school education india evaldesign
TRANSCRIPT
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School Education in India:A Handbook
Akanksha Bapna, Ph.D.
Namrata Sharma
January 2015
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About the Handbook0'.1&''23 45$ 6&4$ .7 *,,.%&4*., 5&) 1$$, 8,96$-$($,4$( .%$6 45$ '&)4 :; 2$&6)3 '$&(*,+
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1.
History of Education in India
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1.1. The Kothari Commission (1964-66)
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2.
Government Institutions
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2.2. CABE
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2.5. DIETs
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2.8. NUEPA
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2.11.NCPCR
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Figure 3. Overall distribution of rural and urban schools in India according to the U-
DISE data
3.1. Types of Elementary Schools
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4.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
4.1. Overview
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4.3. Activities
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Figure 6. Trends in SSA expenditure and allocations over time (in Billion INR)
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5.1.
Activities
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Figure 7.
Bar graph showing the difference between the sanctioned and
constructed schools, computer and science labs, toilet blocks and classrooms allocated
under RMSA.
5.2. Funding
Figure 8. Trends in RMSA budget allocations over time (in Billion INR).
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6.
The Right of Children to Free and
Compulsory Education Act (2009)
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6.1. Reservation in Private Schools
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A list of criteria with which schools need to comply with in order to beTable 3.
recognized under the RTE.
Teacher Characteristics
Minimum teacher qualifications and salaries
School Organization
The minimum number of working days in an academic year and instructional hours in
a week
1. Two hundred working days for first grade to fifth grade
2.
Two hundred and twenty working days for sixth grade to eighth grade
3. Eight hundred instructional hours for first grade to fifth grade
4.
One thousand instructional hours for sixth grade to eighth grade
5. Forty five teaching including preparation hours
The pupil teacher ratio
1.
Up to sixty students 2 teachers
2. Between sixty-one to ninety 3 teachers
3.
Between ninety-one to one hundred and twenty 4 teachers4. Between one hundred and twenty-one to two hundred 5 teachers
5. Above one hundred and fifty children 5 teachers plus one Head Teacher
6.
Above two hundred children - PTR (excluding Head Teacher) shall not
exceed forty
School Characteristics
School Infrastructure
1.
At least one class-room for every teacher and an office cum-store-cum-
Head teachers room
2.
Arrangements for securing the school building by boundary wall or fencing
3.
Separate toilets for boys and girls4. Safe and adequate drinking water facility to all children
5. Playground and the provision of games and sport material to students
6. Barrier free access
7.
Kitchen where mid-day meal is cooked in the school
8. Library
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Summary of research studies for and against the validity of school inputTable 4.
norms.
Input Studies For Studies Against
Minimum teacher qualifications and
salaries
Chetty et al., 2011
(32)
Banerjeet et al., 2007
(33)
Minimum number of working days in
an academic year and instructional
hours in a week
Abadzi , 2009 (34)
World Bank, 1997
(35)
Pupil Teacher Ratio Dreze, 2001 (36) Hanushek, 2003 (37)
School infrastructure Glewwe et al., 2013
(38)
Abogan, 2013 (39)
Muralidharan, 2012 (40)
Kitchen where mid-day meal is
cooked in the school
Afridi, 2012 (41) Vermeersch (2005) (42)
Presence of a Library in school Kremer, 2009 (43)
Borkum, 2012 (44)
6.3.
School Management Committee
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.84'*,$( *, 45$ 4&1'$ 1$'." Z(1 #
Assessment mechanism under CCE.Table 5.
Type of Assessment Weightage Month
Term 1
Formative Assessment 1 10% April-May
Formative Assessment 2 10% July-August
Summative Assessment 1 30% September
Term 2
Formative Assessment 3 10% October-November
Formative Assessment 4 10% January-February
Summative Assessment 2 30% March
Total FA = 40%, SA = 60%
DDA )*+,*7*$) & 9&6&(*+/ )5*74 *, 45$ 45*,=*,+ .7 45$ 6.'$ .7 &))$))/$,4) *, 45$
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F;
7.
