sashay biogas
TRANSCRIPT
NATIONAL CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRE
SOUTH AFRICA
@NCPC_SA
www.ncpc.co.za / www.iee-sa.co.za
Energy Efficiency gains through biogasSashay Ramdharee
Regional Project Manager
www.iee-sa.co.za
• South Africa’s Bioenergy landscape
• Historical Challenges
• Untapped waste to energy potential in SA
• What is Biogas
• Overview of a Biogas plant
• Oppurtunities
Presentation Points
NATIONAL CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRE
SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa’s Bioenergy Landscape
www.iee-sa.co.za
“South Africa accounts for about 1.1% of global GHG emissions (ranked 18th worldwide) with emissions having
increased by 24.9% between 2000 and 2010, totaling 579 million tons of CO2eq in
2010.” GHG Inventory for South Africa 2000-2010, DEA, August 2013
Context
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Understand UNIDO Energy Programme and Approach
Biogas - South Africa’s Untapped Potential
• After World War II a fighter pilot, L. John Fry, settled in South Africa and started a pig farm.
• In 1957, he built the world’s first commercial anaerobic digester and produced biogas from pig manure.
• The following year he generated electricity from biogas to power pumps on the farm.
• Potential has always been there BUT never explored!!!L. John Fry’s Cogen Plant
www.iee-sa.co.za
Understand UNIDO Energy Programme and Approach
• 70 years on despite expanding landfills, South Africa still has a fledgling biogas industry, largely due to cheap power
• Some way behind world leaders:• Germany (8 900)• America (2 200)• Britain and Switzerland (600 each)
• South Africa boasts approx 300 bio-digesters of which only 50 are registered commercial biogas plants, larger than 100 kW
• Biogas has the potential to displace 2 500 MW of grid electricity, equivalent to the size of Eskom’s Arnot coal fired Power Station in Mpumalanga.
Biogas - South Africa’s Untapped Potential
www.iee-sa.co.za
SWOT Analysis of SA Bioenergy Industry
Strengths- Large waste streams- Job creation potential- Cost reduction of bio- waste disposal
Weakness- Limited funding for small projects- Biomass vs Coal price- No formal resource utilisation & allocation
Opportunities- Larger player interest- Available funding- Govt imperative- Improved waste management
Threats- Food vs Fuel- Water scarcity- Inefficient use of biomass waste streams
Historical Challenges
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• Lack of awareness and understanding of the biogas energy,
• Complex administrative processes for project development and authorisation, especially at the municipality level;
• No supportive legal framework and no specific policy support;
• Lack of dedicated financing mechanisms;
• No biogas standards for safe use of biogas;
• Lack of skilled and registered labour force.
HISTORICAL CHALLENGES
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• Funding reluctance from banks (For plants < 1MW)
• IPP Process: Complicated, costly and only for projects above 1MW (High numbers of projects are below 1MW exist)
• Landfill is the most common way of waste disposal, no separation at source for waste collection
• Grid Access – There is an urgent need for coordinated grid planning across the country.
HISTORICAL CHALLENGES
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General WasteGenerated Recycled Landfilled Recycled
Tonnes %
Non-recyclable municipal waste 8,062,934 - 8,062,934 0
Organic waste 3,023,600 1,058,260 1,865,340 35
Construction and demolition waste 4,725,542 756,087 3,969,455 16
Paper 1,734,411 988,614 745,797 57
Plastic 1,308,637 235,555 1,073,082 18
Glass 959,816 307,141 652,675 32
Metals 3,121,203 2,496,962 624,241 80
Tyres 246,631 9,865 236,766 4Other (mostly biomass waste from industry) 36,171,127 - 36,171,127 0
Total General Waste 59,353,901 5,852,484 53,501,417 10
General Waste in South Africa
Untapped potential of 61%
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• A renewable source of energy that belongs to the category of biofuels.
• It typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
• This anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials produces biogas.
What is Biogas?
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Chemical composition of BiogasOver half is combustible methane!
(The energetically
usable component)
Biogas is “Carbon neutral”!
