sap and renewable technology update and the …...2 emissions already outlined in this presentation...
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SAP and Renewable Technology Update and the Implications
Presentation by Emily Mansfield and Terry Keech10th October 2019
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INTRODUCTION• What is SAP?
• General Changes to the SAP Methodology
• Key Changes
• Impact of the new Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Factors and Renewable Technologies
• Impact of the New Primary Energy Factors
• SAP Illustrations
• Electric Heating?
• Draft GLA London Plan
• Hot of the Press – Part L Consultation issued October 2019
• Recommendations and the Way Forward
WHAT IS SAP?
• Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP)
• Compliance against Part L1 of the Building Regulations (dwellings only)
• Production of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC)
• SAP methodology is updated every 3-4 years - SAP 2016 (known as SAP 10) methodology released in July 2018 for review
• SAP 2012 methodology is still current
• SAP 10 to be implemented with new Part L – expected next year
GENERAL CHANGES TO THE SAP METHODOLOGY
• Background calculation updated
• Hot water includes flow rates for showers and baths and use of electric showers
• Lighting calculation updated to allow input of lighting efficacy (lm/W)
• Summer overheating - need to consider air quality and noise pollution
• Default efficiencies and ventilation rates updated
• Thermal Mass Parameter (TMP) to be calculated – no longer able to use “simple” TMP
• Fuel Tariffs updated
UPDATED FUEL TARIFFS
p/kWh
Fuel SAP 2012 SAP 10
Mains Gas 3.48 3.94
Electricity (standard tariff) 13.19 16.55
7-hour Tariff (high rate) 15.29 19.47
7-hour Tariff (low rate) 5.50 7.60
Electricity Export 13.19 3.80
Community Gas Boilers 4.24 4.80
Community Gas CHP (heat) 2.97 3.36
Community Heat Pump (heat) 4.24 4.80
KEY CHANGES
• Thermal bridging (y-value) default increased to 0.20W/m2K and psi-values increased
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV) array – recognises use of battery storage and diverter
• Community heating distribution pipework losses factor increased to 2 (1.5 if CP1 applied)
• CO2 emission factors updated
• Primary energy factors updated
IMPACT OF THE NEW CO2 EMISSION FACTORS AND RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
Mains Gas Electricity
kgC
O2/
kWh
CO2 Emission Factors
SAP 2012 SAP 10
3%
55%
Fuel SAP 2012 SAP 10
Mains Gas 0.216 0.210
Electricity 0.519 0.233
LPG 0.241 0.241
Oil 0.298 0.298
House Coal 0.394 0.395
Wood Logs 0.019 0.028
Biomass 0.031 0.029
kgCO2/kWh
10%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SAP 2012 SAP 10
kgC
O2/
year
CO2 Emissions for Mains Gas Heating
TER DER
CO2 EMISSIONS FOR MAINS GAS HEATING
kgCO2/m2/year SAP 2012 SAP 10
TER 15.63 13.74
DER 14.33 13.16
Improvement 8.32% 4.22%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
SAP 2012 SAP 10
kgC
O2/
year
CO2 Emissions for Electric Heating
TER DER
CO2 EMISSIONS FOR ELECTRIC HEATING
kgCO2/m2/year SAP 2012 SAP 10
TER 22.53 20.51
DER 21.27 12.08
Improvement 5.59% 41.10%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
SAP 2012 SAP 10
kgC
O2/
year
CO2 Emissions for ASHPs
TER DER
CO2 EMISSIONS FOR AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS
kgCO2/m2/year SAP 2012 SAP 10
TER 22.53 20.51
DER 15.15 7.96
Improvement 32.76% 61.19%
Use of ASHPs can achieve an EPC rating of B
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SAP 2012 SAP 10
kgC
O2/
year
CO2 Emissions for CHP
TER DER
IMPACT ON CHP SAVINGS
kgCO2/m2/year SAP 2012 SAP 10
TER 15.63 13.74
DER 10.41 12.56
Improvement 33.40% 8.59%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SAP 2012 SAP 10
kgC
O2/
year
CO2 Emissions for PV Array
TER DER
IMPACT ON SOLAR PV ARRAY SAVINGS
kgCO2/m2/year SAP 2012 SAP 10
TER 15.63 13.74
DER 5.37 9.14
Improvement 65.64% 33.48%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Mains Gas Electricity
kWh
/kW
h
Primary Energy Factors
SAP 2012 SAP 10
PRIMARY ENERGY FACTORS
8%
43%Fuel SAP 2012 SAP 10
Mains Gas 1.220 1.122
Electricity 3.070 1.738
LPG 1.090 1.163
Oil 1.100 1.188
House Coal 1.000 1.101
Wood Logs 1.040 1.046
Biomass 1.010 1.037
kWh/kWh
55%
PRIMARY ENERGY FACTORS – TYPICAL 1 BED DWELLING/YEAR
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Boilers Only Boilers & CHP Electric Room Heaters ASHPs
kWh
/yea
r
Primary Energy for Typical 1 Bed Dwelling
13% -6% 25%
BUILDING REGULATIONS VS PASSIVHAUS STANDARDS
Building Element Part L1A 2013 Passivhaus
U-values:
• Walls 0.18 0.15
• Roofs 0.13 0.15
• Floors 0.13 0.15
• Windows (g-value) 1.40 (0.63) 0.85 (0.50)
• Doors 1.00 1.00
Thermal bridging y-value ACDs 0.05W/mK*
Design Air Permeability Rate (@50Pa) 5m3/hm2 1m3/hm2
Mechanical Ventilation Intermittent extract MVHR (certified)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Building Regulations Passivhaus
MW
h/y
ear
SAP 10 Primary Energy3Bed Semi-detached House
Individual gas boilers Electric Heating Community Heating with ASHP
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
Individual Gas Boilers Electric Heating Community Heatingwith ASHP
kgC
O2/
m2 /
year
SAP 10 CO2 Emissions3Bed Semi-detached House
