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123
NSave Nature to Survive
4(1) : 123-128, 2010QUARTERLY
ZOOPLANKTONIC ANALYSIS OF THE RIVER CHENAB, AT
AKHNOOR, JAMMU
S. P. S. DUTTA* AND K. K. VERMA
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu - 180 006
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Importance of zooplankton as fish food and fish predators (Nickolsky, 1999) as
indicators of water quality (Sladeck, 1983) is well known. These influence ionic
composition and nutrient quality, either by removal of materials as food or through
addition of feacal matter and excretory products. There is a greater diversity
among zooplankton as compared to phytoplankton and their composition varies
with seasonal production of meroplankton such as eggs, larvae and juveniles of
the benthos, nekton etc (Walsh, 1978). Zooplanktonic analysis from various lotic
waters of Jammu has earlier been attempted by Dutta (1978), Zutshi (1992),
Sawhney (1998) Sharma, (1999), Rathore (2009) and Sharma, (2009). However,
there is no record of any study for the river Chenab, draining the Jammu region,
and has been attempted.
Study Area
J and K, the north western Indian state, is located between 320.17´ and 370.5´
north latitude and 740.40´ and 800.30´ east longitude (Fig. 1). The state of J and
K enjoys the top most position on the tourist map of India and is divided into three
regions viz. Ladakh, Kashmir and Jammu, each drained by a riverine system (Fig.
2).
The Indus: It is the longest river in the subcontinent, with its total length of about
3500 km. At present, only a part of this river passes through Ladakh division of
the state.
The Jhelum: Kashmir province of the state is drained mainly by this riverine
system. In Kashmir valley, the river Jhelum has total length of about 170 km.
The Chenab: The main drainage of Jammu province is by the river Chenab (Fig.
2). This river is formed by the confluence of two streams viz. Chandra and Bhagha,
at Tandi, in Himachal Pardesh (Fig. 3) and these streams have their origin from
glaciers that slides from the South East and North West slope of Baralucha Pass,
respectively, at an altitude of 5000 metres above the mean sea level. The river
Chenab covers a distance of 200 kms in Panji Valley of Himachal Pardesh, before
entering the state near Padar. After flowing from Doda, Ramban, Reasi, Akhnoor
it ultimately enters into Pakistan downstream the Pargwal wetland, Akhnoor. It is
joined enroute by small rivers, streams and nullahs viz. Kalani, Kalguni, Bhelessa,
Neeru, Banihal, Munwar, river Tawi and unaccountable rivulets those come in its
way. Some of its tributaries at higher reaches are torrential snowfed and cold
water. At the actual line of control (Indo-Pak Border), near Akhnoor, the river
broadens after entering the Pakistan.
The river Chenab in its upper reaches has fast flow due to steep gradient. Flow of
the river increases many times during summer and monsoon season. Water flow
is reduced during winter, due to snowfall and low temperature in upper catchment
area. For the present study, three stations at the distance of 5 kms each from one
to next viz. Chardagram (Fig. 3) is upstream, Ambarain (Fig. 4) is middle one and
Namander (Fig. 5) is down stream, near Akhnoor, were selected.
Received : 14.12.2009
Revised : 27.01.2010
Accepted : 22.02.2010
*Corresponding author
KEY WORDS
Zooplankton
Rhizopoda
River Chenab
ABSTRACT
Zooplankton,in the river Chenab, qualitatively,
comprising of sixteen species, has shown the
presence of fourteen species of Protozoa
(Arcella spp., Centropyxis ecornis., Centropyxis
constricta., Difflugia tuberculata., D
accuminata., D lebes., D oblonga., D corona.,
D urocellata., unidentified Difflugia.,
Lesquereusia modesta., Lesquereusia spiralis.,
Nebela spp. and Phacus spp.), one species of
Porifera (spicules of Eunapious carteri.) and
one species of arthropod Crustacea
(Diaptomus spp.). The order of quantitative
dominance has been seen as Protozoa (2-13 n/
L)> Porifera (0-2 n/L) and > arthropod
Crustacea (0-1 n/L). Due to fast turbulent flow;
cold water, having a narrow annual variation
in water temperature; wide fluctuations in
water discharge, absence of pool in upper
catchment and absence of macrophytic
vegetation, zooplanktonic diversity and density
in the river Chenab is low in comparison to
the other lotic water bodies of the state.