Assessments and Outcomes
B "*($ %&6*$42 .7 &))$))/$,4 &-4*%*4*$) &6$ 8,($64&=$, *, 45$ $(8-&4*., )2)4$/ *, 5$ /&J.6 &))$))/$,4) )2)4$/) &6$ )8//&6*a$( *, 45*) )$-4*., Z(+. ),^#
7.1. National Achievement Surveys
XDAC> *) 45$ .77*-*&' &845.6*42 7.6 /.,*4.6*,+ @8&'*42 */96.%$/$,4) *, $(8-&4*.,# >5*) *)
$M$-84$( 12 -.''$-4*,+ (&4& %*& 45$ X&4*.,&' '$&6,*,+ B-5*$%$/$,4 K86%$2) ZXBK^# >5$
XBK *) & -./9$4$,-2I1&)$( )$4 .7 4$)4) 45&4 &6$ &(/*,*)4$6$( 4. & '&6+$ )&/9'$ )*a$ &,(
-.%$6 +6&($) :3 _3 &,( ]3 *, 861&, &,( 686&' &6$&) &-6.)) 5$ F;GFIG: 6$)8'4)
7.6 XBK F;GFIG: )5."$( 45&4 ]`h .7 45$ 06&($ : )48($,4) -.8'( 6$-.+,*a$ ".6() &,(
_[h -.8'( (. (*%*)*., Z)%^#
Figure 9. Math scores for Grade 3 students segregated by competencies (NAS 2012-
13).
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 5$ B,,8&' K4&48) .7 A(8-&4*., C$9.64 ZBKAC^ 4$)4) 1&)*- -./9$4$,-*$) &-6.)) -5*'(6$, .7
`IG\ 2$&6) .7 &+$3 &,( 5&) 1$$, *,7'8$,4*&' *, 9.'*-2 7.6/8'&4*.,# BKAC *) 7&-*'*4&4$( 12
R6&45&/3 & ,.,I+.%$6,/$,4&' .6+&,*a&4*., &,( 5&) 1$$, -&66*$( .84 $%$62 2$&6 )*,-$
F;;_3 /$&)86*,+ 6$&(*,+ &,( &6*45/$4*- '$%$') .7 -5*'(6$, *, 45$ `IG\ 2$&6 &+$ +6.89 *,
686&' &6$&)#
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./FF
B--.6(*,+ 4. BKAC F;G:3 .,'2 F`h .7 +6&($ _ )48($,4) -.8'( (. & )*/9'$ (*%*)*., &,( FGh
-.8'( 6$&( & )*/9'$ 9&6&+6&95# >5*) ,8/1$6 (6.99$( 4. fh 7.6 (*%*)*., &,( G[h 7.6
6$&(*,+ & )*/9'$ 9&6&+6&95 7.6 +6&($ : )48($,4)#
7.3.
Programme for International Student Assessment
>5$ R6.+6&//$ 7.6
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 5$
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F\
8.
Teacher Training and Qualifications
A(8-&4*., *) & 9&64 .7 45$ -.,-866$,4 '*)4 8,($6 45$ D.,)4*484*., .7 A3 45$ /&*, .1J$-4*%$ .7 "5*-5 *) 4.
