Sanitory and phytosanitory (SPS) measures regarding IPM

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Present development of Plant-Quarantine Procedure (National

and International)

International Plant Protection Convention- (IPPC) -

assessment on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitory

measure.

(SPS Agreement) conducted within the frame work of the India

to include recent development in establishing standard setting

procedures under the IPPC.

Within the SPS Agreement, the Secretariat of the IPPC is

recognized as one of the major International standard setting

organizations.

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Alignment of the SPS Agreement with IPPC

The SPS Agreement dealt only - risks to human, animal or plant

health, and other requirements on Products that were addressed by

the TBT Agreement.

The SPS Agreement dealt - all aspects of Phytosanitory measure

that may directly or indirectly affect trade.

It was emphasized that it would be most useful if the IPPC covered at

least the same issues as the SPS agreement. As trade is global it

was considered essential that standard are international rather than

regional.

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To prevent the introduction into and spread

within the country of destructive plant pests and

diseases through appropriate Plant Quarantine

Measures.

Bangladesh became a signatory to FAO,

International Plant Protection Commission -

formulate rules and regulations

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Positive Consequence

The plant Quarantine Service - prevent the introduction of pest.

Plant Quarantine Service be also constantly receptive to

Phytosanitory and other problems relating to the export of plant

produce in a pest free areas. Stringent and strict Quarantine is

required to maintain credibility.

It is equally important to ensure successful trading of Agricultural

Products in international market . Exporting countries - must

maintain a pest free agricultural environment.

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There are some views that may be opposing, but what is

important, is not the actual application of plant Quarantine that is a

barrier to trade.

Quality and Quarantine must go together. Quality control should be

maintained to get into international markets.

Customs, Immigration, Quarantine Service of the Department of

Agriculture and concerned Ministries all over the world.

Sometimes and occupational hazards, one must work to sustain

Quarantine Procedures to ensure quality as well as credibility of

agricultural products.

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Negative consequences

The movement of Agricultural commodities in international trade is

affected by plant quarantine Protective measures.

Normally there should be no serious delay encountered by

commercial establishment with the movement of commodities, it

there exists, among trading partners, Cooperation and

understanding between the exporter, importer and the plant

quarantine authorities.

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commodity movement - well organized, their personnel are

properly trained and the legal basis upon which the plant

quarantine activities are based is established on the

appropriate principles.

Thus creating injudicious and unnecessary

barriers to trade between the trading

partners.

some countries in the world, associate

physical and morphological specifications of

certain commodities as part and parcel of a

Quarantine requirement for importation.

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Ensuring exchange of clean germplasm

Crops researched at IITA - propagated -seeds or true

seeds (maize, soybean, cowpea, and other legumes of

importance to African farming)

Crops propagated - vegetative propagules, including

stems (e.g., cassava), tubers (e.g., yam), and in vitro

plants (e.g., banana, cassava and yam).

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Banana germplasm maintained in sterile tissue cultureBanana germplasm maintained in sterile tissue culture

Each germplasm - a unique set of

procedures for assessing the health

status of the material.

At IITA, this work goes from production

to postharvest.

International exchange of plant

material - inspected with the technical officers of NPPO

during the active growth stage in the field or screen house

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Banana germplasm collection showing diverse Banana germplasm collection showing diverse genotypesgenotypes

To ensure the selection of pest-

free material.

The sorted materials (seeds or

vegetative propagules) are then

brought to the GHU laboratories

for critical inspection for the

presence of pests.

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visual inspection of dry seeds,

seed washing,

Agar and blotter tests,

seed soaking,

seedling symptom tests which aid in identifying any

pest-infested material.

Detection methods

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Pest identification including culturing techniques

Microscopy

Biochemical analyses of samples by enzyme-Linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polymerase chain reaction

(PCR),

Genomic sequencing.

Only materials that are free of the regulated and unregulated

quarantine pests are released for international exchange.

Additional techniques

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GHU – monitors genetically modified organisms (GMO) .

To comply with the Cartagena biosafety protocol - under the

regulation of NPPOs.

This is done mainly by seeking an additional declaration from

the exporting parties on the GMO status of the planting

material as stipulated in the conditions of the import permit

issued by the NPPO.

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PCR assaysTargeting constitutive

elements of transgene constructs .

Eg :promoters of Agrobacterium

tumefaciens or Cauliflower mosaic

virus 35S gene, that are widely used

for generating transgenic plants

Diagnostic capacity exists to monitor germplasm for traces of GMOs

by

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Complying with regulations

Every country has a nodal agency - issuing

permits for the movement of germplasm.

Complying - essential process under the Convention of

Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty that regards biodiversity

as a national treasure, and requires authorization from -

respective governments for free exchanges.

Germplasm exchange activity commences with the application of a

permit from a host country for germplasm import (for use in IITA’s

R4D programs) or germplasm export (to partners, collaborators

and other stakeholders, including IITA’s missions in other

countries).

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Phytosanitory certification

A Germplasm heath unit applies for phytosanitory certificates (PC)

for the export of material.

The PC issued - NPPO after the condition has been satisfied that

the material being exported meets the phytosanitory standards of

the IPPC and the importing country. GHU complies with national

regulations in obtaining these two documents for all seeds or plant

materials sent or received.

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Similarly, when material is imported it is subjected

to post-entry inspection to ensure its compliance

with the conditions specified in the import permit.

Germplasm export and import – by GHU to

various countries around the world.

Depending on the need, material is held post-entry

isolation facility until the necessary clearances are

obtained.