Analysis of coefficient of correlation (r) of
zooplankton with different characteristics of
water, is insignificant.
124
S. P. S. DUTTA AND K. K. VERMA
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Monthly zooplanktonic sample, at each experimental station,
was collected by filtering 10 liters of water through a planktonic
net (no. 25), preserved in 5 % formaldehyde solution in
labelled glass tubes, and identified (Dutta, 1983; Kudo, 1986;
Battish, 1992 and Edmondson, 1992) and counted.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Monthly, one year viz. May (2004) to April (2005), results of
zooplanktonic analysis at three experimental sites of the river
Chenab and their mean have been tabulated in Tables 1 to 4.
Qualitative composition
Zooplankton, qualitatively, comprising of sixteen species, has
shown the presence of fourteen species of Protozoa (Arcella
discoides, Centropyxis ecornis, C constricta, Difflugia
tuberculata, D accuminata, D lebes, D oblonga, D corona, D
urocellata, unidentified Difflugia, Lesquereusia modesta, L
spiralis, Nebela spp. and Phacus spp.), one species of Porifera
(spicules of Eunapious carteri) and one species of arthropod
Crustacea (Diaptomus spp.) in the planktonic samples
collected from three stations of the river Chenab, Akhnoor
(Table 4).
Planktonic, qualitative, composition in the river Chenab is
different in comparison to the findings of earlier workers.
Chacko and Srinivasan (1955) reported seven zooplanktonic
genera from river Krishna. These include 2 genera of Copepoda
(Cyclops and Diaptomus), 3 genera of Cladocera (Daphnia,
Diaphanosoma and Moina) and 2 genera of Rotifera
Table 1: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/L) at station 1 (Chardagram), akhnoor of the river Chenab (May, 2004-April, 2005)
Protozoa and Rhizophoda May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Arcella Ehrenberg 5
Centropyxis ecornis Leidy 2
Centropyxis constricta Penard 2
Total centropyxis 4
Difflugia tuberculata Wallich 2 1 2 3 3 4 2 3 2
Difflugia accuminata Ehrenberg 2 2 2
Difflugia lebes Penard 2 1
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 5 3 3 4 1 4
Difflugia corona Wallich 1 3
Difflugia urocellata Carter 1
Unidentified Difflugia 5 4 1 3 17 2 3 3
Total Difflugia 5 13 2 6 4 6 26 6 7 9 6
Lesquereusia modesta Rhumbler 2
Lesquereusi spiralis Eherenberg 2
Total Lesquereusia
Total Rhizopoda 5 15 2 6 4 6 26 16 7 14 6
Flegellata
Phacus Dujardin
Nevela Leidy 1
Total Actinopoda 1
Total Flegellata
Total Protozoans 5 15 2 6 4 6 26 16 7 14 7
Porifera
Eunapious carteai Spicules 7
Total Porifera 7
Arthropoda Crustacea
Diaptomus 1
Total Copepoda 1
Total Zooplankton 5 15 2 6 4 6 26 16 14 15 7
(Brachionus and Filinia). From the river Cauvery, they noticed
2 genera of Copepoda (Mesocyclops and Diaptomus) and 1
genus of Cladocera (Ceriodaphnia). Vass et al., (1977) noticed
