SCIsome kind of popular science

au

gu

st

20

13

Scientist of the month:Edwin hubble

zihni sinir:an extraordinaryinventor

about cats and toxoplasma

biodiesel productionfrom microalgae

SCI au

gu

st

20

13

some kind of popular science

Scientist of the month:Edwin hubble

zihni sinir:an extraordinaryinventor

about cats and toxoplasma

biodiesel productionfrom microalgae

SCIsome kind of popular science

augu

st 2

013

Scientist of the month:Edwin hubble

zihni sinir:an extraordinaryinventor

about cats and toxoplasma

biodiesel productionfrom microalgae

Author: Elif KoyuncukPublished by: Mladinski center Dravinjske dolineContact: elif.koyuncuk@hotmail.comŽička Cesta 4a 3210 Slovenske KonjiceSlovenijaEdition: 1/ August 2013Copies: 50

Photo: The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble and Chandrahttp://apod.nasa.gov

Scientist of the month:

Edwin Hubble

3 5

Astronomy

Creative mind: Zihni Sinir

8

Biosensors

12

Alternative energy:

Biodiesel

14

Did you know?

18

Health: Toxoplasma

gondii

19

Science pages

23

Learning Turkish

25

Science for children

26

How many?

27

Editor’s page

2

Index:

editor’s page

Hi!

I am Elif Koyuncuk, from Turkey, writer and designer of this

amateur popular science magazine. I am interested in every kind of

science, specially biology, biotechnology and astronomy. I work as

an EVS volunteer in Slovenia, Slovenske Konjice, in Mladinski

Center Dravinske Doline and this magazine is my project. In my

opinion, if you share your knowledge with people, it becomes

significant and during process you learn more. That’s why I decided

do create a magazine. If everyting will be allright, my magazine will

be with you every month until end of this year.

What kind of articles we have this month in SCI for your curious

minds? You will meet very important astronomer, Edwin Hubble. You

will be very surprised with crazy and creative projects of Zihni Sinir.

There are two interesting articles for biotechnology lovers. With

some basic questions and answers, you will refresh your astronomy

knowledge. There is more inside, just start to turn pages and enjoy!

Contact information for your questions and suggestions:

Mladinski Center Dravinjske Doline

Žička cesta 4a

3210 Slovenske Konjice

Slovenija

elif.koyuncuk@hotmail.com

2

SCIENTIST

Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

As you know, there is a big space

telescope which turns around the world all the time, has speed 7,5

kilometers per hour and captures a

lot of images of the universe every

day: Hubble Space Telescope. Have

you ever thought about where does

its name come from? From Edwin

Hubble; very important scientist who thlived in the beginning of 20 century

and had a lot of discoveries about

universe.

Edwin Hubble was born in

Marshfield, Missouri, USA, in 1889.

In his childhood he started to be interested in science. He was

reading some books about science fiction and about other worlds,

such as Jules Verne and Henry Rider Haggard. In university he also

got interested in sports such as basketball, boxing, athletics. He had

an undergraduate degree in mathematics and astronomy.

After, he studied law in Oxford University and he worked as a

lawyer for a short time. But he understood that law didn’t satisfy him,

that’s why, he decided to turn back to interest in astronomy and

started to work in Yerkes Observatory and received a doctorate in

astronomy from the University of Chicago. In the rest of his life he

worked in Mount Wilson Observatory in California.

Until Hubble discovered some stars in other galaxies, scientists

were thinking that universe consists just of our galaxy, Milky Way. In

1923, he first time observed some stars which belong to Andromeda

Galaxy. By this way, he proved that there are another galaxies in the

universe beside ours. It was a really important discovery. Therefore

other astronomes started to explore new galaxies.

3

Edwin Hubble, astronomer

Hubb l e a l so dev i s ed a

classification system for the various

galaxies which he observed, sorted

them by content, distance, shape

and brightness. When he was

observing stars, he noticed red

shifting of light, during their travel

from source to our eyes and he

understood why it happens: stars

were moving away from each other.

Then he formulated Hubble’s law in

1929. It was very helpful for

astronomers to determine age of the universe. He also proved that

universe was expanding. This diccovery helped him to estimate

about beginning of the universe and he improved big bang theory

by his way.

Hubble space telescope started to work in 1990. It still works and

takes pictures of our universe. Scientists gived it the name of

Edwin Hubble as memorial honour.

