santrock essentials 3e_ppt_ch14

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SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

14

ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK

3e


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CHAPTER OUTLINE

• Personality theories and adult development• Stability and change• Close relationships


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PERSONALITY THEORIES AND DEVELOPMENT

• Adult stage theories• The life-events approach• Stress and personal control in midlife• Contexts of midlife development


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• Adult stage theories• Erikson’s stage of generativity versus stagnation• Generativity: Adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to

the next generation• Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they have

done nothing for the next generation• Generativity can be developed in a number of ways

• Biological generativity• Parental generativity• Work generativity• Cultural generativity


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FIGURE 14.1 - LEVINSON’S PERIODS OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT


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• Adult stage theories• Levinson’s seasons of a man’s life• Teens – Transition from dependence to independence• 20s are a novice phase of adult development• 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development• By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward

to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult


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• Transition to middle adulthood lasts - Conflicts• Being young versus being old• Being destructive versus being constructive• Being masculine versus being feminine• Being attached to others versus being separated from them


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• How pervasive are midlife crises? • The 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth

about the adolescent and adult years• Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis


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• The life-events approach• Contemporary life-events approach: How life events

influence the individual’s development depends on:• Life event itself• Mediating factors• Individual’s adaptation to the life event• Life-stage context• Sociohistorical context


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FIGURE 14.2 - A CONTEMPORARY LIFE-EVENTS FRAMEWORK FOR INTERPRETING ADULT

DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE


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• The life-events approach• Drawbacks• Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change• It may not be life’s major events that are the primary sources of

stress • Daily experiences


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• Stress and personal control in midlife• Middle-aged adults experience more “overload” stressors

that involve juggling too many activities at once• Developmental changes in perceived personal control• Some aspects of personal control increase with age while others

decrease


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• Stress and gender• Fight-or-flight: When men experience stress:

• Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol

• Tend-and-befriend: When women experience stress: • Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends

• Contexts of midlife development • Historical contexts (Cohort effects)• Social clock: Timetable according to which individuals are

expected to accomplish life’s tasks


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• Cultural contexts• The concept of middle age is unclear or absent in many

cultures• Middle age like for women - Depends on the modernity of the

culture and the culture’s view of gender roles• Middle-aged women in nonindustrialized societies experience

certain advantages


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STABILITY AND CHANGE

• Longitudinal studies• Conclusions


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• Longitudinal studies• Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study - Focused on the big

five factors of personality


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FIGURE 14.3 - THE BIG FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY


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• Berkeley Longitudinal Studies• Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness to new

experience were the more stable traits• Characteristics that changed the most

• Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile • Whether or not they had good self-control


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• George Vaillant’s studies• Conducted:

• Sample of 268 socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920

• Sample of 456 socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930

• Sample of 90 middle-SES, intellectually gifted women born about 1910


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FIGURE 14.4 - LINKS BETWEEN CHARACTERISTICS AT AGE 50 AND HEALTH AND HAPPINESS AT AGE 75 TO

80


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• Conclusions• Personality traits continue to change during the adult years,

vinto late adulthood• Cumulative personality model: With time and age, people:• Become more adept at interacting with their environment in

ways that:• Promote the stability of personality


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Love and marriage at midlife• The empty nest and its refilling• Sibling relationships and friendships• Grandparenting• Intergenerational relationships


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Love and marriage at midlife• Security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interest are more

important in middle adulthood• Most married individuals are satisfied with their marriages

during midlife• Divorce in middle adulthood may be more positive in some

ways, more negative in others


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• The empty nest and its refilling• Empty nest syndrome: Decrease in marital satisfaction after

children leave the home• Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children

• Refilling of empty nest is a common occurrence• Loss of privacy


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Sibling relationships and friendships • Sibling relationships may be extremely close, apathetic, or

highly rivalrous• Friendships that have endured over the adult years tend to

be deeper


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Grandparenting • Grandparent roles and styles• Three prominent meanings

• Source of biological reward and continuity• Source of emotional self-fulfillment• Remote role

• The changing profile of grandparents• Most common reasons are divorce, adolescent pregnancies,

and parental drug use• Full-time grandparenting has been linked to health problems,

depression, and stress


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Intergenerational relationships • Middle-aged adults express responsibility between

generations• Midlife adults play important roles in the lives of the young

and the old• Relationships between aging parents and their children:• Characterized by ambivalence


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CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS

• Gender differences characterize intergenerational relationships • Mothers and daughters have closer relationships during their

adult years • Married men are more involved with their wives’ families than

with their own• Grandparent-grandchild relationships more influential than

fathers’

santrock essentials 3e_ppt_ch14

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