sanitation masterplan gili balu
DESCRIPTION
Near final draft Waste and Sanitation Gili Balu , West Sumbawa Author : Reville SawTRANSCRIPT
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5.5 SANITATION & WASTE STRATEGY
> 12015MASTERPLAN EIGHT ISLANDS ECO REGIONS INDONESIA
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5.5 SANITATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Proper waste management is vital for maintaining the environmental
integrity of the Gili Balu area. Untreated waste will be highly detrimentalparticularly to the marine eco-system in the area The goals for Gili Balu
EcoRegion integrated sanitation and solid waste strategy are:
Greywater treatment for reuse as domestic irrigation water source
Blackwater minimization, treatment and safe integration into
landscapes
Phased evolution to a modern waste management platform for
waste recovery and recycling
Phasing out and eventual elimination of landfill and open burning of
waste as disposal options
The re-use of on-site water sources grey and blackwater shall result ina sustainable wastewater management program. Innovative solutions in
treating and reusing wastewater improves sanitation and redefines awaste product as a valuable resource.
The sanitation strategy is a comprehensive design solution that requires
specialist knowledge of low-tech yet cutting edge, integrated, and
contextually appropriate solutions. As waste flows increase additional
technologies may be added.
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SOLID WASTE RECOVERY PROGRAM FOR ECOREGION
Source separation of recyclable materials followed by waste depot sorting, with export by IBCM to Surabaya for reprocessing
Toxic and hazardous materials stored safely and exported for reprocessing
Organic materials processed using modern composting processes with a JV partnership to be used in revegetation projects
SANITATION AND WASTEGoals Overall: Create a Holistic Sanitation Strategy
Solid waste
GreywaterBlackwater
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: A THREE TIERED STRATEGY
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MAINLAND WEST SUMBAWA WASTEWATER STRATEGY
Larger settlements with concentrated populations suitable for centralizedblackwater collection and primary anaerobic treatment, followed by
transport to secondary treatment and disposal irrigation in timber and fuel
wood plots
Isolated settlements using sealed septic tanks and vegetated leachfields
Tourist facilities to use septic or modified Asian style (wet) compostingtoilets
Onsite reuse of greywater in wastewater homegardens for shade and fruit,or irrigation of woodlots
GILI BALU WASTEWATER STRATEGY
As for Isolated settlements on the mainland or Alternative systems proposed to be mixed based upon specific enclave
needs
Centralized (vacuum sewage) for boats Specially designed water based independent (septic tank) Dry system independent (Terra Preta / Compost Toilet )
SANITATION AND WASTEWastewater
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Source separation of waste streams
Separate rubbish bins provided fororganic, rubbish and recyclables with
community education targeting youth
and employees as ambassadors of
change
Greywater types separated at sourceand diverted to different treatments
Blackwater minimised and treatedanaerobically to reduce TDS and
pathogen load
All wastewater treated prior to dischargethrough appropriate filter beds
Sorting and processing for export
Recyclable glass, metals, plastics sorted,compressed and stockpiled
Future technologies entering the marketnow show waste plastics and rubber can
be converted to liquid transport fuels
Exported by sea in IBCM shippingcontainers for cost recovery to
reprocessing facilities in Surabaya
Toxic and hazardous waste
May include but not limited to;Chemicals, used engine oils and
petrochemicals and used drums,
batteries, medical waste, white goods
and refrigerants, e-waste, tyres, asbestos
To be collected and stored securely bystaff trained in safe handling
Some materials may be processedeconomically on site at later date using
clean incineration
Materials exported for reprocessing,where possible seeking cost recovery
measures
Organic wastes
There are three systems proposed to be
mixed based upon specific enclave needs:
Thermocomposting hot compost method
Modern Pyrolysis to biochar, or complete gasification
Mulching, vermicomposting, silage and slow decomposition
SANITATION AND WASTESolid waste
REGIONAL SOLID WASTE STRATEGY METHODS AND SUGGESTIONS
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Wastewater source separated according to
treatment needs and end use
Greywater types separated at sourceand diverted to different treatments and
use via separate plumbing
Blackwater minimised and treatedanaerobically to reduce TDS and
pathogen load
All wastewater treated prior to dischargethrough appropriate filter beds
Blackwater treatment Strategy
Anaerobic fermentation process beginswithin modern fully sealed septic tanks
Effluent discharged through planted evapotranspiration leach fields to remove
nutrients .
