www.nyas.org • Winter 2011

Donald Pfaff on How the

Sexes Connect

Considering Leaving the Bench?

Read This First

Introducing the Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science

SCIENCE & PRIZESHow open innovation networks

can help solve scientifi c puzzles

ChairJOHN E. SEXTON

President [ex offi cio]ELLIS RUBINSTEIN

Vice Chair KENNETH L. DAVIS

Secretary [ex offi cio]LARRY SMITH

TreasurerROBERT CATELL

PETER AGRENobel Laureate & Univ. Prof. and Director, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Inst., Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public HealthRICHARD AXELNobel Laureate & Professor, Columbia Univ.; Investigator, HHMILEE BABISSGlobal Head, Pharma Research, Roche PharmaceuticalsDAVID BALTIMORENobel Laureate & President Emeritus, CaltechETIENNE-EMILE BAULIEUFormer President, French Academy of SciencesPAUL BERGNobel Laureate & Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Biochemistry, Stanford Univ.LEN BLAVATNIKChairman, Access IndustriesGÜNTER BLOBELNobel Laureate & Director, Laboratory for Cell Biology, The Rockefeller Univ.IRINA BOKOVADirector General, United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)SYDNEY BRENNERNobel Laureate & Distinguished Prof., Salk Inst.MICHAEL S. BROWNNobel Laureate & Prof. of Molecular Genetics, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterLINDA BUCKNobel Laureate & Investigator for HHMI; member of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterKAREN E. BURKEDermatologist & Research ScientistTHOMAS R. CECHNobel Laureate & Distinguished Prof., Univ. of Colorado, BoulderMARTIN CHALFIENobel Laureate & William R. Kenan, Jr., Prof. of Biological Sciences; Chair, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Columbia Univ.CECILIA CHANManaging Director, Gold Avenue Ltd.AARON CIECHANOVERNobel Laureate & Distinguished Research Prof., Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Inst. of Tech., Haifa, Israel

GORDON CONWAYChair in International Development, Imperial College London PETER DOHERTYNobel Laureate & Researcher, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Univ. of MelbourneMIKAEL DOLSTENPresident, Worldwide Research and Development; Sr. VP, Pfi zer IncMARCELO EBRARD CASAUBÓNMayor, Mexico CityEDMOND H. FISCHERNobel Laureate & Prof. Emeritus, Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of WashingtonALAN J. FRIEDMANFormer Director, New York Hall of ScienceCOLIN GODDARDFormer CEO, OSI PharmaceuticalsJOSEPH GOLDSTEINNobel Laureate & Chairman, Molecular Genetics, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterS. GOPALAKRISHNANCEO, Infosys Technologies LimitedPAUL GREENGARDNobel Laureate & Prof. of Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Univ.GLENDA GREENWALDPresident, Aspen Brain Forum FoundationPETER GRUSSPresident, Max Planck Gesellschaft, GermanyWILLIAM A. HASELTINEPresident, The Haseltine Foundation for Medical Sciences and the Arts; Chairman, Haseltine Global Health, LLCERIC KANDELNobel Laureate & Prof., Physiology & Cell Biology, Columbia Univ.KIYOSHI KUROKAWAFormer Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of Japan; Prof., National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) LEON LEDERMANNobel Laureate & Pritzker Prof. of Science, Illinois Inst. of Tech.; Resident Scholar, Illinois Math & Science Academy GREGORY LUCIERChairman and CEO, Life Technologies Corporation

RODERICK MACKINNONNobel Laureate & John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Prof., The Rockefeller Univ.; Investigator, HHMIJOEL S. MARCUSCEO, Alexandria Real Estate Equities, Inc.GERALD J. MCDOUGALLNational Partner, Global Pharmaceutical & Health Sciences Practice, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLPRICHARD MENSCHELSr. Director, Goldman SachsRONAY MENSCHELChairman of the Board, Phipps Houses; Board of Overseers, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeFERID MURADNobel Laureate & Director, IMM Center for Cell Signaling, The University of Texas at HoustonJOHN F. NIBLACKFormer President, Pfi zer Global Research & DevelopmentPAUL NURSENobel Laureate & President, The Rockefeller Univ.ROBERT C. RICHARDSONNobel Laureate & Sr. Vice Provost for Research, Floyd R. Newman Prof. of Physics, Cornell Univ.RICHARD ROBERTSNobel Laureate & CSO,New England BiolabsEDWARD F. ROVERPresident, The Dana FoundationF. SHERWOOD ROWLANDNobel Laureate & Prof. of Chemistry & Earth Science, Univ. of California, IrvineBENGT SAMUELSSONNobel Laureate & Prof., Medical & Physiological Chem., Karolinska Inst.; former Chairman, The Nobel FoundationIVAN SEIDENBERGChairman and CEO, VerizonISMAIL SERAGELDINDirector, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, The Library of Alexandria, EgyptPHILLIP A. SHARPNobel Laureate & Director, McGovern Inst., MIT Center for Cancer ResearchELLIOTT SIGALCSO, Bristol-Myers SquibbMICHAEL SOHLMANExec. Director, The Nobel Foundation