&-5*$%$ 9'&,,$( &,( -..6(*,&4$( ($%$'.9/$,4 .7 45$ 4$&-5$6 $(8-&4*., )2)4$/
456.8+5.84 45$ -.8,462 &,( 45$ 6$+8'&4*., &,( /&*,4$,&,-$ .7 ,.6/) &,( )4&,(&6() 7.6
96$I)$6%*-$ 46&*,*,+# >5$ XD>A &'). +6&,4) 6$-.+,*4*., 4. *,)4*484*.,) Z+.%$6,/$,43
Government ofIndia
MHRD
NCTE
RegionalCommittees
(Teacher EducationInstitutes)
NCERT
Regional Institutesof Education
Centrally SponsoredSchemes
29 SCERTs
UGC
NUEPA
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *,
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F`
-.,46&-48&' 1&)*) 4. 7*'' 45$ 4$&-5$6 ($7*-*4 7&-$) 12 /.)4 )4&4$)# >5$ /&J.6*42 .7 9&6&I
4$&-5$6) *, F;G;3 "$6$ 6$-68*4$( 12 45$ )4&4$) .7 B,(56& R6&($)53 L*5&63 D55&44*)+&653
P5&6=5&,(3 SR3 C&J&)45&, &,( V44&6 R6&($)53 "5*-5 4.+$45$6 5*6$( `]h .7 &'' 9&6&I
4$&-5$6) &-6.)) 45$ -.8,462 Z0%^Z0&^# B4 96$)$,43 +.%$6,/$,4 4$&-5$6 )&'&6*$) &6$ 9&*( &)
9$6 45$ ,.6/) .7 45$ `45
9&2 -.//*))*.,# >5$ )&'&6*$) .7 96*%&4$ )-5..' 4$&-5$6) (. ,.4
/$$4 45$)$ ,.6/) &,( 45$6$ *) &, .,I+.*,+ ($1&4$ &) 4. "5$45$6 45$ +.%$6,/$,4 -&,
(*-4&4$ 96*%&4$ )$-4.6 )&'&6*$)#
Figure 14. Graphic representation of full time vs. contract teachers
8.3. Teacher Qualifications
$&-5$6 A'*+*1*'*42 >$)4 Z>A>^
.6 45$ D$,46&' >$&-5$6 A'*+*1*'*42 >$)4 ZD>A>^3 "5*-5 *) -.,(8-4$( 12 45$ &996.96*&4$
+.%$6,/$,4 *, &--.6(&,-$ "*45 45$ +8*($'*,$) 76&/$( 12 45$ XD>A Z0-^# >5$ /.)4 6$-$,4
D>A> C$)8'4) "$6$ ($-'&6$( *, H-4.1$6 F;G\# >5$ ,8/1$6 .7 4$&-5$6) "5. 9&))$( 45$
D>A> *, 45$ $M&/ /$&,4 7.6 4$&-5$6) .94*,+ 4. 4$&-5 06&($ GI_ "&) [h *, C&J&)45&,3
`#]h *, V44&6 R6&($)53 \#_` h *, L*5&6 &,( :#\`h *, >&/*' X&(8 Z0(^# >5$ 9$6-$,4&+$ .74$&-5$6) "*45 +6&(8&4$ &-&($/*- @8&'*7*-&4*.,) &,( &1.%$ &--.8,4 7.6 `]#[:h .7 45$
4$&-5*,+ 4&)=7.6-$ Z%%^#
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *,
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./F]
Figure 15. Top spending ministries in the education sector
B''.-&4*.,) 12 45$ STCU 4."&6() $(8-&4*., &6$ 78645$6 (*%*($( *,4. )$-4.6)3 "*45 45$
/&M*/8/ &''.-&4*., 4."&6() $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*.,3 7.''."$( 12 8,*%$6)*42 $(8-&4*.,
&,( 45$, )$-.,(&62 $(8-&4*.,# >5$ ($4&*') .7 45$ 18(+$4$( $M9$,(*486$ ., $(8-&4*., 12
45$ STCU *, F;GFIG: &6$ +*%$, *, 45$ ,$M4 4&1'$#
Budgeted expenditure on education, by the education department ofTable 8.
central government (MHRD) (2012-13 Budget Estimates, Revenue Account)
Sector Total Billion INR
Elementary Education 382.98
Secondary Education 97.73
Adult Education 7.09
Language Development 2.90
University/DL/Scholarship 156.28
Technical Education 91.52General Education 1.89
Total 740.40
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *,
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Total Plan and Non-plan budgeted expenditure on elementary educationTable 10.
by education departments (2012-13 Budget Estimates, Revenue Account)
Centre Billion
INR
State/UT Billion
INR
Total Billion
INR
Expenditure by
Education Department
382.98 1248.06 1631.04
Percentage share 23.48% 76.52% 100%
Expenditure by All
Departments
410.22 1282.28 1692.50
Percentage share 24.23% 75.76% 100%
U$4&*') .7 .45$6 5$&() .7 $M9$,(*486$ 8,($6 $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*., &6$ '*)4$( *, 45$ 4&1'$
1$'."#
Budgeted expenditure for 2012-13 on elementary education by educationTable 11.