Material that satisfies all the conditions is released

for IITA’s use.

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Source: L. Kumar, IITA.From 2005 to 2010, GHU, from IITA‘s Ibadan Station in Nigeria in liaison with NAQS, has facilitated about 492 exchanges, 157 imports, and 335 exports of crop and other plant material to 69 countries, 34 of which are in Africa (Fig. 1).

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USA, India, Colombia,

Mexico, and Japan are

among the top 5 non-African

countries.

Within Africa, the top 5 countries -

IITA has exchanged germplasm are

Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, and

South Africa.

Each countries has

specific legislation.

However, procedures for health

monitoring have the same

underlying principle, i.e.,

The prevention of pests from spreading.The exclusion of pests

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Phytosanitory protection of genetic resources

Phytosanitory management of the germplasm of food crops

(about 27,000 accessions) - conserved IITA gene bank.

In situ germplasm collections of breeding programs. Germplasm

conserved in the gene bank is systematically evaluated for its

health status .

GHU ensures:

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Clean germplasm is conserved

for distribution by IITA’s Genetic

Resources Center (GRC).

Information dissemination through

exhibits and hands-on demos,

IITA .

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Germplasm exchange: benefits and risks

High-value commodity very frequently exchanged for

agricultural research, crop diversification, food

production, and commerce.

Crop germplasm - seeds, plants, or plant parts

suitable for propagation

International exchanges of useful germplasm

have been the major factor in the diversification

and improvement of global agriculture.

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For instance, about 30% of the world’s food production is derived

from crops originating in other countries.

Cassava, first introduced from Latin America by the Portuguese

in 1558, has been established as one of the major food staples in

sub-Saharan Africa

Germplasm exchange, however, has an inherent risk of

introducing exotic plant pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria,

phytoplasma, and other pathogenic microbes), weeds, insects,

and nematodes (pests).

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Due to a lack of competition and resistance, introduced pests

often result in devastating epidemics in territories in which they

did not exist before, leading to severe economic losses.

In addition, pests associated with the germplasm

may reduce its longevity during storage and may

have negative effects on crop performance (e.g.,

nematodes in yam tubers).

The accidental introduction of the Banana bunchy top

virus in Malawi has affected banana production in over

3000 ha and completely wiped out production in

Nkhota Khota and Nkhatabay.

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Banana bunchy top virusBanana bunchy top virus

several safeguards -

established to prevent the

spread of pests through the

movement of germplasm

from one area to another.

These quarantine or phytosanitary measures are

enforced through national and international legislation.

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Seeds as vehicles of pests

True seeds (botanical seeds) offer the safest form in which to

exchange germplasm.

To serve as potential vehicles for the spread of pests

Relatively easy to sort out contaminated seeds from healthy

seeds.

All the pests present in the vegetative tissues (stems, tubers,

roots, suckers, in vitro plants) are spread through planting

material.

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I. Stem cuttings (e.g., cassava and sweetpotato),

II .Tubers (e.g., yam and Irish potato)

III. Suckers (e.g., banana and plantain) poses themaximum risk

of spreading pests.

As a general rule, quarantine regulations prohibit the exchange of

vegetative propagules unless stocks are derived from plants

certified as pest-free.

Micropropagation or the in vitro propagation of plants using modern

tissue culture methods safest option for exchanging

vegetatively propagated crops.

Planting material:

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Procedures employed during in vitro propagation result in the

elimination of all pests, but not viruses and some fastidious

microbes.

Special procedures are used to eliminate viruses from in vitro

plants.

Therefore, where possible, IITA exchanges only in vitro planting

material (tissue culture) produced under aseptic conditions.

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Categorization of pests

Pests whose introduction into an area

can result in severe destruction are

classified as quarantine pests.

Territories can be free of quarantine

pests (e.g.,Fusarium oxysporum f.

cubense race 4 present in some parts

of Asia but not in Africa) or present but

not widely distributed

(Cassava brown streak viruses, Xanthomonas campestris pv.

musacearum responsible for banana bacterial wilt, and Banana

bunchy top virus occur in Africa, but are restricted to certain

regions).

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Pests are classified into

Regulated pests

Unregulated pests

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Regulated pests

Regulated pests are further classified into

Quarantine pests

Regulated non-quarantine pests. Quarantine pests

Rigorously controlled through official monitoring measures.

Regulated nonquarantine pests - widely distributed .

Their presence in germplasm causes a loss of planting

material or initiates a new disease cycle (e.g., Cucumber

mosaic virus infects a range of hosts, including banana,

and is widely distributed).

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Regulated quarantine pests are monitored

by specific procedures.

The categorization of pests is usually

country-specific.

In general, all programs for the production

of clean planting materials, including those

meant for international exchanges, Ensure

freedom from quarantine pests and

regulated non quarantine pests.

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NAQS classifies pests under three categoriesNAQS classifies pests under three categories

Category A

Pathogens which are not present in Nigeria and/or in any

country in West Africa

Category B

Pathogens which are of restricted local distribution in Nigeria and/or

West Africa against which field inspection and or/seed health testing

methods can provide adequate protection.

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Category C

Internationally widespread pathogens which affect seed quality.

Pest lists and pest categorization are often updated.

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Previous

To sum upTo sum up

Sanitary and phyto sanitary measures to prevent the

introduction in to the country of destructive plant pest and

diseases through appropriate plant quarantine measures.

The germ plasm should free from pest and diseases. It

applies fro phytosanitory certificates for the export of material.

End