sand & mineral based kerala
TRANSCRIPT
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DR. THRIVIKRAMJI K.P.
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY (Retd.)
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA
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3.18 CRORES (CENSUS, 2001)SIDE OF SUPPORT SQUARE 35 m
POPULATION DENSITY : 819/ kmHIGHEST IN LOWLAND AND NEARLYSO IN MIDLAND AND DENSEPOCKETS IN HIGHLAND.CHIEF MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD :NATURAL / AGRICULTURALRESOURCES
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TERTIARY SEDIMENTARYROCKS & BEACH ALLUVIAM
3610 600.0HIGHHIGHLAND
GEOLOGIC SKETCHAREA,KM2
ELEV., MCLASS
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3.28 MTOthers
0.89 MTKyanite
34.38 MTSillimanite
0.56 MTGarnet
0.99 MTMonazite
5.22 MTZircon
4.31 MTLeucoxene6.02 MTRutile
88.48 MTIlmenite
144.02 MTTHM1645.51 MTRaw Sand
HEAVY MINERAL RESERVES(CHAVARA-THRIKUNNAPUZHA)
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9399.032000.05.22Zircon
TOTALWORTH
(Rs)
COSTPER TON
(Rs)
RESERVE(MillionTons)MINERAL
6.88
4.31
6.02
88.48
8000.0
32000.0
28000.0
3600.0
2062.0Sillimanite
6459.0Leucoxene
9036.0Rutile
13272.0Ilmenite
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21240.06422.40425.01,270,000.0Total
600.0240.012.0040,000.0Sillimanite
7200.0288.0144.080,000.0Zircon3750.01500.0075.050,000.0Leucoxene
7500.03000.0150.0100,000.0Rutile
7500.03000.0150.01,000,000.0Ilmenite
Income
in 50 yr
Income
in 30 yr
Income per
year, Rs(Crores)
Production,
T/yr
Mineral
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TF OF BS = 3600 TVOL. OF 4.0 MT, THEN = 111.1m3
OR 1m THICK CAKE OF BLACK SANDSPREAD OVER 1.1 km2 OR 111.1 ha
111 ha
1.0 m
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COME AND GO- WILL COME AGAIN TOGO- LEAVES TRAIL OF DEATH &DESTRUCTION - WISER ESCAPE BY
STAYING OFF LIKE BIOSPHERERESERVES SUCH AREAS BE
DECLARED NON-LIVABLESPHERESOR UNFIT TO LIVE & SETTLE
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STORM OF 7TH ONAM, 1982
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TSUNAMI PROVED THE SIZE OFSUBSEA RESERVOIR OF MINERALSAND IN THE CONTINENETALSHELF
MINERAL SAND HAD BEENACCUMULATING IN THE KERALASHELF FROM PALEOCENE ORLATE CREATCEOUS, 65 MaBEFORE PRESENT
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ILMENITE
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ILMENITE
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ILMENITE
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ILMENITE
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I
II
II
I
II
IIIRiver BasinI, II Stream Order
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PRODUCT OF ROCK WEATHERING TOLATERITE IN TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE
A PROCESS TAKING ~1MA/METER
SAND MAKING: A SLOW PROCESS.
(@ 1mi/YR OR LOWER DENUDATION)
DEMAND : ORDERS OF MAGNITUDELARGER THAN MAKING
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ROCKS WEATHER TO LATERITE INTROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE
A PROCESS TAKING ~1MA/METER
SAND MAKING: A SLOW PROCESS.(@ 1mi/YR OR LOWER DENUDATION)
DEMAND FOR SAND: ORDERS OFMAGNITUDE LARGER THAN MAKING
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RIVER SAND = >90% QUARTZ
SP. GRAVITY = 2.65; HARDNESS = 6CHEMICALLY INERTCHERTHALAI GLASS SAND &
GOLDEN BEACH SAND: QUARTZ
COMMON CRYSTALLINEROCK:
= Q0.33+F0.66+A0.01SP.GRAVITY: ~2.78
1 m3 = 2.78 T & QUARTZ IS 0.9TTAKES 1.0 Ma TO GET
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