department of central government (Revenue Account)
Elementary Education Total
Billion INR
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 255.55
Mid Day Meal 119.37
Teachers Training (Strengthening of Teachers Training
Institutions) 5.00Scheme for providing Quality Education in Madrassas 1.75
Mahila Samakhya (EAP) 0.60
Infrastructure Development In Minority Institutions (IDMI) 0.50
National Bal Bhawan Society 0.21
National Investment Fund 0
TOTAL (Elementary Education) 382.98
e*45*, 45$ $'$/$,4&62 $(8-&4*., )$-4.63 &''.-&4*.,) &6$ /&($ 12 45$ STCU 7.6 &
,8/1$6 .7 )-5$/$)3 45$ '&6+$)4 .7 "5*-5 &6$ 45$ K&6%& K5*=)5& B15*2&&, &,( 45$ S*(
U&2 S$&' K-5$/$# B) & 9&64 .7 45$ .%$6&'' 18(+$4$( $M9$,(*486$ ., $(8-&4*., 12 45$STCU 45$6$7.6$3 KKB 5$'( & :\#_Gh )5&6$ *, F;GFIG:#
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 8,*4 *, 45$ STCU3 .,$ D$,46$ 7.6 A(8-&4*.,&'
>$-5,.'.+2 ZDA>^ 8,($6 45$ &$+*) .7 45$ XDAC>3 &,( A> -$'') *, )*M K4&4$ $-5,.'.+*$) ZK)^ "$6$ )$4 89 *, G[f\# >5$ '&8,-5 .7 45$ 5$ D./984$6 O*4$6&-2 &,( K48(*$) ZDOBKK^ 96.J$-4 "&) '&8,-5$( *, G[]\ &) & J.*,4
*,*4*&4*%$ .7 45$ STCU3 45$ U$9&64/$,4 .7 A'$-46.,*-)3 &,( 45$ XDAC># 5$ $%&'8&4*., .7 1.45 96.J$-4) 6$%$&'$( 45$ ,$$( 7.6 +6$&4$6 *,4$6&-4*., 1$4"$$,
6$).86-$ -$,4$6) &,( 96.J$-4 )-5..')3 45$ ,$$( 4. 6$(8-$ 45$ 4*/$ +&9 1$4"$$, 45$
46&*,*,+ .7 4$&-5$6)3 45$ *,)4&''&4*., .7 )2)4$/)3 &,( 45$ *,*4*&4*., .7 &-4*%*4*$) *, )-5..')&,( 45$ */9&64*,+ .7 &($@8&4$ 5&,()I., $M9$6*$,-$ 4. 4$&-5$6) &,( )48($,4) Z00^#
10.2.Status of ICT
*, )-5..') *) ,." & -./9.,$,4 .7 45$ CSKB#
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10.3.State Government Schemes with regards to Technology
&/*' X&(8 +.%$6,/$,4 )&,-4*.,$( & )8/ .7 [#GF L*''*., 5$ */9'$/$,4&4*., .7 )8-5 )-5$/$) &,( 45$*6 */9&-4 6$/&*,) 8,=,.", Z0+^#10.4.Private Providers
>5$6$ &6$ ,8/$6.8) .6+&,*a&4*., *, 45$ 96*%&4$ )$-4.6 45&4 96.%*($ )$6%*-$) &,( 4..') 7.6
$(8-&4*.,# >5$ 7.''."*,+ 4&1'$ +*%$) & )8//&62 .7 )$'$-4$( .6+&,*a&4*.,) -'&))*7*$( 12
45$ )$6%*-$) 45$2 96.%*($ Z1,'1&^#
List of private providers of ICTTable 12.