5 species of protozoans, 9 species of rotifers, 6 species of
cladocerans and 4 species of copepods from the river Jhelum,
Kashmir. Dutta (1978) reported the presence of Protozoa (4
species), Rotifera (5 species), Cladocera (9 species) and
Copepoda (4 species) from Gadigarh stream, Jammu. Badola
and Singh (1981) worked out the presence of Cladocera and
Copepoda from river Alaknanda, Garwhal Himalayas. Bhatt
Figure 1: Map of Jammu and Kashmir showing major rivers
125
Protozoa and Rhizophoda May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Arcella Ehrenberg
Centropyxis ecornis Leidy 3
Centropyxis constricta Penard
Total Centropyxis 3
Difflugia tuberculata Wallich 2
Difflugia accuminata Ehrenberg 2 2
Difflugia lebes Penard 4
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 4 2 6
Difflugia corona Wallich
Difflugia urocellata Carter 2 2
Unidentified Difflugia 5
Total Difflugia 7 12 2 8 2
Lesquereusia modesta Rhumbler
Lesquereusia spiralis Eherenberg
Total Lesquereusia
Total Rhizopoda 7 12 2 8 2
Flegellata
Phacus Dujardin 2 2
Nebela Leidy 7
Total Actinopoda 7
Total Protozoans 7 12 2 10 3 4
Porifera
Eunapious carteai Spicules
Total Porifera
Arthropoda crustacea
Diaptomus
Total Copepoda
Total Zooplankton 14 12 4 18 3 4
Table 3: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/L) at station 3 (namander), akhnoor of the river Chenab (May, 2004-April, 2005)
et al., (1984) noticed 3 species of protozoans, 6 species of
rotifers, 3 species of cladocerans and 3 species of copepods
from river Kosi, Kumayun Himalayas, U.P. Zutshi (1992)
reported 6 species of Protozoa, 3 species of Rotifera, 2 species
of Cladocera and 3 species of Copepoda from river Tawi,
Jammu; Ali et al., (2003) reported 44 zooplanktonic species
Protozoa and Rhizophoda May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Arcella Ehrenberg 3
Centropyxis ecornis Leidy 2
Centropyxis constricta Penard
Total Centropyxis 2
Difflugia tuberculata Wallich 8 1 1 3
Difflugia accuminata Ehrenberg 2
Difflugia lebes Penard 3 2 1
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 3 3 1 2 4
Difflugia corona Wallich 14
Difflugia urocellata Carter
Unidentified Difflugia 3 3 2
Total Difflugia 17 3 18 4 4 7 3
Lesquereusia modesta Rhumbler 1
Lesquereusia spiralis Eherenberg
Total Lesquereusia
Total Rhizopoda 20 3 18 4 4 8 3 2
Flegellata
Phacus Dujardin
Nebela Leidy
Total Actinopoda
Total Protozoans 20 3 18 4 4 8 3 2
Porifera
Eunapious carteai Spicules
Total Porifera
Arthropoda crustacea
Diaptomus
Total Copepoda
Total Zooplankton 20 3 18 4 4 8 3 2
Table 2: Monthly variations in zooplankton (number/L) at station 2 (Ambarain), akhnoor of the river Chenab (May, 2004-April, 2005)
ZOOPLANKTON OF RIVER CHENAB
126
(Protozoa-22 spp., Rotifera-10 spp., Cladocera-6 spp. And
Copepoda-6 spp.) from river Indus at Ghazi Ghat, Punjab.