Greywater Liquids Use Strategy
Greywater separated at source intoLaundry, Kitchen, Shower. Grey water
may not be stored longer than 12 hours
or used on vegetable crops for sale or
supply. Laundry water may be discharged into
specially planted wastewater gardens.
Kitchen water may be discharged togarden beds after simple treatment
through a coarse sand filter box
Shower water may be dischargeddirectly to approved wastewater
gardens
Toilet sanitation for remote and sensitive
sitesThree systems are proposed to be mixed
based upon specific enclave needs:
Centralized (vacuum sewerage) Specially designed water based
independent (septic tank)
Dry system independent (Terra Preta /Compost Toilet / no water necessary)
SANITATION AND WASTESolid waste
ISLAND SANITATION STRATEGY METHODS AND SUGGESTIONS
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Secondary treatment
Effluent tanks
Coarse sand Filter
Diversion option
Kitchen wastewater
Irrigation of woodlots managed by body
corporate
Vegetated leachfielddisposal
Communal or individual
sewage piping
Domestic plumbing greywater
Domestic plumbing
blackwater
Shower water
Other water sources
Option A: isolated individual
households
BlackwatereffluentAnaerobic
sealed septic tank
PDAM Freshwater source (non
potable)
Note: greywater waste from larger public complexes such as hotels shall be handled individually; thus, shall not contribute to wastewater calculations
Option B: Dense settlements
Sealed sewage
tanker truck
Communal anaerobic
pretreatment
Household Wastewater gardens
Piped mains water
SANITATION AND WASTEOverall Goals: Create a Holistic Sanitation Strategy
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Irrigation
APPLICATION
Landscape trees and woodlots
Drinking Water
Primary: Enclave Swimming PoolExcess: Infiltration, Sea Outflow
Water Schematic: Resource Treatment Storage Application
SOURCE
BlackwaterAnaerobic sealed
septic tanks
Discharge through planted leachfields to
remove nutrients
TREATMENT STORAGE
Greywater
Sea Water
Roof Rainwater
Coarse Sand filter, Wastewater gardens
Solar Thermal Desalination
Inline ceramic and carbon filters
Above ground and underground Tanks
No storage, direct use only
Large tanks on ridges
Localized Stormwater Runoff
Buried cisterns
Sea WaterReverse Osmosis
DesalinationPressurised mains for
large settlements
Bioswales, Sand filter, Ozonation
Note: greywater waste from larger public complexes such as hotels shall be handled individually; thus, shall not contribute to wastewater calculations
PDAM reservoirSlow sand filter and
inline filterMains water for large
settlements
Water schematic: From Source to Application SANITATION AND WASTE
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7.5 SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIES
Rain event occursPUBLIC AREA Communal Area
Rain event occursPRIVATE AREA Housing or Buildings
WASTEWATER: Sanitary plumbing for Greywater and Blackwater
VARIOUS TREATMENT MODELS: onsite and offsite
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND, FILTERS AND OTHER SECONDARY TREATMENT: Greywater / Blackwater Treatment
APPLICATION: Irrigation
WASTEWATER IS GENERATED FROM USE
WITHIN BUILDINGS /
PRIVATE PLOTS
Goal 1: Sourcing for irrigation SANITATION AND WASTE
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Defining Irrigation Water Source
General use of treated greywater(shower, laundry, kitchen water) and
treated or untreated stormwater that
have been cleansed within enclave.
