sbi3u7 cell structure &...
TRANSCRIPT
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SBI3U7Cell Structure & Organelles
2.2 Prokaryotic Cells 2.3 Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic CellsNo nucleus Has a nucleusNo membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles
Unicellular Unicellular or multicellularNaked circular DNA, no chromosomes DNA associated with proteins,
wound into chromosomesNo mitochondria Mitochondria for respiration
70s ribosomes 80s ribosomes
ie Bacteria like E. coli
ie cells found in animal, plant and fungi
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Cilia and Flagella
Both are made of fine protein fibres
Both can be used for locomotion
Cilia: short, may be numerous on cell surface
Flagella: long, usually few in number on cell surface
Pili: used for attachment to other bacteria (used in sexual reproduction)
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Prokaryotic Cells divide by binary fission
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Structure and Function of Organelles
The Structure and Function of the following organelles will be discussed:
– Cell Membrane– Nucleus– Cell Wall– Cytoplasm– Cytoskeleton– Ribosomes– Endoplasmic Reticulum– Golgi Apparatus
– Mitochondria– Lysosomes– Cilia and Flagella– Centrioles– Vacuoles– Plastids
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Plant Cell
Electron micrograph of a typical plant cell
Note: mitochondria in red, nucleus in green, plastids in yellow
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Animal Cell
Electron micrograph of a typical animal cell
Note: mitochondria in red, nucleus in peach, endoplasmic reticulum in blue
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Animal vs. Plant Cell
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Nucleus Directs all
activities of the cell
Electron micrograph of a nucleus
Note: nucleolus in center of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes just outside of nucleus
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Components of the Nucleus
Chromatin: stringy material made of proteins and DNA that takes up the majority of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope: double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus. Contains nuclear pores to allow material to pass in and out.
Chromosomes: condensed chromatin; just before the cell begins to divide the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Nucleolus: a dense area within the nucleus; the location for production of ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is a twisting
network of canals and sacs extending through the cytoplasm and connecting the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane
The ER may have ribosomes attached to it (rough ER)
The ER serves to transport products (e.g. proteins) within the cell
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Rough vs. Smooth ER
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rER sER
Contain many ribosomes Contains many enzymes
Protein synthesis Multiple functions (in liver cells, breaks down toxins) Also produces phospholipids (used in construction of membranes)
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Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus are sacs of membranous plate-like bags which produce vesicles (sacs)
They function to produce and store cellular secretions
Many proteins and lipids undergo final processing in the Golgi apparatus
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Mitochondria Mitochondria are the site of
aerobic cellular respiration Cellular respiration is the
process that converts sugar energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for storage (overall reaction: sugar + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP energy)
ATP is used by other organelles & cell processes for energy
Cells that respire rapidly (like muscle cells) have numerous mitochondria
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Mitochondrial structures Cristae: site of
chemical reactions using embedded proteins (greatly increase the surface area)
Matrix: mitochondrion cytosol
Mitochondrial DNA: self replicating organelle, produces its own unique proteins
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Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs that are used for digestion of various structures within the cell
An acidic environment along with hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes help to digest particles
Usually not in plant cells
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(a) Identify the structures labelled I and II. (2)
(b) State one function of the structure labelled II. (1)
(c) Deduce, with a reason, whether this cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic. (1)
(Total 4 marks)
Exam Question
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Mitochondrion
Eukaryotic: internal membranes / membrane bound organelles / presence of mitochondria / double nuclear membrane;
I: membrane / (nuclear) envelopeII: mitochondrion / mitochondria
Function of mitochondrion (II):aerobic respiration;correct specific reaction / pathway occurring in mitochondria / ATP production; Do not accept “energy production” alone.
Exam Question Example #7Markscheme
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Ribosomes Ribosomes are
microscopic spheres attached to the ER or free-floating in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes are protein factories
Ribosomes are made of several components:
Two protein subunits & rRNA Small subunit
Larger subunit
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Ribosomes Bound ribosomes: attached to
the ER generally proteins
synthesized by bound ribosomes are secreted by the cell
Free ribosomes: suspended in cytosol generally proteins
synthesized by free ribosomes remain in the cell
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Cell Membrane
Functions of cell membrane: protects cell from outside environment; keeps cell contents together; and selectively allows materials to cross into & out of cell.
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Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane
Phospholipid: composed of a phosphate “head” and fatty acid “tails.” Hydrophilic Head is “water loving” or soluble in water. Hydrophobic Tails are “water hating” or insoluble in water.
Proteins: “float” around within the membrane or on its surface; functions include: structural support, surface binding sites for molecules like hormones, recognition sites for cell to cell communication & interaction, transport molecules across the membrane, transport electrons & protons within the membrane
Glycocalyx: carbohydrate chains attached to proteins (glycoproteins), involved in recognition & communication proteins, points for cell to cell attachment
Cholesterol: keeps the phospholipids stable and helps retain the membrane‘s shape
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Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are found only in green plants
They convert sunlight to chemical energy via photosynthesis: sunlight + CO2 + H2O -> sugar + O2)
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Chloroplast structures
Stroma: chloroplast cytosol Lamella: membrane that attaches inner
chloroplast structures Thylakoid disk: have a specialized membrane
for photosynthesis Grana: stack of thylakoid discs Chloroplast DNA: self-replicating organelle
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Vacuoles
Vacuoles contain water and salts
It exerts pressure from within, making the cell turgid and firm
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Extracellular Components Outside of the
cell is called Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Animal cells secrete glycoproteins to form the ECM
Helps in support, adhesion and movement 28
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Identify the following parts Identify part I & II What type of cell
is shown? How do you know?
I is Chloroplast II is nucleus Plant cell since
they contain chloroplasts
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I
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Identify part I, II & III
Is this cell eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
I is Golgi apparatus
II is Nuclear pore III is Nucleolus Eukaryotic
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I
II
III
Identify the following parts
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Identify I & II What is the function
of II?
I is Rough ER II is Ribosomes Protein synthesis
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Identify the following partsI II
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