Pakistan. Singh (2005) reported 67 species of zooplankton
Parameters Total Total
Protozoan zooplankton
Water temperature -0.09 -0.11
Transparency 0.13 0.13
pH -0.32 -0.17
TDS -0.26 -0.22
Salinity -0.25 -0.17
Electrical conductivity -0.28 -0.22
Free CO2
-0.36 -0.35
DO -0.56 -0.53
BOD 0.38 0.32
COD 0.21 0.16
HCO3
-0.22 -0.12
Chloride 0.42 0.39
Calcium -0.17 -0.15
Magnesium 0.25 0.33
Total hardness -0.15 -0.05
Sulphate -0.06 -0.02
Silicate 0.05 0.01
Nitrate -0.27 -0.22
Phosphate 0.04 -0.01
Table 5: Coefficient of correlation (Protozoan and zooplankton)
with physico-chemical parameters of water
S. P. S. DUTTA AND K. K. VERMA
Protozoa and rhizophoda May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Arcella Ehrenberg 1 2
Centropyxis ecornis Leidy 1 2
Centropyxis constricta Penard 1
Total Centropyxis 2 2
Difflugia tuberculata Wallich 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Difflugia accuminata Ehrenberg 1 1 1 1
Difflugia lebes Penard 1 1 1 1 1
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
Difflugia corona Wallich 5 1
Difflugia urocellata Carter 1 1 1
Unidentified difflugia 4 2 1 2 6 1 1 1
Total Difflugia 10 8 8 3 3 5 10 6 3 5 3
Lesquereusia modesta Rhumbler 1 1
Lesquereusia spiralis Eherenberg 1
Total Lesquereusia 1 1 1
Total Rhizopoda 11 9 8 3 3 6 10 9 2 3 7 3
Flegellata
Phacus Dujardin 1 1
Nebela Leidy 2 1
Total Actinopoda 2 1 2
Total Protozoans 13 9 8 3 3 6 10 10 2 3 7 5
Porifera
Eunapious carteai spicules 2
Total Porifera 2
Arthropoda Crustacea
Diaptomus 1
Total Copepoda 1
Total Zooplankton 13 9 8 3 3 6 10 10 2 5 8 5
Table 4: Monthly mean variations in zooplankton (number/L) at station 1, 2 and 3, Akhnoor of the river Chenab (May, 2004 - April, 2005)
Figure 2: Confluence of Chander and Bhagha at Tandi
Figure 3: General view of station-1 (Chardha Gram) at Akhnoor
belonging to 10 species of Protozoa, 14 species of Rotifera, 7
species of Cladocera, 8 species of Copepods and 2 species of
Ostracoda from river Beas, Punjab. Zafar and Sultan (2005)
noticed five species of Protozoa, six species of Rotifera, six
species of Cladocera and five species of Copepoda from river
Ganga at Kanpur. Pandey et al., (2007) noticed nineteen
species of Rotifera, five species of Cladocera and three species
of Copepoda from river Panar, Bihar.Sharma (2009) analysed
zooplankton of Basantar river and noticed the presence of
127
Protozoa (23 species), Rotifera (12 species), Oligochaeta and
water Nematoda.
Poor zooplanktonic diversity in the river Chenab, in
comparison to the observations made by earlier workers (op.
cit), has its correlation with:
I. Fast turbulent flow.
II. Cold water having a narrow annual variation in water
temperature between 9.30C to 17.30C.
III. Wide fluctuations in water discharge which is high during
summer and monsoon and it is reduced during winter
season. Chandler (1937) and Basu and Pick (1995)
reported that plankton is influenced by river discharge,
depth and turbidity.
IV. Poor deposits of dead organic matter on the bottom.
V. Perennial turbid water, except during winter season.
VI. Absence of pools in upper catchment area.
VII. Absence of macrophytic vegetation.
Zooplanktonic analysis in the river Chenab has shown the
dominance of Protozoa and is in agreement to the findings of
Zutshi (1992); Ali et al., (2003); Sharma (2009) and Rathore
(2009).
Protozoans, qualitatively, showed their perennial presence.
Among the rhizopod protozoans, genus Difflugia except in
the month of January (2005) showed its perennial presence.
Among its various species, Difflugia corona is observed twice
(July and November, 2004), D urocellata thrice (May,
December, 2004 and March, 2005), D accuminata four times
(June, August, 2004 and February, April 2005), D lebes five
times (May, June, September, October, 2004 and March, 2005)
and unidentified Difflugia eight times (May to July, October to
December, 2004 and February, March, 2005), D oblonga ten
times ( May to December, 2004 and March, April, 2005) and
D tuberculata eleven times (May to December, 2004 and
February to April, 2005).
Centropyxis, another genera of class Rhizopoda, is seen twice
(December, 2004 and January, 2005). Among its various
species Centropyxis constricta is seen once (December, 2004)
and Centropyxis ecornis twice (December, 2004 and January,
2005).