Sources:

http://www.edwinhubble.com

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble

http://www.spacetelescope.org

http://hubblesite.org

http://www.windows2universe.org/people/modern_era/hubble.html

http://hubblesite.org

SCIENTIST

Hubble Space Telescope on orbit

4

astronomy

In astronomy concept, we have some basic questions and

answers for your curious minds.

1.How old is our universe?

There are some methods to calculate age of the universe

and with each method, you find quite different ages. Actually,

age of universe means, age of the oldest particle of universe. If

you calculate years as age of the oldest stars of universe, you

find approximately 14.4 billion years. Calculating as age of

elements in universe will give you the number 14.5 billion years.

According to cosmic microwave background, which scientists

observed, age of universe is more than 13.83 billion. It can also

be estimated from cosmological model based on Hubble

constant and the densities of matter and energy. This model

based age is currently 13.75 billion years. Probably last one is

most accurate one. As you see, there are some estimations, and

there are also more. But in the end we can say that our universe is

more or less 14 billion years old, it is quite old and it has a lot

of experiences which it can teach us.

2. How many degrees is the sun?

Every moment , nuclear fission

reactions happen in the core of

the sun, because hidrogen

atoms compress and get

together. These reactions

produce a big amount of energy.

Therefore, sun has a huge

pressure and temperature in it.

In the core, temperature reaches o

15 million C. If you think it is too

hot inside, you can stay on the o

surface, which is cooler than core: 5500 C. But be careful, corona

of the sun is much warmer then the surface. Temperature of o

corona changes between 1 and 3 million C, but it can reach 10 o

million C in some parts of it. 5

Every moment fission reactions occur in the sun.

3. What is an astronomical unit (AU)?

Astronomical unit defines distance between

center of the sun and center of the earth. It is

149,597,871 kilometers. We can say,

approxymately 150 million kilometers. As

you know, orbit of the Earth is not a perfect

circle, it is elyptical. There are major axis

and minor axis. AU defines length of semi-

major axis. This unit is used to measure long

distances in our solar system and universe.

Actually, for longer distances, astronomers use

light year. It is the length which light travels in one

year. Light goes approximately 300,000 km per second, if we want 12

to calculate length, light year is 9.4608 x 10 kilometers! There is

also one more unit which astronomers usually use, which is longer

than lightyear: parsec. It is also for measuring distances between 16

stars and galaxies. It is 3.08567758 × 10 meters .

4. Which is the closest star to earth , except sun?

Proxima Centauri is the

nearest star to the earth,which is

a red dwarf star.

I t i s 39 ,900,000,000,000

kilometers away from earth. This

distance refers to around

271,000 astronomical units. It is

a member of Alpha Centauri star

system. In this system there are also two bright stars, which names

are Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B. Alpha Centauri A is just

a little more massive and brighter than the Sun and Alpha Centauri

B is slightly less massive than the sun.

astronomy

1 million of

planet

systems ARE

created in

our universe

in every

hour !

6

astronomy

5. Approximately how many galaxies exist in the universe?

Actually, we don't know the exact number yet. Numbers you can

find in science magazines and on internet are just approximate

calculations. Anyway, astronomers made estimations to find how

many they are, and at least they can say an average number, but

with new discoveries it can change. Because we didn't discover

whole universe yet. We can observe just a fraction of universe, other

parts we can just predict. Hubble Space telescope sees further and

further to discover new stars and galaxies. According to

observations and calculations, we can say that there are more or

less 170 billion galaxies in known universe. We are in one of these

billions of galaxies, which we call Milky Way. There are also up to

400 billions of stars in Milky Way and our sun is one of them. I think

you feel yourself too small and insignificant now!

6. How many stars are there in universe?

Let's predict, how many it can be. We said that there are 170

billion of galaxies. Just our galaxy has up to 400 billion stars. Some

of galaxies has almost trillions, some of them has 100 trillion stars.

With this information astronomers calculated the number of stars 24in our universe, just 10 .

It means 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!

Sources:

http://www.universetoday.com

http://www.astro.ucla.edu

http://www.esa.int

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/age.html

http://www.space.com

http://heasarc.nasa.gov

http://www.solstation.com

http://space.about.com

http://gokbilim.com

7

creative mind

Proffesor Zihni Sinir: Funny, smart, very creative.