PAUL STOFFELSCompany Group Chairman, World Wide Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals Group, Johnson & JohnsonMARY ANN TIGHECEO, New York Tri-State Region, CB Richard EllisSHIRLEY TILGHMANPresident, Princeton Univ.FRANK WALSHCEO, Ossianix, Inc. GERALD WEISSMANNProf. of Medicine, NYU School of MedicineJOHN WHITEHEADFormer Chairman, Lower Manhattan Development Corp.; former Co-Chairman of Goldman SachsGEORGE WHITESIDESMallinckrodt Prof. of Chemistry, Harvard Univ.TORSTEN N. WIESELNobel Laureate & Chairman Emeritus, The New York Academy of Sciences; former Secy. General, Human Frontier Science Program Organization; President Emeritus, The Rockefeller Univ.FRANK WILCZEKNobel Laureate & Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics, MITERNST-LUDWIG WINNACKERSecy. General, Human Frontier Science Program; former Secy. General, European Research Council; former President, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, GermanyANDREW WITTYCEO, GlaxoSmithKlineELIAS ZERHOUNIProf. of Radiology & Bioengineering, Johns Hopkins University; Sr. Fellow, Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; President, Global Research & Development, Sanofi -AventisAHMED ZEWAILNobel Laureate & Linus Pauling Chair of Chemistry and Physics, CaltechGUANGZHAO ZHOUFormer Chairman, Chinese Association of Science & Technology

GovernorsSETH F. BERKLEYLEN BLAVATNIKNANCY CANTORMARTIN CHALFIEROBIN L. DAVISSONMIKAEL DOLSTENBRIAN FERGUSON

JAY FURMANALICE P. GASTBRIAN GREENETHOMAS L. HANSONSTEVE HOCHBERGTONI HOOVERJOHN E. KELLY III

MEHMOOD KHANABRAHAM M. LACKMANBRUCE S. MCEWENRUSSELL READJEFFREY D. SACHSDAVID J. SKORTON

GEORGE E. THIBAULTIRIS WEINSHALLANTHONY WELTERSFRANK WILCZEKMICHAEL ZIGMANNANCY ZIMPHER

International GovernorsMANUEL CAMACHO SOLISGERALD CHAN

RAJENDRA K. PACHAURIPAUL STOFFELS

Chairman EmeritusTORSTEN N. WIESEL

Honorary Life GovernorsKAREN E. BURKEHERBERT J. KAYDENJOHN F. NIBLACK

Board of Governors

President’s Council

On the cover: Andrew Johnson / iStockphoto.com

Executive Editor Adrienne J. Burke

Art DirectorAsh Ayman Shairzay

ContributorsDouglas Braaten, Meghan Groome,

Jamie Kass, Stephanie Kelly, Monica Kerr, Adam Ludwig, Donald Pfaff

Editorial Offi ce7 World Trade Center

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Phone: 212.298.8655Fax: 212.298.3665

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Membership & Annals OrdersPhone: 212.298.8640

Fax: 212.298.3650Email: membership@nyas.org

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Visit the Academy onlinewww.nyas.org

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contentscontentsColumns

Letter from the PresidentUniquely Qualifi ed forBuilding Multilateral Alliances

Member NewsAwards, appointments, and announcements about Academy members

Annals HighlightsRecent and upcoming Annals volumes

Inside the AcademyReports from the directors of Academy programs and news about Academy activities

Academy eBriefi ngsPersonalized Cancer Medicine, Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, HIV/AIDS Vaccines and Alternate Strategries, H1N1

CalendarAcademy conferences and meetings in February, March, and April

Science Alliance

Deciding What to Be with a PhDby Monica KerrLeaving the bench can seem like a risky endeavor

Science Education

Reaching Students through Teachersby Meghan GroomeA running start for the Academy’s new K-12 Science Education Program

Cover Story

Science & Prizesby Adrienne J. BurkeHow open innovation networks can solve scientifi c puzzles

Book Excerpt

Social Behavior Networks and the Sexesby Donald PfaffHow men and women have evolved to bond and cooperate

Donor Profi le

Patrons of Global Healthby Adam LudwigA gift from the Mortimer D. Sackler Foundation will advance nutrition science

Winter 2011Winter 2011

Clarifi cation: Steven Shapin’s article “Who’s An Authority on Nutrition Science?” (Autumn 2010) noted that “a New York death certifi cate shows that at the time of his death Robert Atkins weighed 258 pounds.” In February 2004, USA Today reported that Dr. Atkins weighed 195 on admission to the hospital and that the excess weight was due to fl uid retention from organ failure during the nine days before his death.