DigitalContent
SchoolAdministration
Assessments TeacherSupport
Educomp Fedena Classalyze Pearsons
Tata Class Edge NextERP Edulabs Eduora
Extramarks Tally Grey Matters GuruG
Pearsons Report Bee Pearson Group CourseHub
Merit Nation Educational
Initiatives
Learning
Outcomes
Edurite
Mango Reader
Zaya Labs
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 5$ B1(8' O&4*7 P&/$$' R.%$642 B-4*., O&1 .7 45$ S&))&-58)$44) $-5,.'.+2
5&) 68, & ,8/1$6 .7 $M9$6*/$,4) 8)*,+ 45$ C&,(./*a$( D.,46.''$( >6*&') ZCD>^ &) &/$45.(.'.+2 .7 -5.*-$# CD>) $,&1'$ 45$ &446*184*., .7 -&8)$ 4. 45$ $77$-4) .1)$6%$( &) &
6$)8'4 .7 %&6*.8) *,4$6%$,4*.,) *, A(8-&4*.,#
>5$ 7.''."*,+ )$-4*., (6&") $M-$694) (*6$-4'2 76./ 45$ PIRBO "$1)*4$
Z5449bll"""#9.%$642&-4*.,'&1#.6+l^ 4. ($/.,)46&4$ 45$ "*($ 6&,+$ .7 6$)$&6-5 45&4 5&)
&((6$))$( & ,8/1$6 .7 =$2 @8$)4*.,) *, $(8-&4*.,#
11.1.Education Incentives for Parents and Children in India (73)
>+)17-+.?086+&.,3 T&62&,&3 5$ *,4$6%$,4*., 4$)4$( "5$45$6 45$ *($,4*42 .7 45$ 6$-*9*$,4
.7 $(8-&4*., *,-$,4*%$)m$*45$6 45$ 9&6$,4 .6 -5*'(m-&, *,7'8$,-$ .7 45$ $77$-4*%$,$)) .7
*,-$,4*%$) ., $(8-&4*.,&' .84-./$)# >5$ 6$)8'4) 6$%$&'$( ,. )*+,*7*-&,4 (*77$6$,-$) *,
&74$6I)-5..' -'&)) &44$,(&,-$ .6 '*4$6&-2 &-5*$%$/$,4 1$4"$$, 4.2 .6 /.,$2 6$"&6(
46$&4/$,4)# L84 45$ $77$-4*%$,$)) .7 (*77$6$,4 429$) .7 *,-$,4*%$) (*( %&62 12 *,*4*&'
'$&6,*,+ '$%$')#
11.2.Diagnostic Feedback for Teachers on Student Learning (74)
>+)17-+.b B,(56& R6&($)53 +)17-+.b T&62&,&3 5*) $M9$6*/$,4 &44$/94$( 4. 8,($6)4&,( 45$ */9&-4 .7 DDA
&,(l.6 45$ O$&6,*,+ A,5&,-$/$,4 R6.+6&/ ZOAR^ 1&)$( >$&-5*,+ &4 45$ C*+54 O$%$'Z>&CO^ /$45.(.'.+2 "5$6$ -5*'(6$, &6$ +6.89$( &--.6(*,+ 4. 45$*6 *,*4*&' 6$&(*,+ '$%$')3
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./:\
*66$)9$-4*%$ .7 +6&($ .6 &+$# K48($,4) *, DDA )-5..') ZR6*/&62 &,( V99$6 R6*/&62^ (*( ,.