I want to introduce you very creative, smart and funny designer

and caricaturist, also creater of Zihni Sinir character, from Turkey:

Irfan Sayar.

He was born in 1951, he

graduated from fine arts academy.

In 1975, he started to draw in

Gırgır magazine, which was very

famous those days in Turkey. In

1977, he created the Zihni Sinir

character. He published Mikrop

Magazine with his friends. he was also one of directors of Hıbır

Magazine. He and his friends

established a company named ‘Hayal Mahsulleri Ofisi’ and they

published RR Comic Book Magazine. He could not stop himself to

make new magazines and again he and his friends published HBR

Maymun Magazine, and he was director of this magazine. Of course,

when a person create this much, he

needs to exhibit his works. So, he made

an exhibition which has 100

car i ca tures . He a l so

worked on some

sculptures, he made

s o m e s t a g e

decorations for

theatre games

a n d f o r a

movie. Project: Squeezing one whole lemon

Proffesor Zihni Sinir is

thinking about new ideas

8

Irfan Sayar, creator of Zihni Sinir character

He created a lot of crazy and creative ideas and draw them during

years in magazines which he was editor of. Name of the character

which he created is,

Proffessor Zihni Sinir

(He prefers to use it in

funny way: ‘Porof.’

Zihni Sinir). I can not

translate it directly

from Turkish but I can

say that it means ‘Crazy

mind’. In my opinion,

he is an idea machine!

His f i rs t book

‘ P r o j e c t s ’ w h i c h

includes his creative

i n v e n t i o n s , w a s

published in 2002. It

was publ i shed by

Turkey Science and Technology Association (TUBITAK). It was

really nice to see support of the most important science association

to this enthusiastic designer/caricaturist. For sure this support

gave him courage, he went on

inventing and wrote and draw

books about them. He wrote

not only books about his

inventions, but also produced

and sold them in his small

studio, in Istanbul. People can

see this crazy inventions on

his web page and can order

them online.

creative mind

rubber electricitymetal construction

generator

Project: Producing electricity from cars going on

road

Project: Railroad on the Road

9

creative mind

Project:Fan works by

sweatingToo much sweating due to study in warm weather

Sweat collecting

cones

When sweat level reaches electrodes, system starst to work

Sweat discharge

pipe. When sweating

ends, system stops

working.

Student studies in warm weather

Pro

ject

:

Glo

ve w

ith z

ippe

r on

the

finge

rtip

Project: Alarm clock which not only wakes you up, but also makes tea for you

1. At 6:50, match is burned by alarm clock, and it lights fire.2. Vapor of boiling water turns turbine. 3.Mechanism turns tea spoon and it makes noise with glass. This noise wakes you up.

Project: Toothpaste with toothbrush

Project:Funeral glasses

10

creative mind

Project: Teabag & teacup holder

Project:Soup cooker with

automatical mixing system

How did he decide to create his inventions?

When he was a child, every

summer he and his family were

going from city to village. He

could not bring all of his toys to

the village. Therefore, he

decided to produce his own

toys. Then he noticed that he

enjoys playing with toys, which are created

by himself, more than playing with toys

which his parents bought for him. He

started to create and never stopped.

Source:

http://www.zihnisinir.com

Project:Creative shoe. You can use it in case of any

weather

High boots

BootsShoes

Sandals

Slippers

11

biotechnology

Biosensors: Using biological material for measurement

What is a biosensor? Definition of biosensor of IUPAC* is: ‘A self-contained, integrated

device which is capable of providing spesific quantitive or semi-

quantitive analytical information using a biological recognition

element which is in direct spatial contact with a transducer element.’ If we want to make it simpler with our own words, biosensors recognizes biological signals by biomolecules. It uses biomimetic** methods for working. Working principle is generally like this: Analite molecules interact with bioreceptor. During interaction, some reaction occurs and this reaction creates signals. This signal is recognized by transducer, and they become electronic signals. We can read results as electronic data. If we want to explain it more detailed:

· reaction occurs by

biocatalysis,

· a bioreceptor recognizes

signal,

· transducer turns it into electronic signal,

· this signal amplified by amplifier,

· data processed, and displayed in electronic media.