2 www.nyas.org

Letter from the President

II n one of Malaysia’s national news-papers, Abdul Hamid Zakri, Science Advisor to the Prime Minister, told

the public recently that Prime Minister Najib intends to partner with the New York Academy of Sciences. Najib wants our help in transforming Malaysia into a globally competitive “knowledge-based economy.” And he believes we can ad-vance the commitment he expressed at the United Nations in September to stim-ulate moderation in the Islamic world.

I quote from Zakri’s remarkable col-umn (see http://bit.ly/zakri_nyas): “One area of collaboration is getting the inputs of the NYAS to constitute an Internation-al Science Advisory Council to stimulate the advancement of science, technology, and innovation in Malaysia. Th e govern-ment-academia-corporate nexus that is the raison d’être of the NYAS makes it a natural choice to advise us on how to improve our approaches in achieving the New Economic Model, in particular the role of the private sector.

“Th e Malaysia-NYAS tie-up could also be a timely boost to the prime minister’s initiative on the Global Movement of the Moderates as the NYAS is in the midst of brokering an STI Initiative for the Islamic World involving UNESCO, ISESCO, and member countries of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Among the alli-ance’s aims are to strengthen centres of ex-cellence across the Islamic world, nurtur-ing young and promising researchers in these countries, and to connect them with leading researchers in both the Islamic and non-Islamic regions of the world.”

Prime Minister Najib’s interest in our Academy is emblematic of a yearning I increasingly encounter across academic, industry, and government sectors to es-tablish multilateral partnerships to in-crease the impact of their strategic initia-tives. Th e challenges and opportunities of our globalized world are so complex that only multi-stakeholder eff orts are seen as robust enough to achieve our common objectives. Th at is, in part, the logic be-hind the increasingly popular approach to seeking innovative solutions to scientifi c

problems via incentive prizes and chal-lenges, which you will read about in this edition’s cover story, starting on page 17.

And, this concept is increasingly un-derstood in the corporate world. Take the pharmaceutical industry. For decades, pharmaceutical companies have relied on bilateral partnerships with academic laboratories and small biotech companies to expand their drug pipelines. Recently, two pharma giants independently ap-proached the Academy hoping that we would broker multilateral partnerships that would engage many, if not all, of the extraordinary academic research groups in New York.

Other industries seeking to scale up their academia-industry partnerships through honest brokers like the NYAS include multinational energy and equip-ment, telecommunications, and consult-ing companies. And, recently, companies in the food, nutrition, and health-care sectors have approached us to lead an unprecedented academia-to-industry and business-to-business pre-competitive public/private partnership (see p.9).

Th e value of multilateralism is even becoming apparent in academia through what might be termed “one-to-many” and “many-to-many” alliances. An example of the former includes the strategy that was undertaken to quickly establish a high-caliber graduate institute of technology in Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST) part-nered with many world-class universities that will feed undergraduates and faculty to the Jeddah campus in return for re-search support.

And in a “many-to-many” alliance, the University of Cambridge, King’s Col-lege London, Th e Imperial College, the University of Oxford, and University College London have banded together to achieve a scale of talent in the area of translational medicine that is unmatched anywhere in the world. Th e idea has al-ready proven attractive to industry, and it has enhanced the capacity of its indi-vidual members to partner with other multilateral alliances, such as Th e New

York Academy of Sciences’ translational medicine initiative.

Few would doubt the effi cacy of such partnerships in advancing science, prob-lem-solving, and economic development. And extensive experience in this area puts the Academy in the unique position to of-fer its multilateral network of experts and institutions to those hoping to reduce the “transaction cost” of partnering.

Which brings me back to Malaysian Prime Minister Najib. He learned that the Academy was asked to lead a highly am-bitious eff ort by the heads of eight pan-Islamic and global institutions to launch an “Islamic World Science Technology & Innovation Initiative.”

Th e participants* recognize that only an innovative, multilateral approach to capacity-building that includes physical and virtual events and social networks will allow the great population centers of the Islamic world to feed research facili-ties in the wealthy states so that synergies can be achieved in science, technology, and innovation across the Islamic world.

Malaysia’s Prime Minister Najib right-ly argues that economic development won’t happen in the absence of scientifi c and technological development through higher education reform, and that we need to encourage moderation in the Is-lamic world through economic develop-ment. Stay tuned to see if your Academy can play a useful role in this bold vision.

