Intra and Extracellular

Electrolytes:

(i) Electrolytes used for

replacement therapy

(ii) Physiological acid-base balance

and electrolytes used

(iii) Combination of oral electrolyte

powder and solutions

C10

3-17

106

11 Inorganic Official Compounds of

Iron, Iodine and Calcium

C11 3-18 124

12 Radio Pharmaceutical and Contrast

Media

C12 4-23 147

13

Quality Control of Drugs and

Pharmaceuticals- Sources of

Impurities, Limit Tests

C13

11-44

165

14 Identification Test for Ions and

Radicals

C14 4-8 205


ix

INDEX

Sr.

No.

Chapters Name Chapters Avg. Marks

(Min.-Max.)

Page

No.

32 Board Question Bank (B.Q.B.) ♦ ♦ 214

33 How to solve the Question

Paper

♦ ♦ 263

34 Question Papers for practice ♦ ♦ 310

♣♣♣♣♣


x

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

Month &Year C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

Feb.1999 9 4 13 19 0 3 2

Sep.1999 5 6 5 18 5 1 6

Apr.2000 2 1 20 30 5 0 1

Oct.2000 11 6 7 22 4 0 0

May 2001 5 7 10 19 4 0 2

Dec.2002 6 0 8 23 0 0 4

Jun.2003 0 5 8 32 2 0 4

Dec.2003 17 2 19 26 4 0 0

Sep.2004 14 7 12 19 0 4 0

Feb.2005 0 2 20 30 5 0 0

Oct.2005 2 5 21 7 7 3 0

Feb.2006 4 1 6 20 4 0 0

Aug.2006 3 4 19 25.5 4 6.5 0

Jan.2007 1 4 6 26 4 4 0

Jul.2007 3 3 18 15 5 0 0

Aug.2008 4 4 17 9 0 4 0

Feb.2009 18 1 21 15 0 0 1

Jul.2009 1 0 19 7 0 0 0

Jan.2010 13 4 15 11 4 0 2

Jun.2010 1 0 5 21 5 8 4

Jan.2011 6 2 12 14 7 6 0

Jun.2011 7 9 14 13 4 4 3

Jan.2012 0 1 6 20 9 4 4

Jan.2013 6 8 11 27 0 4 0

Jun.2013 5 4 24 19 1 0 4

Dec.2013 0 2 14 21 0 4 4

Apr.2014 6 4 17 23 6 0 0

Dec.2014 2 0 16.5 18 4 0 0

Apr.2015 11 4 6 23.5 7 3 0

Dec.2015 5 4 13 25 4 4 0

Apr.2016 3 4 22 25 5 0 0

Dec.2016 5 2 11 18 8 2 0

May 2017 4 4 16 22 5 4 4


xi

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS

Month &Year C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14

Feb.1999 10 0 5 3 4 43 4

Sep.1999 5 0 6 11 4 39 4

Apr.2000 2 1 4 6 7 36 4

Oct.2000 9 3 0 8 18 27 4

May 2001 8 2 0 10 14 30 4

Dec.2002 7 4 10 8 12 33 4

Jun.2003 4 0 8 12 11 29 4

Dec.2003 11 0 3 10 4 23 0

Sep.2004 7 2 7 7 18 18 4

Feb.2005 5 4 8 5 9 31 0

Oct.2005 7 4 9 9 8 33 4

Feb.2006 8 4 9 5 23 27 8

Aug.2006 9 4 7 5 10 18 4

Jan.2007 7 4 8 7 5 39 4

Jul.2007 16 1 6 5 4 39 4

Aug.2008 19 0 4 5 13 36 4

Feb.2009 11 2 11 7 8 20 4

Jul.2009 7 4 12 15 8 29 4

Jan.2010 0 2 10 6 4 44 4

Jun.2010 10 4 12 7 18 16 8

Jan.2011 10 0 13 9 16 20 4

Jun.2011 11 4 8 7 8 23 4

Jan.2012 10 4 17 18 11 11 4

Jan.2013 11.5 0 11.5 0 11 25 4

Jun.2013 15 1 4 4 6 28 4

Dec.2013 5 4 16 4 9 32 4

Apr.2014 12 0 9 12 0 30 0

Dec.2014 8.5 4 16 5 4 37 4

Apr.2015 4 0 10 13.5 7 30 0

Dec.2015 5 0 9 6 8 32 4

Apr.2016 1 4 15 0 13 23 4

Dec.2016 9 0 12 11 8 29 4

May 2017 3 2 8 13 7 23 4


Master Key (Pharmaceutical Chemistry –I)

1

C1 ACIDS, BASES & BUFFERS __________________________________________________________

BOARD QUESTIONS & ANSWERS REFERENCES

Acids & Bases

Q (1): (1): Define Acids and bases according to various concepts.