Biosensors are used to determine bio-composition, structure and

function. Some different biological recognition elements are used

depending on type of biosensor. Some of them are: DNA, enzymes,

proteins, antibodies, organels, cells, animal or plant tissues,

microorganizms, sugar, vitamins... There are also some analytes

which are used for biosensors: enzymes, antibodes, receptors,

binding proteins, nucleic acids...

Reaction

Bio-receptor TransducerAmplifier

Processor Monitor

* IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry**Biomimetic: Designing products by imitating nature.

12

We can classify biosensor types depending on working principle: affinity, catalytic, electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, optical, calorimetric, piezoelectric, amperometric... A good designed biosensor has to have four important properties such as: high sensitivity, specificity, linearity and simplicity. It must be sensitive, as it has detect molecules even if they have low concentration. It must be specific to molecule which we want to detect, otherwise we detect also other molecules and it is not a good result for our measurement. Results must change linear. It means, if analytes increases, result datas must increase proportionally. Biosensors are produced by public use, not only by making experiments in laboratories. That's why, they have to be simple, therefore even an ordinary person can use them. They also have to

be cheap.

Glucose biosensor: As an example, we will discuss about glucose biosensors which

are most common ones. For glucose biosensors mostly glucoseoxidase enzyme is used to catalyse reaction. It uses FAD (flavinadeninedinucleotide) as electron acceptor which is a cofactor and reduces itself to FADH2 after reaction. Then, FADH2 reacts with oxygen and turns again into FAD formation. During this reaction O2 turns into H2O2 hydrogen peroxide . When hydrogen peroxyde catalyzes metal anode, electrode recognizes the number of electron transfers. Main strategy is measuring consumption of oxygen due to response of electrode. Generally and simply you can see main reaction below: Glucose + O2 + H2O → Gluconic acid + H2O2

Sources:

Urkmez, A., S., Biosensor Lectures, 2010 Yoo, E.,H., Lee, S., Y., Glucose Biosensors: An overview of Use in Clinical

Practice, 2010.

( )

http://www.news-medical.net

biotechnology

Glucose biosensor

13

Alternative energy

Biodiesel production prom microalgae :

1. Energy crisis on the World:

Human population is getting bigger, it means we will need more

energy in near future. As you know, for transport we use a lot of oil

and we have limited sources. That’s why scientists try to find

alternative energy sources. They tried to find alternative sources

which they can use instead of petrol, because we know that petrol

will be gone too soon. As an alternative source, they found biodiesel

instead of diesel fuel. For years people produced biodiesel from oil

plants. But there is also another choice: biodiesel production from

microalgae.

2. Why microalgae?

Common production of biodiesel is from oil seeds in the World,

but oil content of microalgae is more than oil seeds and they grow

much faster. In addition, for

growing algae, there is no need

to have a lot of fields and

harvesting is easier. If you want

to produce oil plants like palm,

jatropha or rapeseed, you must

have large fields and cosume a

lot of water. Farming costs are

huge, at the same time it takes a

lot of time to grow plants and

too many trees cutted for

creating new fields. Chlorella vulgaris, microalgae, has oil content

between 28-32%

14

3. What is this microalgae ?

Microalgae are photoauthotrophic single or multi-cell

organisms which has diameter between 2-10 μm. They can be

isolated from sea water or lakes in the nature. They use sunlight

and CO2 to grow. According to environment, they use some

minerals for growing. Their oil content can change between 15-

77% in dry weight, due to species. For producing microalgae, you

have to choose algae which has high growth rate and high oil

content.

4. Biodiesel production from microalgae:

The main conditions which you need to grow microalgae are:

CO2, light and culture media. Culture media includes minerals to

provide optimal conditions. In addition, according to your system,

you have to provide enough mixing.

If you want to produce biodiesel in lab-scale, for trial or

optimisation of

some conditions,

y o u c a n u s e

bubble columns or

s m a l l s c a l e

photobioreactors.

If you want to

produce biodiesel

in large scale, you

have some options

s u c h a s o p e n

p o n d s , c l o s e d

ponds or closed systems. For closed system, you can use panel or

tubular photobioreactors. If you have less area, closed systems

will be more approppriate for you.

alternative energy

15

Process from nature to big scale production

Alternative energy

Although producing in open ponds is mostly cheaper than close

systems, there is more contamination risk and it is harder to control

process conditions.