Ellis RubinsteinPresident & CEO

* Islamic World Science Technology & Innovation Initiative participants are: UNESCO; ISESCO; Th e Organization of the Islamic Conference’s Standing Com-mittee on Scientifi c and Technological Cooperation; the Arab Science and Tech-nology Foundation; TWAS-Th e Academy of Sciences for the Developing World; the World Congress of Muslim Philanthro-pists; the Islamic Academy of Sciences; and Th e New York Academy of Sciences.

Uniquely Qualifi ed forBuilding Multilateral Alliances

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 3

Share professional news with your colleagues.Submit announcements to magazine@nyas.org.

Member News

K. C. Nicolaou, Ingrid Daubechies,and Dean KamenTh ree of seven scientists to be awarded the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medals by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia are members of the New York Academy of Sciences. Th e institute announced that the 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chem-istry will be presented to K. C. Nicolaou, chairman of the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute, for his achievements in synthetic organic chem-istry, particularly for the development of methods for preparing complex substanc-es found in nature, which have potential applications in the fi eld of medicine. Th e Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering will be presented to Ingrid Daubechies, professor of mathematics at Princeton University, for fundamental discoveries in the fi eld of compact representations of data, leading to effi cient image compres-sion as used in digital photography. And Dean Kamen, founder of DEKA Research and Development Corporation, will be

awarded the Medal in Mechanical Engi-neering for his resourcefulness and imag-ination in creating mechanical devices that broadly benefi t society and enable people with disabilities to improve their quality of life and health. All laureates will be honored in Philadelphia April 25-28, 2011, with a series of events to celebrate their accomplishments with area students and the community.

Carl Nathan and Kyu RheeAcademy members Nathan and Rhee, both at Weill Cornell Medical College,

were each awarded $100,000 grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Grand Challenges Explorations initiative to encourage bold and unconventional ideas for global health. Th e grants will pro-vide continued support to the researchers’ promising and innovative global health research projects. Nathan’s project, “Se-nescent and Rejuvenated Mtb Subsets on Exit From Latency,” and Rhee’s “Metabo-losomes: Th e Organizing Principle of TB Latency,” are two of nine grants to receive new funding from the foundation. In 2008 and 2009, respectively, Nathan and Rhee received initial $100,000 grants. Th e new awards represent “next stage” fund-ing for Grand Challenges Explorations grants that have shown progress in their initial grant period and that align with the Gates Foundation’s strategic priorities.

Nathan and his lab will study the ge-netic mechanism by which tuberculosis emerges from its latent state into an in-fectious and symptomatic disease. Spe-cifi cally, they are testing the idea that

K.C. Nicolaou, Ingrid Daubechies, Dean Kamen

4 www.nyas.org

tuberculosis exits dormancy by dividing asymmetrically, so that one progeny cell inherits most of the oxidatively damaged proteins and the other is spared. Blocking this process could aid treatment.

Rhee and colleagues are testing the theory that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculo-sis, utilizes specifi c protein-based struc-tures called metabolosomes to enter into, maintain, and exit from latency.

Ismail Serageldin Serageldin, a mem-ber of the Acad-emy’s President’s Council and Direc-tor of the Library of Alexandria, Egypt, received the Millennium Excel-lence Award for

Lifetime Africa Achievement Prize 2010 for his scientifi c research in Africa.

Th e prize was awarded in a ceremony on December 4 at the State House, Accra, Gha-na, by Ghana’s Excellence Awards Founda-tion. Th e private institution presents the Millennium Excellence Award every fi ve years to honor outstanding achievement by individuals who have selfl essly served the continent of Africa and contributed to its socio-economic development.

George ChurchAcademy member George Church, a professor of ge-nomics at Harvard Medical School and Director of PersonalGenomes.org, will be award-ed the 2011 Bower

Award and Prize for Achievement in Sci-ence for innovative and creative contribu-tions to genomic science, including the development of DNA sequencing tech-nologies, as well as for his subsequent eff orts to promote personal genomics and synthetic biology. Begun in 1990 by the Franklin Institute, the Bower Awards were made possible by a $7.5 million be-quest from the noted Philadelphia chemi-cal engineer Henry Bower. One of the most robust science prizes in the country,

the Bower Award for Achievement in Sci-ence, which will be made in April 2011, carries a cash prize of $250,000.

Elias ZerhouniAcademy Presi-dent’s Council member Elias Zer-houni, was named President, Global Research & Devel-opment, Sanofi -aventis on January 1. A leading medi-

cal researcher who directed the NIH from 2002 - 2008, Zerhouni has been a scientif-ic advisor to Sanofi CEO Chris Viehbach-er since February 2009. Th e company said he has been instrumental in redesigning its R&D model and boosting innovation there. Zerhouni has been involved in founding fi ve medical startup companies, has been a consultant to the World Health Orgaization and to the Reagan White House, served as Executive Vice Dean of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and has served on the boards of the Lasker Foundation, Research!America, the Mayo Clinic, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.