[Dec.2003-4M]

[Refer M.A. (4), (5) & (6) {Definitions & e.g only}]

Q (2): (2): Define with a suitable example, ‗acid‘ and ‗base‘ according to

Arrhenius and Lewis theories. [Dec.2016-4M]

[Refer M.A. (4) & (6)]

Q (3): (3): Define Acid and base according to Arrhenius theory and

Lewis theory. [Jun.2013-4M] [Refer M.A. (4) & (6)]

Q (4): (4): Define Acids and bases according to Bronsted Lowry concept

and Lewis concept. [Oct.2000- 4M] [Refer M.A. (5) & (6)]

Q (5): (5): Explain Lewis Acid & Lewis base with examples.

[Jan.2010-4M] [Refer M.A. (6)]

Q (6): (6): Define the following term:

(a) Acid [Feb.1999-1M] [Refer M.A. (1)]

Q (7): (7): Define: (a) Acid [Jul.2009-1M] [Refer M.A. (1)]

Q (8): (8): Define Acid. [Dec.2014-1M] [Refer M.A. (1)]

Buffer

Q (9): (1): What are Buffers? Explain the mechanism of Buffer action.

What is the importance of Buffers in pharmacy?

[Feb.2009-8M] [Refer M.A. (7), (12), (13), (14) & (16)]

Q (10): (2): What are Buffers? Explain the mechanism of Buffer action

and importance of Buffer solutions in pharmacy.

[Jan.2010-2+3+2M] [Refer M.A. (7), (12), (13), (14) & (16)]

Q (11): (3): What are Buffers? Explain the mechanism of Buffer action

with an example. Briefly discuss the role of Buffers in

pharmacy. [Dec.2003-3+4+6M]

[Refer M.A. (7), (12), (13), (14) & (16)]

Q (12): (4): Define Buffer solutions and mention their importance in

pharmaceutical preparations. [Dec.2002-4M, Apr.2014-4M]

[Refer M.A. (7) & (16)]

Q (13): (5): What are buffers? Give the pharmaceutical importance of

buffer. [Dec.2015-4M] [Refer M.A. (7) & (16)]


D.Pharm Part-I

2

Q (14): (6): Define Buffer solution and mention the factors to be

considered while selecting a Buffer. [Oct.2000- 4M]

[Refer M.A. (7) & (15)]

Q (15): (7): Write short note on: (a) Pharmaceutical Buffers

[Jun.2011-5M] [Refer M.A. (7) & (16)]

Q (16): (8): Write a note on Buffer solutions. [Feb.2006-4M]

[Refer M.A. (7) & (16)]

Q (17): (9): Explain the role of buffers in pharmacy. [Apr.2015-7M]

[Refer M.A. (11) & (16)]

Q (18): (10): Define Buffer giving examples of at least two official

Buffers. [Aug.2008-4M] [Refer M.A. (7)]

Q (19): (11): Define Buffer with examples. [Jan.2011-4M]

[Refer M.A. (7)]

Q (20): (12): Define: (a) Buffer [Jan.2007-1M] [Refer M.A. (7)]

Q (21): (13): Define the following giving one example each:

(a) Buffer [Jul.2007-1M] [Refer M.A. (7)]

Q (22): (14): Define the following: [Refer M.A. (7)]

(a) Buffers [Oct.2005-1M, Aug.2006-1M]

Q (23): (15): Define the following term: [Refer M.A. (7)]

(a) Buffer Solution [Sep.1999-1M]


(a) Buffers [May 2001-1M, Apr.2016-1M]

Titration

Q (25): (1): Write a brief note on the following: [Refer M.A. (21) & (22)]

(a) Complexometric Titrations [Sep.2004-6M]

Q (26): (2): Write short notes on the following: [Refer M.A. (21) & (22)]

(a) Complexometric Titrations [Jan.2013-6]

Q (27): (3): Write on importance of Buffer in complexometric titrations

with examples. [Feb.2009-4M] [Refer M.A. (22)]

Q (28): (4): Buffer is used in complexometric titrations. [Jul.2007-2M]

[Refer M.A. (22)]

Q (29): (5): Write a brief note on the following: [Refer M.A. (17) & (19)]

(a) Precipitation Titrations [Sep.2004-7M]

Q (30): (6): Discuss on the following: [Refer M.A. (18) & (20)]

(a) Acid base titration & Iodometric titration with example.

