science chapter 2 form 1
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2: CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
An instrument that magnifes minute o!e"ts so the# "an e seen easi$#%
It is one o& the most im'ortant too$s o& s"ien"e%
Ph#si"ians an( io$ogists use mi"ros"o'es to e)amine a"teria an( $oo( "e$$s%
Parts o& mi"ros"o'e : E#e'ie"e *agni the s'e"imen # +,)% Rough &o"us -no
Change the 'osition o& the o!e"ti.e $ens /hen &o"using /ith $o/0'o/ere( o!e"ti.e
$ens%
Change the 'osition o& the o!e"ti.e $ens s$ight$# &or fne &o"using%
Use( /ith high0 'o/ere( o!e"ti.e $ens%
*agni the si1e o& a s'e"imen # )3 +,) or ,)%
Stage: P$a"e the g$ass s$i(e%
C$i': Ho$( the s$i(e on the stage%
4ia'hragm: Contro$ the amount o& $ight entering o!e"ti.e $ens%
*irror: Re5e"ts $ight u' through an o'ening un the stage to i$$uminate the
s'e"imen%
Base: Stai$i1e the mi"ros"o'e%
There are &our asi" -in(s o& mi"ros"o'es:
O'ti"a$ or $ight mi"ros"o'e
E$e"tron mi"ros"o'e
S"anning 'roe mi"ros"o'e
Ion mi"ros"o'e
Stru"ture o& "e$$
o Fun"tion
Nu"$eus Contro$ a$$ a"ti.ities o& the "e$$
o 6a"uo$es
Stores sa$t an( sugar so$utions 3 ho$( /aste sustan"es
o Chromosomes
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4etermines ho/ an organism eha.es 7geneti" in&ormation8
C#to'$asm A '$a"e /here a$$ "hemi"a$ rea"tions ta-e '$a"e
o Ce$$ memrane
Contro$ the mo.ement o& sustan"es into or out o& the "e$$
Ce$$ /a$$ Su''ort an( gi.es the "e$$ a regu$ar sha'e
o Ch$oro'$asts
A '$a"e /here '$ants ma-e &oo( # 'hotos#nthesis%
Contain "h$oro'h#$$ /hi"h is use( to tra' sun$ight &or 'hotos#nthesis%
Ce$$ memrane
Ce$$ /a$$
6a"uo$e Ch$oro'$ast
Nu"$eus Contro$s a$$ the a"ti.ities o& the "e$$
C#to'$asm A '$a"e /here a$$ "hemi"a$ rea"tion ta-e '$a"e%
Stores (isso$.es materia$
Ce$$ memrane Contro$s the mo.ement o& materia$ in an( out o& the "e$$
Ce$$ memrane
C#to'$asm
Com'aring Anima$ Ce$$ an( P$ant Ce$$
Both ha.e nu"$eus3 "#to'$asm an( "e$$ memrane%
4i9eren"es et/een '$ant "e$$s an( anima$ "e$$s
Regu$ar sha'e sha'e Irregu$ar sha'e
ith "h$oro'$asts "h$oro'$asts ithout "h$oro'$asts
ith a "e$$ /a$$ 7"e$$u$ose8 "e$$ /a$$ ithout "e$$ /a$$
Large .a"uo$es .a"uo$es
Has no .a"uo$e e)"e't in uni"e$$u$ar
+% hat is the asi" unit o& $i.ing things;
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Parame"ium3 Amoea3 #east3
P$euro"o""us3 Ch$am#(omonas%
Ase)ua$ re'ro(u"tion
*ore "om'$e) than uni"e$$u$ar organism
E)am'$es :
Human eings3 ir(s3 fsh H#(ra3
S'irog#ra3 moss3 earth/orm3 *u"or%
*a(e u' o& man# "e$$%
@*u$ti means man#% Li&e 'ro"ess are more "om'$e)%
6arious t#'es o& "e$$ /or- together to
'er&orm a s'e"if" tas-%
+% hat is uni"e$$u$ar organism;
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7(8
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0 Conne"ti.e tissue
0 Ner.ous tissue
TISSUE OR?AN
