sanitation: preventative disease management in kentucky vineyards
DESCRIPTION
Disease management begins with cultural practices, especially sanitation. This presentation discusses pathogen biology and overwintering of disease-causing fungi. Most importantly, we address methods for removing overwintering and sporulating pathogens from vineyards before pathogens are able to reinfect. When combined with preventative fungicide applications, sanitation become a vital component to disease management in grape.TRANSCRIPT
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N I C O L E W A R D G A U T H I E R , U K P L A N T PAT H O L O G Y
SANITATION: PREVENTATIVE DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN
KENTUCKY VINEYARDS
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WHY WASH YOUR HANDS?
Shopping carts
Door knobs
Money
Escalator rails
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WHAT ARE PLANT PATHOGENS?
• Fungi•Bacteria• Viruses•Nematodes•Water-molds
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HOW ARE DISEASES MANAGED?DISEASE TRIANGLE
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Disease
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OBJECTIVES
What should you learn?
• Basic biology of major grape pathogens
• Understand overwintering of these pathogens
• Methods for preventing inoculum build-up and overwintering
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PREVENTATIVE FUNGICIDE APPLICATIONS
Early season• Powdery mildew• Downy mildew• Black rot• Phomopsis cane and leaf spot
• 1-3” green through 3-4 weeks after bloom
Late season• Powdery mildew• Downy mildew
• 3-4 wks after bloom through harvest
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EARLY SEASON DISEASES
Early season infections• Powdery mildew• Downy mildew• Black rot• Phomopsis
Most critical phase
Pathogens break dormancy
Begins with prevention
What if pathogens weren’t there in the first place?
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PHOMOPSIS
Phomopsis• Cool weather disease
34˚F/74˚F
• Pre-bloom sprays
• Fruit infected before and during bloom
• Fungus remains dormant
• No symptoms development on fruit until ripening
• Cane and leaf spot symptoms all season
• Fungus sporulates through full-bloom
• Early season control
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PHOMOPSIS
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PHOMOPSIS
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POWDERY MILDEW
Powdery Mildew • Infections begin pre-bloom
• Pre-bloom sprays
• Arid conditions
• .01” rain and 50˚F ascospore discharge
• Repeating disease cycle
• Control of initial infections
• Berries become resistant 2-4 weeks after bloom
• Cluster stems (rachis) and leaves remain susceptible throughout season
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POWDERY MILDEW
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POWDERY MILDEW
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POWDERY MILDEW
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POWDERY MILDEW
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POWDERY MILDEW
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DOWNY MILDEW
Downy Mildew • Infections begin pre-bloom
• Pre-bloom sprays
• .4” rain and 50˚F and 4” vine growth for oospore germination
• Water mold, swimmers
• Control of initial infections
• Berries become resistant 3-4 weeks after bloom
• Cluster stems (rachis) and leaves remain susceptible throughout season
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DOWNY MILDEW
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DOWNY MILDEW
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DOWNY MILDEW
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DOWNY MILDEW
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DOWNY MILDEW
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BLACK ROT
Black rot• Infections begin pre-bloom
• Pre-bloom sprays
• Control of initial infections
• Berries become resistant 3-4 weeks after bloom
• Susceptible from early bloom through berry touch
• Overwinters in mummies
• Young leaves are susceptible, mature leaves are resistant
• Petioles and shoots susceptible, cankers develop
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BLACK ROT
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BLACK ROT
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BLACK ROT
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES
There’s more than the BIG 4
• Eutypa dieback
• Cankers lead to dieback
• Sporulates in old cankers
• Enter though wounds, pruning wounds
• Early spring
• Sanitation, canker removal
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES
There’s more than the BIG 4
• Grape Anthracnose
• More common during warm, wet spring
• Can become serious
• Sporulates from cankers and leaf debris
• Lime sulfur at end of dormancy (delayed dormant application)
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES
There’s more than the BIG 4
• Botrytis Bunch Rot
• Common in tight-clustered varieties (V. vinifera)
• Sanitation
• Air circulation
• Fungicides, bloom & veraison
• Rovral
• Vangard
• Elevate
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OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES
There’s more than the BIG 4
• Crown Gall
• Common in V. vinifera
• Enters through wounds, especially winter injury
• Biological controls help suppress disease, but no cure
• Gallex
• Galltrol A
• Norbac 84C
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WHAT’S THE PATTERN HERE?
EARLY SEASON INFECTIONS• Phomopsis• Powdery mildew• Downy mildew• Black rot
• Infection takes place from immediate pre-bloom through 2-4 weeks after bloom
How should you manage these diseases?
ELIMINATE OVERWINTERING
INOCULUM!
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PREVENTATIVE PROGRAM
Remove disease-causing pathogens from vineyards before sporulation.
• Approximately 70% of infective propagules removed through sanitation
• Fungicides prevent repeating cycles and re-infections
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CHALLENGES
Sanitation does not offer immediate disease management
• Reduction of infective materials• Combined with fungicides
Manual labor• Prune into carts• Burn or bury• Harvest everything
Most noticeable during seasons with high disease pressure
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QUESTIONS?WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/NICOLEWARDUK
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Nicole Ward Gauthier Extension Specialist
Department of Plant Pathologywww.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/people/ward.htm
859-218-0720 office859-797-3333 mobile/text
Facebook: www.KYPlantDisease.comUK - Diseases of Fruit Crops, Ornamentals, & Forest Trees
Twitter: @Nicole_WardUK
Blogger: nicolewarduk.blogspot.com