[Feb.2009-6M]

Caustic Soda (or NaOH)

Q (31): (1): Write the principle involved in the assay and uses of caustic

soda. [May 2001-4M] [Refer M.A. (28) & (27)]


Master Key (Pharmaceutical Chemistry –I)

3

Q (32): (2): Write a note on stability, storage conditions and medicinal

uses of: (a) Caustic Soda [Feb.1999-2M]

[Refer M.A. (25), (26) & (27)]

Q (33): (3): Give the synonym and uses of sodium hydroxide.

[Dec.2014-1M] [Refer M.A. (24) & (27)]

Q (34): (4): Write chemical formula and uses of: (a) Caustic Soda

[Sep.2004-1M] [Refer M.A. (23) & (27)]

Q (35): (5): Give the formulae & uses of the following:

(a) Caustic Soda [Jun.2010-1M] [Refer M.A. (23) & (27)]

Sodium Carbonate (or Washing Soda)

Q (36): (1): Give the Synonyms and chemical formulae of:

(a) Sodium Carbonate [Sep.1999-1M]

[Refer M.A. (38) & (37)]

Q (37): (2): Write the synonym & uses of: [Refer M.A. (38) & (39)]

(a) Sodium Carbonate [Jun.2013-1M, May 2017-1M]

Reactions

Q (38): (1): Complete the following reactions and balance them if

necessary. [Refer M.A. (47)-(a)]

HOCl + HCl Cl2 + H2O [Apr.2000-1M]

Q (39): (2): Complete the following reactions and balance them:

(a) Na2CO3 + HCl [Aug.2006-2M] [Refer M.A. (47)-(b)]

Q (40): (3): Complete and balance the following equations:

(a) Ca (OH) 2 + Na2CO3 [Jan.2010-2M]

[Refer M.A. (47)-(c)] Q (41): (4): Balance and complete the reactions: [Apr.2015-2M]

(a) Ca (OH) 2 + C12 [Refer M.A. (47)-(d)]

Q (42): (5): Complete & balance the equations: [Refer M.A. (47)-(e)]

(a) BaCl2 + H2SO4 [Jan.2011-2M]

Q (43): (6): Complete & balance following reactions:

(a) Sodium Hydroxide + Oxalic Acid [Jun.2011-2M]

[Refer M.A. (47)-(f)]

Q (44): (7): Complete and balance the following equations:

(a) Sodium Carbonate + Sulphuric Acid

[Feb.1999-2M, Dec.2002-2M] [Refer M.A. (47)-(g)]

Miscellaneous

Q (45): (1): Write the preparation and uses of the following:

(i) Calcium hydroxide [May 2017-3M]

[Refer M.A. (32) & (34)]

Q (46): (2): Write the principle involved in the assay and uses of:


D.Pharm Part-I

4

(a) Calcium Hydroxide [Feb.1999-3M]

[Refer M.A. (33) & (34)]

Q (47): (3): Write the storage conditions and medicinal uses of the

following: [Refer M.A. (35) & (36)]

(a) Strong ammonia solution [Oct.2000-1M] Q (48): (4): Write chemical formula and uses of: (a) Washing Soda

[Feb.1999-1M] [Refer M.A. (37) & (39)]

Q (49): (5): Give the synonym and uses of the following:

(a) Potassium Hydroxide [Dec.2015-1M]

[Refer M.A. (30) & (31)]

Q (50): (6): Write the Synonyms and uses of: (a) Potassium Hydroxide

[Apr.2000-1M] [Refer M.A. (30) & (31)]


(a) Neutralization [Sep.1999-1M]


(a) Solvent [Sep.1999-1M]


(a) Normality [Sep.1999-1M, Apr.2016-1M]

Q (54): (10): Define the term ‗Normality‘ [Dec.2016-1M]

[Refer M.A. (42)]

Q (55): (11): Define the following:

(a) Normality [Refer M.A. (42)]

[Oct.2005-1M, Apr.2014-1M, Apr.2015-1M]

Q (56): (12): Define the following:

(a) End Point [Apr.2015-1M] [Refer M.A. (46)]

Q (57): (13): Define the following: [Refer M.A. (44)]

(a) Equivalent weight [Apr.2014-1M]


(a) Equivalent weight [Apr.2016-1M]

Q (59): (15): Define: (a) Molarity [Oct.2000-1M] [Refer M.A. (43)]

Q (60): (16): Define: (a) Indicator [Oct.2000-1M] [Refer M.A. (45)]

MASTER ANSWERS

(1) Acid:

A substance which has the following properties is known as Acid.

(i) It is having sour taste.

(ii) It turns blue litmus into red colour.

(iii) It is having the pH below 7.

(iv) It gives hydrogen ion in aqueous solution.

(v) It donates the proton in chemical reaction.

(vi) It accepts the lone pair of electron.


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