Lesquereusia, among rhizopod protozoans, is observed thrice
(June, October and December, 2004). Among its two species,
Lesquereusia spiralis is seen once (June, 2004) and L modesta
twice (October, December, 2004).
Arcella (May, 2004 and March, 2005) and Nebela (May, 2004
and April, 2005), another rhizopod protozoans, are seen twice
in the planktonic samples collected from the river Chenab.
Phacus, the only flagellate protozoan, noticed in the river
Chenab, showed its presence twice (December, 2004 and
April, 2005).
Protozoan maximum qualitative diversity is seen in the month
of May (2004) and minimum in the month of June and February
(2005).
Among the Porifera, spicules of Eunapious carteri were seen
only once in the month of February (2005).
Diaptomus, the only genus of order Copepoda, class Crustacea
and phylum Arthropoda, showed its presence in the month of
March (2005).
Zooplanktonic analysis in the river Chenab has revealed May,
June, November and December (2004) high and August,
September (2004) and January, February (2005) low
qualitative diversity. Maximum and minimum zooplanktonic
diversity is seen in the month of May (2004) and January
2005, respectively (Table 4).
Quantitative analysis
The order of quantitative dominance of various zooplanktonic
groups has been observed as Protozoa (2-13n/L) > Porifera
(0-2n/L) and > Crustacea (0-1n/L). Protozoan dominance, as
seen presently, has also been reported by Zutshi (1992),
Sharma, J (1999), Sharma, A (2009) and Rathore (2009).
Protozoans count recorded high May, June, November and
December (2004) and low count in August, September,
October (2004) and January, February and April (2005). These
observed May (2004) highest (13n/L) and January (2005)
lowest (2n/L) count (Table 4).
May (2004) Rise in quantitative count of total zooplankton is
contributed by protozoans and may be attributed to increased
production of detritus and bacterial richness, at higher
temperature, on which protozoans are known to feed (Zutshi,
1992; Sladeck ,1983; Sharma, 1999 and Wetzel, 2001). Rapid
multiplication, at higher temperature, may also account for
May (2004) rise in protozoan count. Low protozoan count in
January (2005) coincided with winter low temperature.
The order of quantitative dominance of various species of
protozoans, in the river Chenab, has been seen as unidentified
Difflugia (0-6n/L) > Difflugia corona (0-5n/L) > Difflugia
tuberculata and Difflugia oblonga (0-3n/L) > Arcella,
Figure 4: General view of station-II (Ambarain) at Akhnoor
Figure 5: General view of station-III (Namander) at Akhnoor
ZOOPLANKTON OF RIVER CHENAB
128
Centropyxis ecornis and Nebela (0-2n/L) and > Centropyxis
constricta, Difflugia accuminata, D lebes, D urocellata,
Lesquereusia modesta, L spiralis and Phacus (0-1n/L).
Porifera recorded its presence only once (2 n/L) in the month
of February 2005.
Diaptomus (0-1n/L), a crustacean arthropod, is noticed only
once in the month of March (2005).
An overall study of total zooplankton has shown May,
November and December (2004) peaks. Quantitatively, total
zooplankton recorded May (2004) highest (13n/L) and January
(2005) lowest (2n/L) count (Table 4).
Earlier, Rai and Sharma (1986) noticed positive correlation
between total protozoan and chemical factors like pH, DO,
HCO’
3, alkalinity etc. Dutta et al., (1990) found rise in
temperature, high value of pH, DO, Ca++ and total hardness
as favorable for qualitative and quantitative rise in protozoans.
Dutta et al., (1991) worked out low temperature, rise in pH,
low bicarbonate, Ca++, Mg++ and total hardness favoring
winter highest protozoan peak in a pond.
Analysis of co-efficient of correlation (r) of total protozoans
and total zooplanktons has shown mostly insignificant results
(Table 5) and is in accordance to the findings of Zutshi (1992),
Sharma (1999), Sharma, A (2009) and Rathore (2009).
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S. P. S. DUTTA AND K. K. VERMA