A radiologist by training, Zerhouni conducted imaging research early in his career that led to major advances in CAT scanning and MRI. He is credited with developing novel quantitative imag-ing methods used for diagnosing cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. As one of the world’s premier experts in computed tomography and magnetic res-onance imaging, Zerhouni extended the role of CT and MRI from taking snap-shots of gross anatomy to visualizing how the body works at the physiologic and molecular levels. He pioneered magnetic tagging, a non-invasive method using MRI to track the motions and accurately measure the function of a heart in three dimensions. He is also known for refi n-ing an imaging technique called quan-titative computed tomographic densi-tometry that helps discriminate between non-cancerous and cancerous nodules in the lung. It is also used for develop-ing and applying the method of high resolution CT for the study of heart and lung structure and function, and for di-

agnosing cancer. Zerhouni is the author of more than 210 publications and holds eight patents.

Nina V. FedoroffAcademy member Fedoroff , a pio-neering researcher in the fi elds of plant genetics, plant responses to environmen-tal stress, and ge-netically modifi ed

crops, begins a term as president of the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science in 2011. Th e Willaman Professor of the Life Sciences and Evan Pugh Professor at Penn State University, Federoff has been serving since August 2010 as Distinguished Visiting Professor at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). From August 2007 - July 2010 she was Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and to the Administrator of USAID at the U. S. Department of State.

Jeffrey SachsA book slated for publication in June by Academy Governor and Co-lumbia University economist Jeff rey Sachs is listed by the Guardian among the top

tomes to look out for in 2011. Sachs’ new book, “Th e Value of Everything: Capi-talism and Prosperity aft er the Fall,” is described as “a guide to action” with a “chilling message” that explains “why ris-ing oil and food prices are not temporary cyclical problems, but the leading edge of coming ecological crises.” Sachs, who directs Columbia’s Earth Institute and is Special Advisor to United Nations Secre-tary-General Ban Ki-moon, argues that the world needs a new set of economic rules that address climate change and global developments as well as local and national interests. His previous books include the New York Times bestsellers Common Wealth (2008) and Th e End of Poverty (2005).

Member News

www.nyas.org

servingscienceAndSCIENTISTS.Nature has been reenergised and strengthened in print and online. Th e new modern package includes opinionated editorial content, vivid page layouts, improved navigation and mobile apps that position us, and you, at the center of the scientifi c discussion. Stay abreast of the most important developments in science, and those that matter most to your scientifi c career. Receive Nature as part of your NYAS Professional Membership benefi ts! For more information contact the NYAS membership department.

22452-09 NYAS ad 1.indd 1 19/11/10 14:17:14

6 www.nyas.org

Th e Annals is the premier publication of the Academy, off ering review articles in topical areas and proceedings of conferences. Learn more and order copies at www.nyas.org/annals.

Annals Highlights

While substantial strides have been made in characterizing neu-rologic and psychiatric consequences of war such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), signifi cant gaps remain in our understanding of how to treat or prevent these outcomes. PTSD is a signifi cant, chronic stress dis-order caused by either physical or emotional trauma that, with increasing frequency due to greater awareness and expertise in identifying it, is diagnosed in individuals who encounter trau-matic, violent experience, especially that of war. Ironically, TBI is on the rise due to improvements in body armor and battlefi eld medical care that now save the lives of soldiers who would oth-erwise not have survived traumatic blast injuries.

A recent RAND report1 estimated that 19% of veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan confl icts experienced mild TBI and over a third also reported PTSD or depression. Tragically, these comorbidities can negatively infl uence each other, for example,

cognitive dysfunction associated with TBI can exacerbate and prevent symptom improvement in PTSD.

Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War presents papers stemming from the 89th annual conference of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease entitled “Psychi-atric and Neurologic Aspects of War,” held December 9, 2009, at Rockefeller University in New York City. Th e papers focus on the fact that the psychiatric and neurologic consequences of war are wide-ranging and aff ect many levels of human organization. Authors address the nature of modern warfare and social inter-ventions from a number of perspectives, in particular the eff ects of war on the individual. Clinical and research scientists discuss cutting-edge research, treatment approaches, and public policy issues with the goal of creating an agenda for further inquiry and action into consequences of war.

Tanielian, T. & L.H. Jaycox, Eds. 2008. 1. Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery. RAND. Santa Monica , CA.

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic that now aff ects over one bil-lion people, and estimates predict that within ten years this number will double. Numerous health problems are associated with obesity, such as increased incidence of certain cancers (co-lon, breast), cardiovascular disease (stroke, high blood pressure, heart disease), psychiatric problems (depression), reproductive

problems (infertility, erectile dysfunction, intra-uterine death), bone and joint problems (arthritics, back pain, gout), and endo-crine problems (type 2 diabetes).