Target Emission Rate Building Regulations Passivhaus
BUILDING REGULATIONS VS PASSIVHAUS STANDARDS
0.4%
38%
10%
45%
28%
53%34%
39%
32%
EXAMPLE RUNNING COSTS FOR A 3 BED SEMI-DETACHED HOUSE
Heating System Part L1A Passivhaus
Individual gas boilers £400.23 £327.70
Electric heating £1,245.59 £761.03
Community Heating with ASHP £454.15 £352.74
Estimated Running Costs Based on proposed fuel tariffs in SAP 10 document
• Mains gas – 3.94p/kWh• Grid electricity - 16.55p/kWh• Community heating – 4.8p/kWh
EXAMPLE 35% CO2 REDUCTION OVER BUILDING REGULATIONS AND CO2 OFFSETTING
Heating System No. of PV Panels to 35%
Carbon Offset Payment to Zero Carbon
Total Cost with Carbon Offset and PV Panels
Individual gas boilers 11 £3,320.02 £8,715.52
Electric heating 9 £3,511.57 £7,926.07
Community Heating with ASHP 3 £3,118.49 £4,589.99
Heating System No. of PV Panels to 35%
Carbon Offset Payment to Zero Carbon
Total Cost with Carbon Offset and PV Panels
Individual gas boilers 0 £3,212.50 £3,212.50
Electric heating 0 £3,053.54 £3,053.54
Community Heating with ASHP 0 £2,386.76 £2,386.76
Building Regulations Specification
Passivhaus Specification
The below tables indicate the number of PV panels required to achieve a minimum 35% reduction over the Target Emission Rate and estimated payment required to offset any remaining CO2 emissions to zero carbon when applying the Building Regulations and Passivhaus specifications.• Number of PV panels based on 327Wp/panel• Cost of PV panels based on £1,500/kWp• Carbon offset payment based on £95/tonne of CO2 over 30 years (£2,850/tonne of CO2)
ELECTRIC HEATING?
• Fossil fuels banned in new-build homes from 2025?
Government’s Spring Statement Summary – “future-proofing new build homes with low carbon heating and world-leading levels of energy efficiency…”
“to help meet climate change targets, the government will advance the decarbonisation of gas supplies by increasing the proportion of green gas in the grid, helping to reduce dependence on burning natural gas in homes and businesses
• Higher running costs for the end user
• Use of Heat Pumps (already being implemented in new developments in London as part of GLA London Plan)
ELECTRIC HEATING - BATTERIES?Battery / Gas technology scenarios modelled.
Modelling parameters:
• Battery storage in houses and apartments totake full advantage of PV panels and differentialtariffs
• Communal battery storage for commercialspaces
• SAP Currently not modelling battery storage
GLA DRAFT LONDON PLAN (2017)• Policy SI2 Minimising greenhouse gas emissions replaces Policy 5.2
• Energy hierarchy:• ‘be lean’ – use less energy and manage demand during operation• ‘be clean’ – exploit local energy resources (such as secondary heat) and supply energy efficiently
and cleanly• ‘be green’ – maximise opportunities for renewable energy by producing, storing and using
renewable energy on-site
• New – ‘be seen’ – monitor, verify and report on energy performance
• Residential development should achieve 10% and non-residential development 15% through energy efficient measures
• Increased carbon offset fund payment of £95/tonne of CO2 over 30 years (£2,850/tonne of CO2)
• Development proposals referable to the Mayor should calculate whole life-cycle carbon emissions
HOT OFF THE PRESS – PART L CONSULTATION ISSUED OCTOBER 2019Area What’s changed Impact
Criterion 1 Focuses on primary energy as well as CO2 emissions Already outlined in this presentation
Householder Affordability New regulation requirement for heating, hot water and lighting – based on EPC
Direct electric heating may not be affordable – unless improvements are made to reduce space heating demand
Summer overheating New regulation? Takes into account pipework losses and water storage losses
Require dynamic simulation? – Already part of GLA requirements
Air pressure testing Part F may require all dwellings to be tested Already common practice by most developers
Electricity CO2 emission factor decreased
Now shown as 0.136kgCO2/kWh – Lower than gas! More improvement measures to be implemented –increased amount of PV array
Electricity primary energy factor decreased
Now shown as 1.501kWh/kWh Moving closer to gas, makes it easier to achieve the primary energy targets
Electricity cost increased Now shown as 17.56p/kWh (based on 5-year average predicted values)
Already becoming more expensive – leading to poor EPC rating
Two options proposed for Notional Dwelling (TER)
Option 1- Improved building fabric (triple glazing), WWHR (20% reduction)Option 2 – Improved technologies (WWHR & PV) and smaller building fabric improvements (31% reduction)
Option 2 government’s preferred option – estimated increase in cost of £4,847 saving households £257/year. It is expected builders will choose less costly ways of meeting targets
RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD
• Appoint a Sustainability Consultant at an early stage
• Fabric first approach – Passivhaus principles?
• Consider the end user – comfortable dwelling + low running costs = happy occupant
• Investigate different approaches
• Recent planning success with GLA under the revised DRAFT London Plan
• Control Strategy for optimum use of boilers and ASHPs
THANK YOU FOR LISTENINGANY QUESTIONS?