1$44$6 45&, )48($,4) *, 45$ -./9&6*)., +6.89 ., $*45$6 .6&' .6 "6*44$, 4$)4) 7.6 T*,(* .6
S&45# C$'&4*%$ 4. 45$ -./9&6*)., +6.893 )48($,4) *, OAR )-5..') )-.6$( ;#G_ )4&,(&6(
($%*&4*.,) 5*+5$6 ., 45$ T*,(* 6$&(*,+ 4$)4 &,( ;#G:_ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) 5*+5$6 ., 45$
T*,(* "6*44$, 4$)4# K48($,4) *, DDA .,'2 )-5..') (*( ,.4 9$67.6/ )*+,*7*-&,4'2 (*77$6$,4'2
&) -./9&6$( 4. )48($,4) *, -.,46.' )-5..')#
11.4.Extra Contract Teachers in Schools (75)
>+)17-+.? B,(56& R6&($)53 5*) $M9$6*/$,4 &((6$))$( 456$$ @8$)4*.,)b ZG^ 45$ */9&-4 .7
& -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) ., )48($,4 '$&6,*,+3 ZF^ "5*-5 )48($,4) 1$,$7*4$( 76./ &, &((*4*.,&'
4$&-5$6 &,(? Z:^ 5." (*77$6$,4 "&) 45$ 1$5&%*.6 .7 -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) -./9&6$( "*45 45&4.7 6$+8'&6 4$&-5$6)n
A4(=,7(b K48($,4) *, )-5..') "*45 &, $M46& -.,46&-4 4$&-5$6 9$67.6/$( )*+,*7*-&,4'2 1$44$6
45&, 45.)$ *, -./9&6*)., )-5..') 12 ;#G` &,( ;#G_ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, S&45 &,(
'&,+8&+$ 4$)4 )-.6$) 6$)9$-4*%$'2# D.,46&-4 4$&-5$6) "$6$ )*+,*7*-&,4'2 '$)) '*=$'2 4. 1$
&1)$,4 45&, 6$+8'&6 4$&-5$6) ZG]h %$6)8) Ffh^ &,( /.6$ '*=$'2 4. 1$ $,+&+*,+ *, &-4*%$
4$&-5*,+ Z\]h %$6)8) \Fh^ "5$, 45$2 "$6$ 96$)$,4#
11.5.Improved Methods for Teaching Reading (76)
>+)17-+.b S8/1&*3 S&5&6&)546&3 5$ 96.+6&/d) &*/$( 4. ($%$'.9 6$&(*,+ &,( -./96$5$,)*.,
)=*'') &/.,+ -5*'(6$, &+$( 7.86 4. 7*%$ *, 96$9&6&4*., 7.6 96*/&62 )-5..' /&46*-8'&4*.,#
>56$$ )$9&6&4$ $M9$6*/$,4) "$6$ -.,(8-4$( .%$6 456$$ 2$&6) ($)*+,$( 4. $%&'8&4$ 45$
$77$-4) .7 45$ 96.+6&/ ., 456$$ (*77$6$,4 )48($,4 9.98'&4*.,) *, 456$$ (*77$6$,4 429$) .7
*,)4*484*.,)# R6&45&/d) $&6'2 '*4$6&-2 )=*'') ($%$'.9/$,4 -866*-8'8/ */96.%$( 45$ 6$&(*,+
)=*'') .7 96$I)-5..' &,( G)4
06&($ -5*'(6$,#
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, +)17-+.? L&,+&'.6$3 N&6,&4&=&3 +)17-+.b S&5&6&)546&3 5&,$? [3f\_ )48($,4) *, S&,+&.,3 C&*+&(
@471-,( +< /.74534.7-+.? >5*) )48(2 $%&'8&4$) 45$ $77$-4*%$,$)) .7 & 8,*@8$ A,+'*)5
'&,+8&+$ 46&*,*,+ -&''$( R*->&'= &,( & )$4 .7 )9$-*&''2 4&*'.6$( 7'&)5-&6() &,( 4$&-5*,+
/&,8&') ($)*+,$( 4. 96./.4$ .6&' -.//8,*-&4*., "*45 45$ 5$'9 .7 & 4$&-5$6# L.45
/$45.() &*/ 4. 4$&-5 $@8*%&'$,4 -866*-8'& 4. *4) )48($,4)3 2$4 456.8+5 45$ 8)$ .7
(*77$6$,4*&' 4$&-5*,+ /$45.()#H, &%$6&+$3 45$ /&-5*,$) &,( 45$ )48($,4 &-4*%*4*$) &6$
)*/*'&6'2 $77$-4*%$ &4 */96.%*,+ )48($,4)d A,+'*)5 )-.6$)# >5$ $M4$6,&''2 */9'$/$,4$(
96.+6&/ *,-6$&)$) )48($,4)d )-.6$) 12 ;#F` )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) "5*'$ )48($,4) )81J$-4 4.