Of these, the World Health Organization predicts increased risk of type 2 diabetes will increase by more than 50% in the next ten years. It is not over-stating the problem to say that obesity and its consequences, in particular the risk of type 2 diabetes, have reached epidemic—and tragic—proportions.

Th e Year in Diabetes and Obesity series confronts the bio-medical and basic scientifi c issues in diabetes and obesity and their associations. Experts provide in-depth overviews of topics such as early life nutrition and metabolic programming; neu-roendocrine responses to hypoglycemia; cardiovascular out-comes in type 2 diabetes; gastrointestinal hormones and their eff ects on the pancreas—where insulin is produced; the critical role of the hormone leptin—the body’s key regulator of energy

War’s Brain and Mental Traumas

The Epidemics of Diabetes and Obesity

Edited by Jack D. Barchas and JoAnn Difede (Weil Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY)Volume 1208, October 2010 // ISBN 978-1-57331-804-4

Psychiatric and Neurologic Aspects of War

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 7

What’s in a name?More often than not I hear people refer to volumes of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences as “books.” This is unfortunate because Annals is a journal series. It always has been and likely always will be a journal series. “So,” you may be asking, “what does it matter if one calls Annals a book or a journal series?”

Annals is unique among most other scientifi c journals be-cause of its format: each of its 32 annual issues is thematically developed, containing either proceedings of conferences or review manuscripts in specifi c areas of biological and non-biological sciences. Because each volume is titled accord-ing to the theme covered by the papers inside, this gives the appearance of Annals as a book series. Indeed, one can fi nd individual Annals volumes for sale on Amazon and through An-nals publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

But the essence of Annals as a scholarly scientifi c journal can be seen not in how individual volumes are marketed and sold but in how its individual articles are processed, handled, and evaluated by the scientifi c community. Like all journals, Annals articles are provided—in the vernacular they are “indexed”—to the scientifi c community on key web portals such as Pubmed and Google Scholar where they are available as reference material for writing and developing future scientifi c papers. In short, Annals’ articles enter into the scientifi c record of the day with other science journals’ articles. More than anything else, this key role of its articles defi nes Annals as a scientifi c journal.

Throughout its 132 year history, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences has been the Academy’s premier scientifi c publication—presenting conference proceedings,

research papers, and review articles from scientists all over the world. As a journal, the Annals long ago became part of the organic, scientifi c discourse and discovery that, through cycles of experiment and publication, support or refute scientifi c ideas and theories.

Douglas Braaten, PhDDirector and Executive Editor

Th e use of antibiotics is so common today that it is hard to imag-ine a time when a simple bacterial infection could lead to limb amputation or even death. Th e origin of modern antimicrobial drug discovery is frequently attributed to Alexander Fleming’s recognition, in 1928, of an antibacterial activity in the mold Penicillium notatum. Th e use of penicillin as a therapeutic agent in the clinic, however, did not occur until the 1940s. Since then, overuse of antibiotics has led to wide-spread microbe resis-tance—the ability of bacteria and other microbes to withstand the activity of antibiotics.

According to the Centers for Disease Control antibiotic re-sistance by microbes, especially with regard to many bacterial infections, is one of the world’s most pressing public heath prob-lems. Once easily treatable infections are increasingly becoming serious medical problems in which unhindered microbes cause infections that cannot be contained, leading to disfi gurement and even death.

A new Annals series, Antimicrobial Th erapeutics Reviews will be published in the fall annually. Th is series will present authori-tative reviews of developing research topics in antimicrobial ther-

The Science behind Effective Antibiotics

Edited by Alvin C. Powers (Vanderbilt Diabetes Center, Nash-ville, TN) and Rexford S. Ahima (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA)Volume 1212, November 2010 // ISBN 978-1-57331-756-6

The Year in Diabetes and Obesity

needs and appetite; the genetics of type 2 diabetes; management of hyperglycemia in hospital-ized patients; circadian control of metabolism; metabolic sur-gery for type 2 diabetes; and the

biology of adipokines—peptides secreted by fat tissue that func-tion in cell-to-cell communication.

Top: Prevalence of diabetes worldwide in 2000 (per 1000 inhabitants). World average was 28.23‰. Bottom: Energy consumption (kcal/person/day) per country in 2001-2003. World average was 2800 kcal/person/day.

8 www.nyas.org

Annals Highlights

apeutics. Th e inaugural vol-ume reviews important areas of antibiotic research: emer-gence of bacterial resistance, including past and future medical need for and public

perception of antibiotics; drug discovery successes and failures; broad-spectrum antibiotic inhibitors; emergence of Clostridium diffi cile as a major infection in hospital and healthcare settings; rapid diagnostics to direct more targeted antiobiotic therapies; regulatory hurdles for new antibiotics; the important but rela-tively obscure interface between veterinary and human antibi-otic use; and structure-based design of antibacterials.

