sc standard b-4 students will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity
TRANSCRIPT
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SC STANDARD B-4
STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF
HEREDITY
RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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EQ: HOW WOULD YOU COMPARE TRANSCRIPTION &TRANSLATION?
Notebook: page 98
Topic: Protein Synthesis
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GENES:are coded DNA
instructions that control the production of proteins within a cell.
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)single stranded
nucleic acid5-carbon sugar is
ribose1 phosphate group 1 of 4 nitrogenous
bases:1. adenine 2.
guanine3. cytosine 4.
uracil
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Types of RNA1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)carries copies
of instructions for assembling proteins from the gene (in nucleus) ribosomes
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mRNAsingle strand of
nucleotidesread in groups of 3
called codonslook at the 2
codons on this slide: What sequence of nucleotides on DNA did this segment of mRNA come from?
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Ribosomal RNA : rRNAwith proteins
make up ribosomes
ribosomes made of 2 subunits: 30S and 50S
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Transfer RNA: tRNAtransfers each of the amino acids to the ribosome as is specified by the code in mRNA
one end has the anticodon
other end the a.a.
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anticodon: group of 3 bases that are complimentary to the codon on mRNA
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TRANSCRIPTIONINVOLVES TRANSCRIBING (copying) THE CODE IN DNA MAKING mRNA
INVOLVES TRANSLATING the CODE into AMINO ACIDS POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS PROTEINS
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSLATION
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TRANSCRIPTIONmRNA molecules are made by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary (C’) sequence in mRNA
Steps:1. RNA Polymerase opens DNA
2.RNA Polymerase uses 1 of the DNA strands as templateuses C’ base pair
rules
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RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at certain points called “promoters”
Transcription
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after unwinding a short portion of the double helix, RNA Polymerase moves along 1 of the DNA strands making a strand of RNA using base-pair rules except there is no T in RNA: A is paired with U (Uracil)
Transcription
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Transcription
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RNA Polymerase moves along the DNA until it hits a signal to stop.
this strand of RNA is called pre-mRNA
Transcription
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portions of DNA called introns do not code for proteins
DNA portions that code for proteins called exons.
introns get cut out of pre-mRNA and the exons get spliced together
http://www.dnalc.org/view/16938-3D-Animation-of-RNA-Splicing.html
RNA Editing
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http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription.html
Transcription Animations
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The Genetic Codeis the “language”
of the mRNA instructions
written in a language that only has 4 “letters”:G, C, A, & Umust code for 20 amino acids
is read 3 letters at a time
every 3 consecutive letters codes for 1 of the 20 a.a., a start signal, or a stop
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The Genetic Code
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The Genetic Codecodon: is a “word” in the code
consists of 3 consecutive nucleotides that specify an a.a., a stop, or a start
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The Genetic CodePage of Notebook:
page 105 “Crack the Code”Quick Lab from
page 303 of textbook
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TRANSLATIONcell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins
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Step 1
mRNA attaches to ribosome
1st codon codes for methionine
tRNA with anticodon complimentary to codon in mRNA attaches to ribosome, delivering correct a.a.
Translation
Step 2
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Step 3
peptide bond forms between a.a brought to ribosome by 1st & 2nd tRNA
ribosome only holds 2 tRNA so 1st one leaves ribosome as 3rd one “docks”
Process repeated until “stop” codon
Translation
Step 4
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Step 5
polypeptide chain falls off ribosome
Ribosome free to start another peptide chain
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1302 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ikq9AcBcohA
http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/TranslationBasic_withFX0.html
TranslationAnimations
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TRANSCRIPTIONDNA mRNAnucleus
mRNA cytoplasm or RER
mRNA + ribosome + tRNA protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSLATION
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Interactive Activity
http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/translation/translation.htm
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Review
http://www.yourgenome.org/video/from-dna-to-protein-flash
http://sepuplhs.org/high/sgi/teachers/genetics_act16_sim.html
http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120077/micro06.swf::Protein+Synthesis
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Handout: Genetic Code for KeratinPage of Notebook: 99Answer questions 1-4
Quick Lab