An organ "onsists o& t/o or more -in(s o& tissues !oine( into one stru"ture that hasa "ertain tas-%
E)am'$es :
0 The heart
0 The -i(ne#
0 The $ungs
0 The stoma"h
0 The $i.er
0 The rain
?rou's o& organs &orm organ s#stems
Ea"h organ s#stem "arries out a ma!or a"ti.it# in the o(#%
E)am'$es :
0 Re'ro(u"ti.e s#stem
0 B$oo( "ir"u$ator# s#stem
0 4igesti.e s#stem
0 E)"retor# s#stem
0 Res'irator# s#stem
0 *us"u$ar s#stem
A$$ s#stem in the o(# &un"tion in a "oor(inate( manner to &orm a mu$ti"e$$u$ar
organism%
T#'e o& human "e$$ Stru"ture Res'e"ti.e &un"tion
0Re( $oo( "e$$
Trans'orts .ita$ &oo( an( o)#gen to a$$ 'arts o& the o(#%
0Ner.e "e$$
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Carries messages in the &orm o& e$e"tri"a$ im'u$ses aroun( the o(#%
0hite $oo( "e$$
Prote"ts the o(# &rom (amage # in.a(ers Human s'erm "e$$%
Ta-es 'art in &erti$isation to 'ro(u"e #oung ones%
0Bone "e$$
Form ones to su''ort the o(# an( 'rote"t organs%
Human egg "e$$
I& the egg is &erti$ise( it /i$$ (e.e$o' into an emr#o%
0E'ithe$ia$ "e$$
It 'rote"ts the interna$ an( e)terna$ 'arts o& the o(#%
0*us"$e "e$$
Contra"ts an( re$a)es to mo.e 'arts o& the o(#%
6ARIOUS SSE* IN THE HU*AN BO4
The L#m'hati" S#stem Bo(#s (e&en"es against in&e"tion%
0The S-e$eta$ S#stem Prote"t interna$ organ%
Pro.i(es o(# su''ort The En(o"rine S#stem
Pro(u"es3 stores an( se"retes "hemi"a$ sustan"es -no/n as hormones%
0The Re'ro(u"ti.e S#stem
For re'ro(u"tion The Ner.ous S#stem
4ete"t stimu$i an( res'on(s to them%
0The B$oo( Cir"u$ator# S#stem
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Su''$ies the "e$$s o& the o(# /ith the &oo(%
Trans'ort /aste 'ro(u"t%
The *us"u$ar S#stem Ena$es o(# mo.ement%
0The E)"retor# S#stem
Remo.es /aste 'ro(u"ts &rom o(#%
0The Res'irator# S#stem
Su''$ies o)#gen an( ai(s remo.ing o& "aron (io)i(e
0The 4igesti.e S#stem
Pro"esses &oo( 7ingestion3 (igestion3 asor'tion8%
+% State the &o$$o/ing stru"tures as "e$$G3 tissueG3 organG or s#stemG%
7a8 S'erm 0
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S#stem :
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! Can only be seen under microscope"! #ive in water or wet places"! $"g" Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, yeast"
*Multicellular organisms! Consist of many cells"! $"g" hydra, spirogyra, mucor"! %umans are the most comple& multicellularorganisms"2.3: Cell Organisation in the Human Body
2.4: The Human Being A Comle! Organism
! %umans are comple& organisms! %uman body is made up of millions of cells! 'he cells are specialised to perform certainfunctionsChapter 2 >>> Cell as a Unit of life
-Cell is a basic unitof living things.
-Each cell can function and survive on its own. Cells can perform life processessuch as
digestion, respiration, excretion, reproduction, growth, and response to stimuli.