Effluent from blackwater purified through
Constructed Wetlands, Filtered and
Cleared of Solids/Harmful bacteria may
be used to irrigate specific areas
The value of this resource is its constantavailability as it is independent of local
weather conditions (ie rain) and relies
only upon visitor frequency
Process
Wastewater from buildings conveyedthrough multiple plumbing lines to
treatment methods matching its level
and form of contamination
Dependent on slope, residential densityand location, the majority of wastewater
by volume will be treated on site with no
discharge of untreated effluent allowed
except to communal sewage lines
Where density or location maketreatment and disposal onsite impossible,
provisions must be made to transport
effluent to a suitable treatment area.
Greywater must not be stored longerthan 12 hours or else bacterial
populations bloom and it becomes
blackwater. A surge tank may be fitted
but no storage of untreated greywater is
permitted
Subsequent filters for cleansing,disinfection, solid filtration to be applied
as required
Irrigation systems to use branched drainmethod due to its robust features with
low rate of failure and low maintenance
needs
SANITATION AND WASTEGrey/blackwater liquids
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GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR IRRIGATION USING GREYWATER
Drip irrigation is not to be used with greywater due to the higher TDS as it will clog
Irrigation to be discharged to subsurface (min 200mm) or topped with dry gravel or mulch
Select plants that respond to high volumes of water but can survive periodswith no input
Greywater is to be used immediately after use (no longer than 12 hours)
Use low sodium and low phosphorus biodegradable soaps
Calculate volume of discharge to 25-40mm/ week 25~ 40m2/m3/week
SANITATION AND WASTEGrey/blackwater liquid: Irrigation
Plant species Height (m) Uses
Banana 2-15 Fruit, mulch
Citrus 2-8 Fruit
Fig 6 Fruit
Bamboo 2-15Construction, craft, tools, mulch
Elephant grass 5 Mulch, fodder
Vetiver grass 2 Mulch, thatch
Drip Irrigation: highly efficient but
inappropriate for use with greywater
Drip Irrigation: the small
holes easily clog with
suspended sediments
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OPTIONS FOR TREATMENT IN WASTEWATER GARDENS:
Though names may differ, the treatment train process for cleansing water seeks to replicate
the natural processes of stormwater percolating through soils, forest and wetlands with such
uses as:
Treating runoff from hardscapes such as roads or plazas Purifying the effluent from agriculture, fishing, or farming Offering habitats for animals and plants to revitalize the wildlife population and
biodiversity
Recharging surface aquifers
The systems chosen to treat each wastewater type must match the needs in treating that
wastewater type and be low maintenance and robust
Relatively clean water from stormwater and shower water can be discharged to simple infiltration
Kitchen and laundry water requires additional filtration in sealed systems before discharge to landscape
Blackwater must be treated to a high level using sealed systems before careful disposal
Because of the dangers and nuisances of mosquito breeding habitat in the tropics irrigation
of wastewater gardens should be subsurface
Mosquitos require surface water to breed so a dry layer of at least 50mm must be maintained at all times
Discharge points are ideally 200mm below the surface into a thick mulch layer over porous soils
Coarse organic material has a high carbon content and supports a microbial population
that quickly removes nutrients and degrades pollutants
Woodchip mulch and charcoal absorb phosphates, nitrates and the microbes degradeorganic pollutants while feeding directly on disease causing bacteria
Over time this organic layer breaks down and is converted to rich humus. It is toppedup from above however periodic maintenance involves removing this layer for use in
reforestation zones and replacing with a new layer. This may be every 6-24 months
This type of system is constantly renewable and can continue to operate at highefficiency. In contrast to regular artificial wetlands and planter boxes that show high
early absorbtion but lose efficiency over time as they become saturated with nutrientsVSFW: good oxygen transfer capability, nitrification
Larger scale wastewater gardens become part of the landscape
Fibreglass gravel filled Biobox wastewater gardens are an easy way to landscape and treat wastewater. They can be