In January of 1946, a conference on antibiotics was held by the Biology Section of the New York Academy of Sciences in which the discovery and clinical utility of antimicrobial agents were discussed. Th is conference focused in particular on the properties and isolation of penicillin and streptomycin (fi rst iso-lated in 1943), two of the fi rst generation antibiotics. Th e pro-ceedings of this conference were published in Annals volume 48 in September 1946. To highlight the important discussions of the conference on antibiotics in 1946, Antimicrobial Th erapeutics Reviews contains reprints of this historical Annals content.

A plate of bacteria with fi ve antibiotic disks (black dots) showing clear areas of lysis of the bacteria around the disks.

Edited by Karen Bush (Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana)Volume 1213, December 2010 // ISBN 978-1-57331-788-7

Antimicrobial Therapeutics Reviews

A central tenet of the majority of contemporary studies of ge-netics and disease has been that for many diseases there exist genetic components—specifi c mutations in specifi c genes—that, in combination, lead to a given case of disease in the population. For example, obesity has been studied at the genomic level in humans by comparing variation in the frequency of mutations in individuals’ genomes. In such studies referred to as genome-wide association studies (or GWAS), two populations are compared: individuals with and without a disease. In the case of obesity, the genomes of obese and non-obese individuals are compared for patterns of the normal variation that exists in genomes. Th e aim is to fi nd a region of DNA in the genome of obese people that have a unique pattern of mutations, a so-called “obesity-associ-ated pattern” of mutations (oft en referred to as “single nucleotide polymorphisms” or SNPs). Identifying such patterns of SNPs is thought to be an essential fi rst step in identifying specifi c gene mutations that cause disease—this perspective is sometimes re-ferred to as the “common variant–common disease” model of complex disease.

While GWAS have been performed extensively and for many years now—to some extent they have monopolized both research dollars and expertise—the ultimate payoff of assigning specifi c diseases with unique patterns of genome-wide mutations of signifi cant, clinical predictive power has not been easily (or fre-quently) obtained. Indeed, some researchers have questioned the value of GWAS, where common variations in the genome

are expected to be associated with common diseases. Instead, investigators have begun to ask the same basic questions about diseases and gene associations but from a classical perspective of Mendelian genetics, which states that single mutations are re-sponsible for disease and are inherited according to Mendelian frequencies. In short, from a Mendelian genetics perspective, in-dividual infrequent genome variations collectively explain some of the genetic risk for a disease such as obesity—this perspective is sometimes referred to as the “rare variant–common disease” model of complex disease.

Th is edition of Th e Year in Human and Medical Geneticsis subtitled “New Trends in Mendelian Genetics” because the current trend in human genetics is not on Mendelian genetics, which is oft en seen as an outdated discipline. Th e aim of the vol-ume is to remind the scientifi c community of the many ground-breaking discoveries made in Mendelian genetics in the last de-cade. Single-gene defects of known Mendelian phenotypes have been deciphered, and novel diagnostic and therapeutic means have been devised, thanks to these studies. Moreover, pheno-types have been explored from a Mendelian perspective, includ-ing common phenotypes. Some of the most important topics in Mendelian genetics are covered in 17 thought-provoking reviews that highlight the importance of classical Mendelian genetics and challenge the common disease–common variant trend so prevalent today.

The Genetics of Human Diseases

Edited by Jean-Laurent Casanova (Laboratory of Human Ge-netics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY), Laurent Abel (University of Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France), and Stanislas Lyonnet (Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France) Volume 1214, December 2010 // ISBN 978-1-57331-789-4

The Year in Human and Medical Genetics:New Trends in Mendelian Genetics

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 9

Reports from the directors of Academy programs and news about Academy activities. Read more online at www.nyas.org/academynews.

Inside the Academy

Sackler Gift Creates an InstituteFor Nutrition Science at NYASIn November, the Academy established Th e Sackler Institute for Nutrition Sci-ence via a founding gift from Th e Mor-timer D. Sackler Foundation, Inc. Th e budget for the fi rst three years will be at least $7.5 million, supported by generous funding from Th e Mortimer D. Sackler Foundation, Inc., and other private and public funders.

Th e Sackler founding gift is the largest ever made to the Academy in its 193-year history and establishes Th e Sackler Insti-tute for Nutrition Science as a permanent institute within the Academy (for more about the Sacklers, see p. 28).Working with the World Health Organization and other leading organizations across sec-tors, the Sackler Institute will galvanize action on a strategic nutrition science re-search agenda and implement outcomes in the fi eld.

