SC.912.L.16.7

In Eukaryotes: gene transfer only from parent to offspring during sexual reproduction (pre technology)

In Prokaryotes: genetic transfer common between individuals, even non-related

Remember, prokaryotes have no nucleus. Bacteria: somatic genome, circle of

double-stranded DNA Optional: smaller circles of DNA: plasmids. Genes on plasmids allow survival under

unusual conditions. Bacterium duplicates plasmid, gives a 

copy to another cell via a thin tube called a pilus.

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Nonreproductive Methods : bacteria can acquire new genetic material.

Characteristic Transformation Conjugation Transduction

Method of DNA Transfer

Across cell wall and cell membrane of recepient

Through a conjugation bridge between two cells

By a virus

Plasmid transfer

Yes Yes Not likely

Chromosome transfer

No Sometimes No

Antibiotic resistance acquired

Yes Yes Sometimes

This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein

Transformation is the process by which genetic material is absorbed from the outside environment

A type of Bacteria Sex

Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

A hollow bridge forms, the pilus, between two bacterial cells, and genes move from one cell to the other

Transduction is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

Can replicate only by invading host cell and using its enzyme and organelles.

Bacteriophage – viruses that infect bacteria Used to study viruses

1. Lytic Cycle Viral genome is released into the host cell Replication follows immediately Cellular components used to make new

viruses Viral enzyme kills cell.

Nucleic acid of virus becomes part of the host cell’s chromosome

Nucleic acid remains in the cell in this form for many generations

HIV follows this patternHIV infects WBC and remains as

provirusesAs immune system fails, opportunistic

infections occur = AIDS

Electro- and chemical poration: make holes in cell membrane by chemicals or electric currents

Microinjection: injecting new gene (glass needle) into the recipient cell

Bioballistics: metals slivers coated with DNA, ëshotí into cell

Recombinant DNA (uses biological vectors like plasmids or viruses)

Use of bacterium plasmids (or viruses):

If bacterium takes up the plasmid with inserted material, it will make the protein for which the gene codes.

Example: insulin production