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Overview of typical Biogas plant
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Common feedstock streams include:Agricultural Feedstock
Animal manureEnergy cropsAlgal biomassCrop residues
Community-Based Organic FeedstockSewage sludgeGrass clippings/garden wasteFood remains
Industrial FeedstockFood/beverage processingDairyStarch industrySugar industryPharmaceutical industryCosmetic industryBiochemical industryPulp and paperSlaughterhouse/rendering plant etc.
How a Biogas plant worksAlmost any organic
material can be processed with anaerobic
digestion; however, biogas production is the
aim!!
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Using Energy Crops as feedstock:
How a Biogas plant works
Caribbean- Maize
Can giant Miscanthus do for coal what ethanol has done for gasoline?
Giant King Grass--on contaminated mine affected lands in order to restore and rehabilitate the land
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Biomass yields
Biomass substrates of equivalent energy but varying volumes.
How a Biogas plant works
DBFZ – Deutches Biomasseforchungszentrum
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The Digester – “The HEART of the Biogas plant”
How a Biogas plant works
• Large, sealed airtight steel or concrete containers • Agitators mix the archea with biomass, distribute the thermal heat and allow for biogas
to be released.
• It is possible to generate:
• 1 ha maize delivers fives times more energy than is required to grow, harvest and convert it into biogas!
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How a Biogas plant worksAs a rule, biogas plants use liquid manure as a base material!The importance of manure – Archaea
• Discovered in 1970 by Dr. Carl Woese• Oldest living organisms on planet Earth, dating back to prehistoric times
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Agricultural Regions of South Africa
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Net saving 659t of CO2 p.a
Biogas plant cost < 1 million Euro
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Outputs of a Biogas plantLiquid Biofuels• Biogas – upgraded to biomethane• Approx 600 minibusses have been converted in SA• Advantages over conventional fuels
• Storing and handling is less hazardous• Spills are almost harmless• Saves on expensive crude oil imports• Biofules are CO2 neutral when burned
Funded SA Projects
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Examples of Small Scale Installations in SA• CAE Humphries Boerdery outside Bela-Bela (30kW)
• iBERT Abattoir-Jan Kemdorp (iBERT 100 kW)
• Cullinan (190 kW)
• Robertson (150 kW)
• Jacobsdal (150 kW)
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Biobag10 installed in rural KZN Biobag10 at the Manzini School in Kathlehong
Biobag15 on organic farm in MagoebaskloofBiobag30 on pig farm in Free State
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Jo’Burg Zoo: For the cooking at the Canteen
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Industrial Biogas Plants in South Africa
Developers Location Status Feedstock Size Take-up
1 Bio2Waste Bronkhorstspruit OperationalManure, Abattoir waste, Food Sludge,
4.5 MW BMW SA
2 GWF Jan Kempdorp Commissioning Problems Organic Waste 90 kW GWF Abbatoir
3 Cape Adv Eng Darling Operational Agriculture 500 kW Darling Munic
4 Interwaste Drakenstein Under construction Landfill Waste Drakenstein Munic
5 New Horisons (CEA/Anaergia) Athlone Operational Landfill Waste 4.2 MW Afrox
6 Bio2Waste Malmesbury Under construction Agriculture, Manure, Landfill Eskom
7 GCX Saldanha Bay Awaiting Stakeholder Signatures
Agriculture, Manure, Landfill 4.0 MW ArcelorMittal
Saldanha Bay
Biogas Plant Status
Opportunities
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• Growing awareness in government
• Founding of a Biogas Association ,SABIA in 2013
• Establishment of the National Biogas Platform and various working groups
• Creation of the Biogas Info Hub funded by GIZ
• Biogas conference sponsored by DoE 2013, 2015, 2016
• Support from GEF & UNIDO - 4 year SMME Biogas Project
• Better tariff for biogas in latest REIPPP (R1.47/kWh)
• Keen interest from European biogas companies and equipment suppliers to seek business in SA
Positives
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• The IRP 2010 advocates for 42% renewable energy which includes Wind, Solar-PV, Solar-CSP, Landfilgas, Biogas and Biomass power.
• Positive entrepreneurial spirit in SA: The number of Biogas projects is growing, despite the challenges faced by the industry!
Positives