45$ 4$&-5$6 */9'$/$,4$( *,4$6%$,4*.,) */96.%$ 45$*6 4$)4 )-.6$) 12 ;#:` )4&,(&6(
($%*&4*.,)# >5$ '."$6 9$67.6/*,+ )48($,4) 1$,$7*4 /.6$ 76./ *,4$6%$,4*.,) 45&4 *,-'8($
4$&-5$6 */9'$/$,4$( &-4*%*4*$)3 "5*'$ 5*+5$6 9$67.6/*,+ )48($,4) +&*, /.)4 76./ 45$
6$'&4*%$'2 )$'7I9&-$( /&-5*,$I.,'2 *,4$6%$,4*.,# >5$)$ 6$)8'4) )8++$)4 45&4 )*+,*7*-&,4
+&*,) -.8'( 1$ &-5*$%$( 12 4&6+$4*,+ (*77$6$,4 &996.&-5$) 4. *,(*%*(8&' 429$) .7 -5*'(6$,#
11.8.Informational Campaigns to Raise Awareness and Local
Participation in Primary Education (79)
>+)17-+.? P&8,9863 V44&6 R6&($)53 5$6$ "&) &, *,-6$&)$ .7 f#] 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4) *, YAD /$/1$6)
"5. =,$" 45$2 -.8'( &--$)) 981'*- 78,()3 &,( & G: 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4 *,-6$&)$ .7
/$/1$6) "5. 5&( 1$$, 96.9$6'2 46&*,$(# R&6$,4) "$6$ &'). F#[ 9$6-$,4&+$ 9.*,4) /.6$
'*=$'2 4. =,." 45&4 & YAD $M*)4$( *, 45$*6 -.//8,*42# T."$%$63 45$6$ "&) '*44'$ (*77$6$,-$
1$4"$$, 45$ )48($,4 9$67.6/&,-$ *, 46$&4/$,4 &,( -./9&6*)., %*''&+$)# e5$6$ YAD)
"$6$ $/9."$6$( 4. 4&=$ (*6$-4 &-4*., )8-5 &) 45$ 5*6*,+ .7 4$&-5$6)3 )48($,4 .84-./$)
*/96.%$(#
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"""#$%&'($)*+,#-./:`
11.9.Balsakhi Remedial Tutoring (33)
>+)17-+.? Y&(.(6& &,( S8/1&*3 5$ 484.6) "$6$ 9&*( & 76&-4*., .7
45$ -.)4 .7 -*%*'I)$6%*-$ 4$&-5$6) ZVKU G;IG_ 9$6 /.,45^# >5$ 96.+6&/ 5&( )81)4&,4*&'
9.)*4*%$ */9&-4) ., -5*'(6$,d) &-&($/*- &-5*$%$/$,4# >5$ 96.+6&/ )*+,*7*-&,4'2
*/96.%$( .%$6&'' 4$)4 )-.6$)? 12 ;#G\ )4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, 45$ 7*6)4 2$&6 &,( ;#F]
)4&,(&6( ($%*&4*.,) *, 45$ )$-.,( 2$&63 "*45 45$ '&6+$)4 +&*,) *, S&45# >5$ "$&=$)4
)48($,4)3 "5. "$6$ 45$ 96*/&62 4&6+$4 .7 45$ 96.+6&/3 +&*,$( 45$ /.)4#
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K-5..' A(8-&4*., *, 58) 45$
/$45.( &,( -.,4$M4 .7 */9'$/$,4&4*., .7 45$ DBO 96.+6&/ /&2 9'&2 & )*+,*7*-&,4 6.'$ *,
($4$6/*,*,+ *4) */9&-4#
11.12. Computer-Assisted Learning (33)
>+)17-+.b Y&(.(&6&3 08J&6&43 &=*,+ &(%&,4&+$ .7 & +.%$6,/$,4 96.+6&/ 45&4 9'&-$( 7.86
-./984$6) $&-5 *, ];h .7 96*/&62 )-5..') *, Y&(.(&6 >5*) )48(2 &)=$( *7 DBO */96.%$)
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11.15. Impact of Female Leadership on Aspirations and
Educational Attainment for Teenage Girls in India (85)
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11.16. Encouraging Teacher Attendance through Monitoring
with Cameras (86)
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12.
Cost Effectiveness of Interventions
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13.
References and Links
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