-Animal celldo not have definite shapes because there areno cell wall. he cell do not
have chloroplaststo help manufacture food. he number of vacuolesin animal cells is ver!
smalland sometimes none at all.
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-"lant cellhave definite shape because the cell wallsare made up of cellulose. he cell can
also manufacture their own food because the chloroplasts have chloroph!ll. he vacuolesof
plant cell are bigand fill with cell sap.
Unicellular organismsare organisms made up of one cell onl! #single cell$.
Examples % Amoeba, Euglena and !east.
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Euglena
Amoeba
&ulticellular organismsare organsms with man! cells. &ulticellular organisms are more
complex than unicellular organisms. Examples % '!dra, (pirog!ra, human beings.
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spirog!ra human being
-)oth unicellular and multicellular organisms can perform similar life process.
-*rganisation of cell in the human bod! involves the following stages%
Cell +>> issue +>> *rgan +>> (!stem +>> *rganism
Cells
What is the basic unit of life?
In 1665, a physicist named Robert Hooke used one of the first microscopes to look more closely at
the living world. A slice of cork caught his eye. Looking at thousands of tiny chambers, Hooke termed
these structures cells because they reminded him of the rooms in a monastery.
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Subsequent observations built upon Hookes work and led to what is known as the cell theory. The
cell theory states the following:
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
All cells are produced from existing cells.
Hooke's microscope.
How is life organized around cells?
An organism may be characterized as having different levels of organization built around the cell.
Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell, while some multicellular organisms are
comprised of trillions of cells. In multicellular organisms, groups of cells sharing similar structure form
tissues that carry out a specialized function. Different tissue layers form organs. And separate
organs often work together to carry out major bodily functions, such as digestion or circulation.
These teams of organs are referred to as organ systems. Growth of an organism is the result of an
increase in cell size and, in multicellular organisms, an increase in the number of cells.
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Levels of organization.
How are cells alike?
At first it might seem that the cells of such dissimilar creatures as the tiniest bacterium and a great
blue whale would be very different. The cells of any organism, however, demonstrate all the
characteristics of life: a life span that includes a living beginning, growth, development, reproduction,
and death; the constant use of matter and energy; response to changing internal and external
conditions; and the presence of DNA.
Although multicellular organisms can have diverse cell types, all cells have certain parts in common
(see the interactive cell picture below). All cells are bound by acell membraneand
containcytoplasm, which is where the cell parts lie. The nucleus of this cell contains the hereditary
moleculeDNA, which is also found in all cells. And, all cells contain ribosomes, which are so tiny that
they cant be seen in this cell. Ribosomes are structures that are responsible for constructing
proteinsthe molecules that carry out the instructions contained in DNA.
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Cytoplasm|Nucleus|Cell Membrane
Roll your mouse over the names of the parts to see them in the picture.
How are cells different?
One of the most basic distinctions among life forms involves the cell. In some cells, including those
of plants, animals, fungi, and protists, the DNA is contained in a nucleus, which is itself a membrane-
enclosed body. Cells that contain a nucleus are called eukaryotic (true nucleus) cells, and the
organisms with cells of this type are called eukaryotes. Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
there are numerous compartmentalized bodies called organelles. Organelles serve specific
purposes within the cell, ranging from building proteins to making energy. Different types of
organisms may have different sets of organelles. Organisms that photosynthesize, like plants,
contain chloroplasts, for example.
There are cells that arent as structurally complex as those with a nucleus. Prokaryotic (before the
nucleus) cells lack a nucleus and organelles. Most single-celled organisms are prokaryotes that are
known as bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotes are still capable of performing many of the same typesof functions as eukaryotes. These functions occur in the cytoplasm instead of in organelles. In fact,
many bacterial and archaeal cells are capable of carrying out very complicated biochemical
reactions that allow them to harvest food and/or energy from very unlikely sources, such as
pollutants and poisons.
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C'A"E 2% CE A( A U/ *0 /0E
1uestions
he diagram below shows a plant cell.