made locally
Grey/blackwater liquids: Cleansing and treatment SANITATION AND WASTE
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Branched drain disposal is a low tech robust system for individual plots on slopes
>3% where wastewater can be disposed of downhill
To be installed by trained local contractors under supervision using a mix of local and imported components
http://oasisdesign.net/greywater/brancheddrain/ http://www.mylivinglandscape.com/#!water-management/co8k
SANITATION AND WASTEGreywater: Cleansing and treatment
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WASTEWATER GARDEN EXAMPLES: For larger facilities
Wastewater gardens do not have to be largeAesthetic appeal of vegetation increases acceptability for
greywater / terrace treatment
Select regionally appropriate vegetation suited for climate of Indonesia Vegetation can lower ambient micro-climate temperature of buildings
SANITATION AND WASTEGreywater: Cleansing and treatment
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Cleansing Biotope System Schematic: Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park, from Atelier Dreiseitl
example shows process of constructed wetland cleansing
CLEANSING AND TREATMENT: BUILT EXAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR LARGER AREAS
SANITATION AND WASTEGreywater: Cleansing and treatment
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Cleansing biotope: small grass and trees; minimum 10 cm water retention depth
Front Wall: Natural stone, battered; set on retaining wall foundation
Topsoil: Compost Rejuvenated Soil
Storage: polyethylene (PE) tank; perforated top with filter; set on gravel base and compacted sub-grade
Width: minimum 1 m; average 1.5-3 m
Terrace to Terrace Height: minimum 10 cm; average 20-50 cm
CLEANSING AND TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITHIN TERRACES:
Top of Soil to Top of Wall: 10-30 cm
Top of Tank to Top of Soil: minimum 50 cm
Tank: Size to be determined based on location
Flow: one-side perforated pipe set on gravel base above sub-grade; pipe to connect system of terrace storage units
Detailed view of Terrace Wall
Stormwater: Cleansing and treatment SANITATION AND WASTE
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Swales infiltrate stormwater by slowing
its runoff and allowing more time to
soak into the soil
Water is slowed down so it is both cleansed and
used to regreen the landscape
Width: minimum 1 m; average 1.5-3 m
Swales mounds are always
replanted immediately
with seeds to provide
ground cover and trees
are planted downhill
Swales can be created using
machinery or by hand , at
intervals on landscape
contours
SANITATION AND WASTEStormwater: Cleansing and treatmentCLEANSING AND TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITHIN SWALES:
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Irrigation
APPLICATION
Drinking Water
Primary: Enclave Swimming PoolExcess: Infiltration, Sea Outflow
Water Schematic: Irrigation Source
SOURCE TREATMENT STORAGE
Greywater / Blackwater Liquids
Sea Water
Roof Rainwater
Constructed Wetlandand UV Filter
Solar Desalination
Solid and UV Filters Cisterns, Under Plots
Cisterns, Under Constructed Wetlands
Cisterns, Under Solar Desal Field
Localized Stormwater Runoff
Cisterns, Within Enclaves
Sea Water, Ground Water (Emergency)
DesalinationCisterns, Within Fountain House
Solids-Heavy Metals-UV Filters
Landscape trees and woodlotsBlackwater SolidsAnaerobic sealed
septic tanks
Discharge through planted leachfields to
remove nutrients
Goal 2: Blackwater SANITATION AND WASTE
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The current situation
In most parts of the Gili Balu EcoRegion there are no safe sanitary options.Open defecation is common
Where toilets exist they are insufficient capacity to service the community There is no treatment process as disposal is primarily a pour-flush latrine to a
rubble pit where water discharges untreated to the groundwater
These systems fail easily and contaminate soils and groundwater leading todamage to coastal environments
Process
Modern septic systems that treat all blackwater before safe disposal Sealed anaerobic digestion reduces solids and nutrients They have a lower failure rate and long lifespan
Application
Development zones and tourism sites must follow planning permissions for
approved toilets and communities engaged with technology transfer and
education.
Only 3 pour-flush latrine units
service 800 people in Poto Tano.
