In the 2016 presidential election, incumbent ManuelPinto da Costa faced four other candidates in the firstround of voting, held on July 17. Former prime min-

ister Evaristo Carvalho won 50.1% of the vote, thus avoid-ing the need for a runoff; Pinto da Costa came in secondwith 24.8%. Carvalho’s percentage was later reduced to49.88%, however, after late-arriving ballots were counted.A runoff between Carvalho and Pinto da Costa was sched-uled for August 7, but Pinto daCosta decided to boycott becauseof alleged irregularities in the initialpoll. Carvalho won the runoff andwas inaugurated on September 3.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 198,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi512.9, persons per sq km 197.8.

Sex distribution (2015): male 49.90%;female 50.10%.

Population projection: (2020) 216,000;(2030) 262,000.

Major urban areas (2012):São Tomé 69,581; Trindade19,659; Neves 12,205;Santana 11,551; Bombom10,028.

Urban-rural (2014):

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015):34.2 (world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population (2015):7.2 (world avg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 popula-tion (2015): 27.0 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2015): male63.3 years; female 65.9 years.

Age breakdown (2015):

Ethnic composition (2000): Religious affiliation (2012):

Sao Tome and Principe

Official name: República Democráticade São Tomé e Príncipe (DemocraticRepublic of Sao Tome and Principe).

Form of government: multiparty republicwith one legislative house (NationalAssembly [55]).

Head of state: President EvaristoCarvalho.

Head of government: Prime MinisterPatrice Emery Trovoada.

Capital: São Tomé.Official language: Portuguese.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: dobra (Db)1; valuation(Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = Db 21,974; 1 £ = Db 29,225.

Area and population area population

2012Islands Capitals sq mi sq km census

São Tomé 332 859 171,856DistrictsÁgua-Grande São Tomé 7 17 69,772Cantagalo Santana 46 119 17,169Caué São João Angolares 103 267 6,062Lembá Neves 88 229 14,676Lobata Guadalupe 41 105 19,414Mé-Zóchi Trindade 47 122 44,763

Príncipe 55 142 7,344Autonomous RegionPríncipe Santo António 55 142 7,344

TOTAL 3862 1,001 179,2003

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National economyBudget (2014). Revenue: Db 1,808,500,000,000 (tax revenue 48.6%,grants 28.8%, other 22.6%). Expenditures: Db 1,797,-700,000,000 (current expenditure 58.9%, capitalexpenditure 41.1%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$185,-417,000.

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2014): coconuts 63,600, bananas41,1206, palm fruit oil 16,360, taro 7,080, cacao 2,6176,yams 2,0006, cassava 1,290, corn (maize) 720, cinna-mon 556; livestock (number of live animals) 35,000pigs, 265,000 chickens; roundwood 124,234 cu m, ofwhich fuelwood 89%; fisheries production 5,678(from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying(2013): limited to volcanic rock and clay. Manufacturing (2013):small processing plants produce beer, soft drinks, soap, and tex-tiles. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012)65,000,000 (60,000,000), by source: fossil fuels 84.6%; renewableenergy 15.4%, of which hydroelectric 15.4%; coal, none (none);crude petroleum, none8 (none); petroleum products (metric tons;2011) none (34,000); natural gas, none (none).

Average household size (2004): 5.5.Population economically active (2014): total 70,200; participationrates (2012): ages 15–64, male, n.a.; female, n.a.; unemployed13.6%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 20.8%.

Gross national income (GNI; 2014): U.S.$312,000,000 (U.S.$1,670per capita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$3,160 per capita).

Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops or leftfallow c. 9.1%, in permanent crops c. 40.6%, in pasture c. 1%,forest area c. 28%.

Foreign tradeImports (2014): U.S.$145,600,000 (crude and refined

petroleum 29.1%, food products 21.2%, machineryand apparatus 11.9%, beverages 6.6%, transporta-tion equipment 6.0%). Major import sources:

Exports (2014): U.S.$10,300,000 (cocoa beans88.3%, remainder [including coconuts] 11.7%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads: none. Roads (2002):

total length 239 mi, 384 km (paved71%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars305; trucks and buses 37.

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): percentage of total popula-tion age 15 and over literate 74.9%; malesliterate 81.8%; females literate 68.4%.

Health: physicians (2009) 65 (1 per 2,508persons); hospital beds (2011) 498 (1 per345 persons); infant mortality rate per1,000 live births (2015) 47.9; undernour-ished population (2006–08) less than 5% oftotal population based on the consumptionof a minimum daily requirement of 1,700calories.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (2005): 460

(army/coast guard 65.2%; presidential guard34.8%). Military expenditure as percentageof GDP (2005): 1.2%; per capita expendi-ture U.S.$4.

1The dobra was pegged to the euro (>) from January 2010 at a rate of 24,500 dobras =>1. 2Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 3Includes 461 institution-alized persons. 4Descendants of former Angolan slaves. 5Employed only. 62013. 7Lessnet taxes on products. 8Licenses for petroleum exploration in an offshore area sharedby Sao Tome and Principe and Nigeria were awarded in March 2006; no crude petro-leum had been extracted from this area as of late 2016. 9Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Instituto Nacional de Estatística www.ine.st• Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe www.bcstp.st

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2013 2001

in value % of total labour % of labourDb ’000,000,000 value force5 force5

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 1,331.8 21.1 13,518 31.5Mining and quarrying … …Manufacturing 689.5 10.9 2,893 6.7Public utilitiesConstruction 435.8 6.9 4,403 10.2Transp. and commun. 906.4 14.4 792 1.8Trade, hotels 1,690.8 26.8 8,787 20.5Finance, real estate … …Pub. admin., defense 1,370.1 21.7 3,307 7.7Services 9,237 21.5Other –123.47 –2.07 … …TOTAL 6,301.0 100.02 42,937 100.02

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 1329 6519

Landline 2015 7.0 35

Internet users 2009 27 164Broadband 2015 1.09 4.99

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