To produce biodiesel you have to follow some steps. Firstly culture

media must be prepared and

algae is inoculated to system.

Culture media is prepared

specially for each organism.

For example if you isolated

organism from salty water,

you have to add salts which

your algae needs. In addition,

you have to arrange all of

phisical conditions to grow

your microalgae in best way,

such as sunl ight , pH,

temperature. Actually there

are special culture media recipies, which you can find and prepare

for each microalgae. After they get enough concentration, it is time

for harvesting. Harvesting can be done by centrifugation or

flocculation. After harvesting, you need to extract oil from inside of

algae. Mostly, hexane is

used for extraction

process, but there are

another ways to obtain

oi l , such as using

supercritical fluids, or

applying ultrasound

w a v e s . E n z y m a t i c

extraction also can be used, but it is more expensive. After

extraction, you need to make transesterification process to convert

oil to biodiesel, because you have oil in trigliceride form.

16

Transesterification process

Tubular photobioreactor

Transesterification process is mostly made by methanol and in

the end of process, you have oil acid methile esters and glicerol.

Glicerol can be sold to chemical companies, because it is a valuable

chemical which is very useful in chemical industry. Methil esters are

your biodiesel, congratulations! And you can also use rest of the

cells from this process, as animal food, because they are full of

protein and carbohydrate.

Sources:

http://www.pukkaherbs.com/pukkapedia/chlorella/

http://www.igv-biotech.com/photobioreactor-scale-up.html

http://hrc.unlv.edu/renewable/biofuels/pics/image046.jpg

http://www.oilgae.com

alternative energy

17

Did you know?

18

Have you ever thought that which one is the most known song in the World? Actually you know it, you have sung it a lot; it is the 'Happy birthday song'. When this song was created, nobody has thought that it will sung by people at birthdays. Actually name of the song was 'Good Morning to All', and it was composed by two teacher sisters in 1893 in USA. They have composed it to teach children and let them sing every morning. One of sisters who has written lyrics of song, Mildred Hill, was playing organ in church and piano at concerts. She has written it for birthday of her sister Patty, who was nine years younger than her. But she hasn't known that people will sing it as a birthday song a after her death. Hill sisters had the copyright of song in 1893, but a composer, Robert Coleman, changed lyrics and made happy birthday song. People sung this song for a long time, therefore real composers of song have been forgotten. When this song has used for a musical in Broadway, the third sister sued them. She claimed that all copyrights of the song belongs to her family, and she won. After that day, if people have used this song somewhere, they had to pay. Some commercial companies gave up, musicals took out this song from their repertoire. They could just read lyrics as poem, without singing. Patty Hill recognized that her song was very popular birthday song around the world, before she died at her 78. At the present time, copyright of song belongs to Warner/Chappel music company. If you want to use it for commercials, you have to pay this company. Money they earn from this song is around 1 million dollars per year. If you will celebrate your birthday, think twice!

Source:Korugan, T.,Lüzumsuz Bilgiler Ansiklopedisi, 2007.

health

Toxoplasma gondii: Are cats really so dangerous as you think?

Maybe you heard before about this parasite and disease. People

always say that cats carry this microorganism and it is very

dangerous for pregnancy. They think if you have infected with this

organism once, your baby will born with a disease or your precnancy

will end. That's why people usually give their cats to somebody or

leave them on streets when they plan to have a baby. But you should

know that this parasite comes not only from cats, but also from other

mammalian animals. It means you

have to be carefull about other things

and you don't have to afraid of cats too

much. In this assay I will give some

information about it and I will try to

clear some missunderstandings.

Toxoplasma gondii was found first

time in 1908 in Tunisia by researchers

whose names are Nicolle and

Manceaux. They isolated this

organism in tissues and organs of

Ctendactylus gondi which is a rodent.

Researches showed that , this

organism causes diseases for a lot of

species, included human. They

understood the interaction of this

disease and cats 60 years after this discovery. According to their

information, this micoorganisms can live in intestinal system cells

of cats. It is impossible that they can live on other part of cats. This

disease can infect people or cats by different ways: taking the

excrement of cats by oral way, eating meat of infected animals

without well cooking or drinking milk of infected animals, blood

transfer from infected human, transferring parasite by cord from

mother to baby.