Latrines pollute groundwater which moves towards
the coast
The Pour-flush Latrine system while
better than open defecation is
insufficient to protect the environment
and human healthNutrients cause algal blooms which cover coral
SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater
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OPTION B:
Conventional (Combined or Vacuum
Sewerage)
Collects all sewage Combine with other system for effective
and sustainable treatment
Requires complex maintenance For specific site, complicated installation
foreseen due to terrain and slope
For Marine live-aboard unloaded at port
OPTION C:
Independent Water Based (Septic Tank/AUF)
The most common and affordable application
Septic tanks digest and sanitise waste Clarified effluent discharged through
planted leachfields
A low maintenance and robust method in use and approved in the west for over
100 years
Suitable for most land situations in Gili BaluEcoRegion
OPTION A:
Independent Dry Systems or modified Asia
compatible wet composting design (Composting
Toilet)
Minimized use of water Urine diversion toilets within the house or
composting toilet for those not wanting to
separate
Hygienic and maintainable Solution for independent, self-sustaining
household
Many modern designs including foam flushing
Three sewage options offered to provide variety in the developments
The options need to fit within the type of development A mix of options allows for both socially accepted practices to mix
with more unconventional systems
Should educate visitors on alternative toilet and sanitation advantages and benefits
In the end, all solid sewage is treated to high standards before sanitary
disposal. Blackwater is only domestic and hospitality wastes, it
excludes all industrial wastes.
OPTION A: Independent Dry Systems (Composting Toilet) OPTION B: Conventional Sewerage OPTION C: Independent Water Based (Septic Tank/AUF)
SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Sewage treatment
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Vegetation:
increased efficiency
Plants with fibrous roots that do not clog pipes are used to plant leachfields
Nutrient and water is removed by harvesting vegetation to be used as
mulch, fuel or compost
Flowers, palms and fruit trees such as citrus, and large grasses like bamboo are
very effective.
Design flexibility:
Leachfields integrated into landscaping
Simple modern components allow leachfield placement to complement
landscape design by supporting
functional plantings
Leachfield placement and vegetation acts as Privacy screens, windbreaks,
grassed areas and flowerbeds
Leachfield design:
Buried modular systems with capacity for
household
After anaerobic treatment the effluent is discharged to a leachfield where soil,
mulch and plant root processes complete
treatment
Much of the water is evapotranspired by vegetation
Disposal methods for treated effluent The standard method of treated effluent disposal is the vegetated leachfield where soil
process and fibrous plant roots complete the treatment process Low maintenance with annual inspections by authorities to ensure correct function. In
use and approved in developed countries for over 100 years. Correctly designed systems are still considered a preferred system for onsite wastewater disposal
Compost toilet waste is very low risk but is still disposed of by burial in 200mm trenches backfilled with topsoil near trees
Communal sewage systems follow a similar process but centralized and larger scale
Basic schematic for Septic with leachfield disposal Communal treatment system for 18 homes
using vetiverLeachfield design is flexible to landscape forms and
garden plans
Modern safe leachfield design, longlasting. Later
covered in grass or planted with ornamental plants
SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Effluent disposal (isolated systems)
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First stage Anaerobic treatment
The sealed communal septic tanks give primary treatment to the raw sewage
Modern septic systems can handle inputs of paper and other
biodegradable materials
The first stage reduces the total solids and produces a clarified effluent for
secondary treatment
Relocation to secondary treatment area
A pump truck periodically removes effluent and transports to outlying area
where it undergoes secondary and
tertiary treatments
Secondary Treatments may include dewatering of sludge, filtration of non
biodegradable materials, further
anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion
Tertiary treatments include sludge composting, sludge cake incineration,
algal ponds, irrigation of woodlots for
timber and fuel
Organised sewage piping for blackwater to
central tanks
Water from the toilet at each house travels along pipes
Sewage Pipes installed underground through the village leading to a central
collection tank
Greywater can be diverted to gardens or to blackwater system
Centralized collection, removal and treatment In higher density settlements where land is not available for on site wastewater
treatment and disposal Waste is collected using a centralized system of pipes and securely held in large sealed
tanks at one end of the village This system also applies for liveaboard boats to offload their waste for a fee
SANITATION AND WASTEBlackwater: Effluent disposal (communal systems)
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CURRENT ISSUES
Domestic waste open burning of wastes creates poor air quality
Gold mining tailings and chemical dumping (mercury waste)
Animal husbandry manures and slaughter wastes from cow marketand abattoirs unused
Transport industry sewage, oil and rubbish from marine vessels. Reports ofdumping of ferry used oil into shipping lanes
Fishing industry - Nets and ropes from defunct pearl farms destroying coral
SANITATION AND WASTEWaste management
Illegal gold mining in the area contaminates fisheries with mercury which causes birth defects, mental
retardation and cancer
Burning of rubbish creates a toxic plume of
smoke that causes community illness
Oil spills from the local harbour kill mangrove
habitats
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PHASED EVOLUTION TO A MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM
Government supported EcoRegion wide strategic plan for the EcoRegion to maintain its
appeal ,wastes must be managed carefully in a coordinated manner.