3hich of the following structures A, ), C or 4 ma5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired for plants
to ma5e food7
2 he figure below shows cell 8.
)ased on the structures & and in cell 8, complete the following table.
ame of structure%
0unction of structure%
9 he following figure shows a plant cell.
#a$ *n the above figure, label structures ", 1 and using the following words .
#b$ 4raw lines to show the correct match between the structures and their
functions. 4raw the lines as shown below.
(tructure%
0unction%
"%
1%
%
- :acuole Cell wall ucleus
-'olds cell sap in plants
-Controls all activities of the cell
-"rotects and maintains the shape of the cell
-&a5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired for plants to ma5e food
Answers
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)
2 ame of structure 0unction of structure
& #ucleus$ Controls all the activities in the cell
#Chloroplast$ &a5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired
for plants to ma5es food
9 #a$ "% ucleus
1% Cell wall
% :acuole
#b$ 1 ; "rotects and maintains the shape of the cell
; 'olds cell sap in plants
Science and technology
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Cell #biolog!$, the functional basic unit of life
Cell #database$, a unit in a statistical arra! #as a spreadsheet$ formed b!
the intersection of a row and a column
Cell #E4A$, a term used in an electronic circuit design schematics
Cell #geometr!$, a three-dimensional element, part of a higher-
dimensional obect
Cell #ournal$, a scientific ournal
(torm cell, the smallest unit of a storm producing s!stem
Technology
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Entertainment and media
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The Cellis a 2@@@ ps!chological thriller film starring ennifer ope?.
The Cell(s)ma! also refer to
Bhe CellB #song$, b! ande5
U.(. Cellular 0ield, also 5nown as Bhe CellB, a baseball stadium in
Chicago
he Cells, a roc5 band
Molecular Biology of the Cell, a textboo5 published b! arland (cience
Bhe CellsB, a 2@@D song b! he (ervants
Bhe CellB #'!drogen s!stem$, b! he Cell /nc
Bhe CellB #The Vampire Diaries$- An episode of the : series The
Vampire Diaries
See also
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The Cells
8rigin Chicago
$enres oc5,/ndie roc5, "op pun5
3ears active F;present
7abels *ld eliable ecords, *rangeecordings
embers Cor! 'ance
ohnn! 0urman
&ar5 4o!le
1ast
members
)rede 'ovland
and! "a!ne
"at &c/nt!re
ic5 ess
The Cellsare a 9-piece roc5 band based inChicago, currentl! made up of
singerGguitarist Cor! 'ance, bassist ohnn! 0urman and drummer &ar5
4o!le.
he band were formed in F b! singerGguitarist Cor! 'ance and bassist
)rede 'ovland. 'ovland then dropped out to wor5 in the movie business, and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Reliable_Records&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cory_Hance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Furman&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brede_Hovland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Payne&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Reliable_Records&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cory_Hance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Furman&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brede_Hovland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Payne&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago -
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'ance, guitaristGsinger "at &c/nt!re and drummer and! "a!ne continued the
band with guest bassists such as ic5 ess, formerl! of 0ig 4ish#a 5e! Cells
member during his stint$,(5id &ar5s, of )ox-*-Car, osh ames and )ob
ising . he! released their debut album,3e Can eplace Houunder *rangeecordings.
After touring behind 3e Can eplace Houas a 9-piece, 'ance, &c/nt!re and
"a!ne parted wa!s. "a!ne and &c/nt!re formed the band Cisco "i5e.
'ance recruited drummer &ar5 4o!le #formerl! of oud
uc!, :erbowand 3oolworth!$ and bassist ohnn! 0urman #formerl! of he
3ebb )rothers, he upinsand the 4arlings$ in late 2@@9. he new Cellslineup completed the bandIs second C4 Maydayin 2@@J, available on their
own imprint, *ld eliable ecords.
Discography