SEM image of Toxoplasma gondii

19

Cats can get infected

by eating infected birds,

rodents or not cooked

meat which they find

somewhere or you gave

them. After 1-2 weeks

cats have taken this

parasite, they start to

deliver the baby cells of

this parasite by their

excrements. This baby

cells become mature

and they are able to

infect in 2-4 days. If your cat is infected, but if you everyday change

cat litter, you can avoid infections. This parasite baby cells can be

observed until 14 days in cat excrements. Then cat evolves its

immunity against this disesase ad it stops to produce new

parasites. This immunity doesn't allow to proliferate this parasites

any more and they have life long immunity. It means, one cat can

carry this disease just for 2 weeks in its life. If your cat doesn't go

out and doesn't make interactions with other cats, risk is really low.

If a cat had this disease before, it can not infect other animals or

you. Actually, just 3 of 1000 cats can carry infected baby cells. We

can observe the same situation for people. Toxoplasma infects you

once in human life and then people get immune shield to this

disease and they don't become sick any more because of this

infection. 90% of people who get sick because of this parasite,

don't show any symptom. Other 10% can have a little bit fever and

weakness, but mostly they can heal without treatment. Most of sick

people get infected by eating or touching non cooked meat. Mostly

sheep meat, sheep or goat milk can carry Toxoplasma which are in

contact with animal excrement.

health

Do I look

dangerous?

20

health

At the same time some vegetables or fruits can cause disease also,

which are in contact with animal excrement.

Let’s talk about risks of Toxoplasma, in pregnancy. First of all

you have to make test for

you and for your cat. If

t o x o p l a s m a t e s t i s

positive, don't be afraid,

there is no risk, because

you and your cat are

immuned for disease. If it

is positive for you but

negative for your cat,

it is ok, you can not make

your cat infected. If your

cat is positive and you are

negative, your cat doesn't

infect you, because it already had disease and had immunity. But if it is

negative both of you, be careful. Do something to avoid your cat get

infected. Don't give it non cooked meat or milk, specially goat or sheep.

Don't let it go out, because it can catch mouse which has disease or it

c a n b e i n c o n t a c t w i t h d i s e a s e c a t s . B u t a n y w a y,

if you can not be careful

about all of this things, it is

b e t t e r t o c h a n g e

c a t l i t t e r e v e r y d a y.

Despite all preventions,

if you catch disease during

pregnancy, your baby can

born with disease. But

according to informations

above, it is really a small

possibility.

Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

If your cat goes out to hunting, infection risk is possible

21

If you had infection before

and you are immunated,

probably you will have a boy!

Scientists observed 1083

pregnant ladies between 1996

and 2004 and they have a result

that some physical parameters

influenced by immune system

and increases surv iv ing

possibility of male embrions.

According to statistics, ladies

w h o a r e i m m u n e d t o

Toxoplasma gondii, will have

boys with 72% of possibility.

Sources:

http://www.kedici.com.tr

http://www.parasitesinhumans.org

health

22

Probably they will be good friends

science pages

I want to share with you some web pages which can be very

interesting and useful for you.

apod.nasa.gov If you are interested in astronomy, this

page is exactly for you. As you can

understand from title of web page,

Astronomy Picture of the Day, they

upload a new astronomy photo, or a short

video every day. There is explanation of

photo, image defined very well to give

clear information. You can also find a lot

of previous photos in archive. There are

pictures of star clusters, nebulas,

planets... There are also education links

which consist of too many themes.

Specially I suggest you to watch this

video, to compare sizes in universe:

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130606.html

http://cloudappreciationsociety.org/ This page is totally for cloud observers and cloud lovers. You will

find a lot of beautiful cloud pictures,

you will learn cloud types and can

also be a member of this society.

Four months ago I read a book titled

The Cloudspotter's Guide. I learned

interesting information about

observing clouds, classifying clouds

and how to enjoy their charms.