Strategic interventions Enactment of strict regency environmental laws governing planning and business
activity
Education and encouragement of safe onsite waste disposal (composting) Central collection points for reprocessing recyclable materials Enforce environmental laws to eliminate dumping, contamination and unsafe disposal
(burning)
Source separation of recyclable materials standard in planning regulations
Scope Seek infrastructure funding for construction of a modern waste management facility
operating by cost recovery and generating local employment
Businesses required to cooperate in waste management plan Cost recovery businesses run by the community
SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 3: Centralized and decentralized waste plan
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A phased transition to eliminating
landfill
Landfill is unsustainable and leaves problems for future generations
Landfill is associated with numerous environmental problems including
Toxic leachate, methane emissions, subsiding land, and a throw away culture
A new policy of phasing out landfill is needed with focus on
Transition to full waste recovery Composting Clean incineration and biochar Conversion to reusable product or export as commodity Eliminating unrecyclable and toxic materials from use in the EcoRegion Environmental education
Steps to change
Developing ecoregional development guidelines for all new businesses and developments
Public awareness campaign Developing local government and private partnerships to create sustainable
business out of waste streams
Outcomes real and potential Generating new jobs Avoiding contamination Improving soils, forests and marine habitat Setting the foundations new industries Local reprocessing polyethylene, polypropylene moulding, rubber to oil, glass Future Tech marine plastics for liquid transport fuel
Recovering the power of wasted
resources
Application of composts and biochar from waste
management to woodlots
Sorted waste becomes a commodity for the waste
recovery industry
SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 4: Elimination of landfill
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Composting
Large volumes of waste organic matter will be produced from gardens,
landscape maintenance as well asdomestic and commercial food
preparation. The hygienicallly process this waste a variety of
composting techniques will be used
Windrow thermocomposting
Good for a mix of wet and dry wastes. Uses a significant amount of
water that can be supplied from stormwater capture. It produces a
variable quality of compost used as a soil improver in parks and
gardens
BSF (Black soldier Fly) Hermetia illucens
The larva of a fly that compost wet food wastes . The adult flies have no
mouth and do not feed, they do not transmit any diseases, The larva
can be harvested to for use in aquaculture and poultry farming
Compost worms
Suitable for composting manures from horses as well as reducing the
volume and increasing quality from windrow composts.
The castings are an excellent fertilizer for parks and gardens. Excess
worms can be harvested for use in aquaculture and poultry farming.
Chicken composting
Combines windrow composting with poultry raising with chickens living
on the compost heaps. Chickens eat food scraps directly and feed
from the insects and fungi in the compost pile . The chicken manure is
absorbed by the compost and eliminates smell
Slow composting
Excess leaves are piled in secluded pens to break down naturally over
a long period of time. This compost is excellent for use in reforestation
projects
BioChar
Woody or weedy material is converted to charcoal for horticultural use
Composting is a sanitary means of transforming waste
into sustainable soils
Collected organic waste becomes a
fuel for agriculture
SANITATION AND WASTEGoal 4: Elimination of landfill