The Butterfly Nebula

Walking man cloud

23

The author of this book, Gavin Edmund Pretor-Pinney also

established Cloud Appreciation Society and created this web page

about it. When I first time checked this page, I understood that

there is more pictures and informations besides his book. I was

always a cloud lover, but now I don't only enjoy their beautiful

shapes and colors, but also try to understand which type of clouds

they are, and it makes my observations more fun.

http://education.denniskunkel.com It is time to turn our heads from the

sky to the microworld. There are lot of

images which are captured by

scanning electron microscobe (SEM) in

this web page. Normally by SEM, you

have black and white images, but

images in here are well colored after

they photographed, therefore they look

so beautiful. You can find bugs, human

cells, some surfaces in micro scale. It's

really excited to observe some details

which you normally can not recognize.

http://www.instructables.com In this link, you can find some crazy and creative objects that

you can try at home. On Homepage you can find creative designs

about different concepts but I suggest you technology link because

I think they are really cool.

science pages

SEM image of red blood cells

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learning turkish

If you want to know some simple Turkish words and templates,

this page is exactly for you.

Turkish Alphabet:

a b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y z

Some different letters:

· ç=ch

Example: çalı= bush

· ı = more rough then i

Example: ıslak = wet

· ş=sh

Example: Şemsiye= umbrella

· ğ= We call it ‘soft g’. Sounds between h and ı.

Example: dağ = mountain

· ö= oe

Example: özel= special

· ü=ue

Example: üzgün= sad

Numbers: 1 = bir 2 = iki 3 = üç

4 = dört 5 = beş 6 = altı

7 = yedi 8 = sekiz 9 = dokuz

10 = on 11 = onbir 12 = oniki

Some Turkish templates:

Merhaba = hello

Günaydın =good morning

İyi akşamlar = good afternoon

İyi geceler = good night

Teşekkür ederim = thank you

Özür dilerim= I am sorry

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SCIENCE FOR CHILDREN

Baking powder fills baloons!

This experiment will teach you how chemical reactions occur.

Different materials has different characteristics. If we put them

together, they will interact with eachother and a new substance will

be created. In this experiment we mix lemon juice, water and baking

soda and we observe what is happening.

Materials:

· Balloon

· About 40 ml of water

· Plastic botttle

· Drinking straw

· Juice from a lemon

· 1 teaspoon of baking soda

What will we do ?

1. Pour water into the bottle

2. Add baking soda on it and stir it with drinking straw until it has dissolved.

3. Pour the lemon juice in and quickly put the stretched balloon over the top of the bottle.

What's happening?

Lemon juice and baking soda are getting together and they create a chemical reaction. Baking soda is alkaline, lemon juice is acid, when they combine, they create CO2. This gas escapes through bottle and it inflates your baloon. If it produces a lot of gas, your baloon may explode, be prepared for this! CO2 is a colorless, scentless gas, which exist in the air.

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how many?

How many calories do you take when you...

... eat a delicious cheeseburger? You were so hungry and you didn’t want to cook. You went to a fast food restaurant. By having this charming cheeseburger, you took 359 calories into your body. Without drink, it wasn’t so easy to eat whole burger. That’s why you also ordered a cup of orange juice. Totally you took 456.6 calories.

... go to a pub with your friends and drink a bottle of

beer?

You take 204.9 calories and 18 grams of alcohol with

a bottle of regular beer. If night is long, music is good

in the pub, you can multiply this numbers with 4 or 5!

When you drink beer, you also take some vitamins and

minerals such as niacin, vitamin B6, phosphorus,

selenium and magnesium.

... enjoy a cup of chocolate ice cream on a

sunny day?

You can not find anything better than a tasty

chocolate ice cream in summer time. This sweet

gives you 272.7 calories. At the same time, it has

15% of fat and 7% of protein. You take 52% of

energy from carbohydrate and 41% of energy

from fat after you finish your ice cream.

* 35 years old normal weight woman needs around 1400 calories per

day to maintain basic body function.

* 35 years old normal weight man needs around 1800 calories per day

to maintain basic body function.27

how many?

How many calories do you burn when you...

... cycle 1 hour? On a beautiful spring day, you decided to go to cycling with your friends and enjoy nature. When you cycle around 13 miles per hour, you burn 450 calories.

... spend time in swimming pool 1 hour? If you prefer to swim for training rather than lie down by the pool, you can burn 480 calories in one hour. Swimming is so healthy for people of all ages and it helps you to increase your lung capacity.

... dance all night?

You went to a dance night with your partner and songs are exactly your style. In this case, nobody can stop you! If you dance 4 times, for 30 minutes during night, you spend 552 calories.

Sources: http://www.caloriecare.comhttp://www.fitday.com

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Photo:

The Ring Nebulahttp://apod.nasa.gov

The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble and Chandrahttp://apod.nasa.gov/