Th e Institute’s goals are threefold: 1) to formulate a prioritized nutrition science research agenda that is linked directly with the needs of three billion people aff ected by malnutrition; 2) to rally the international health and nutrition com-

munity to contribute to the further de-velopment and implementation of the agenda; and 3) via these eff orts, to build capacity and improve poor nutrition in vulnerable communities.

“Prioritizing multilateral eff orts, link-ing global experts, and translating re-search into action will be at the heart of Th e Sackler Institute for Nutrition Sci-ence,” says Academy President Ellis Ru-binstein. “Th ose benefi ting from the In-stitute’s work will include scientists and practitioners implementing evidence-based interventions to fi ght malnutrition, ranging from micronutrient defi ciencies to obesity, worldwide.”

Rubinstein says the Institute’s mission will be underpinned by its working rela-tionship with the WHO, and, separately, by a robust public-private partnership of non-profi t organizations, corporations, academ-ic institutions and government bodies.

Additional nonprofi t supporters of the World Health Organization partnership include the IDP Foundation, Inc., and the Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition. Corporate supporters include Abbott Nutrition, the Coca-Cola Company, DSM, Johnson & Johnson,

Nestlé, PepsiCo, and Pfi zer Inc. Academ-ic participants include Columbia Univer-sity, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Tuft s University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, and Wageningen Uni-versity and Research Centre.

Governmental participants include Th e White House Offi ce of Science and Technology Policy and the Government of Mexico City. Additionally, the Institute will partner with Scientists Without Bor-ders, an initiative also housed within the Academy, which provides a web-based platform to pose open-innovation chal-lenges responding to developing world problems. Scientists Without Borders will generate and scale innovative solutions to critical nutrition challenges.

Th e Academy anticipates that many more partnerships will be developed be-tween the Sackler Institute and organiza-tions in the academic, industry, govern-ment, and non-government sectors. “Th e New York Academy of Sciences has a nearly 200-year history of convening ex-perts from across sectors and disciplines in order to build communities and spur progress. Th e work of Th e Sackler Insti-

Awardees and Finalists of the 2010 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists with Len Blavatnik and Ellis Rubinstein

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tute for Nutrition Science, which will bring multi-sectoral nutrition experts together into an energized and focused community, is very much a part of that tradition,” says Rubinstein.

Life Science Angel Network Will Support NYC-Region Entrepreneurs In November the Academy launched New York City’s fi rst early-stage life science angel

investment network. Th e Life Science Angel Network will promote innovation and match healthcare startups with early-stage funding.

Milena Adamian, director of the new Academy initiative, says its mission is to “provide young life sciences companies with fi nancial and operational support, sector-specifi c mentorship, and access to a broad network of investors and en-trepreneurs for subsequent institutional fi nancing.” Th e network is designed spe-cifi cally to connect scientists and entre-preneurs with funding to support innova-tions in biotechnology, medical devices, and healthcare IT.

Th e Academy’s partners in the pro-gram include many of the city’s leading academic institutions and the New York City Economic Development Corpora-tion. Adamian says that as the fi rst an-gel group in New York City focused on healthcare and life sciences, the network will fi ll the gap between New York and tri-state area technology transfer offi ces, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists by providing capital primarily through indi-vidual member contributions and spon-sorships from organizations involved in supporting innovation and building companies. And, she adds, the program will leverage the Academy’s wide-ranging network in the life sciences industry to uncover, fund, and mentor a wide variety of emerging life sciences companies.

Business plans submitted to the LSAN will be screened by a multi-disciplinary expert panel of clinicians, scientists, en-trepreneurs and investment profession-als. Selected candidates will present to the

entire membership to seek fi nancing with clearly defi ned milestones and timelines.

Founding sponsors of the Life Science Angel Network are Ascent Biomedical Ventures, CBIZ MHM, LLC, Meditech Strategic Consultants, and Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. Partners include the New York City Economic Development Corporation, the Downtown Alliance, NYU Ventures, Columbia Technology Ventures, Cornell Center for Technology, Enterprise and Commercialization, NYC Investment Fund, Offi ce of Technology and Business Development at Mount Si-nai Medical Center, Offi ce of Industrial Liaison at Sloan Kettering, and Hospital for Special Surgery.

For more information about the Life Science Angel Network, please see www.nyas.org/LSAN.

Awardees of the 2010 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists Named

During its Seventh Annual Science & the City Gala in November, the New York Academy of Sciences named the awardees of the 2010 Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists.

Since being established at the Acad-emy by the Blavatnik Family Foundation in 2007, the Blavatnik Awards have rec-ognized 54 young scientists for highly in-novative, impactful, and interdisciplinary accomplishments in science. Th is year, 12 researchers were recognized for their seminal achievements in areas ranging from earth science to engineering.

Th e faculty awardees of the 2010 Blav-atnik Awards, who each received $25,000 in unrestricted funds, are Zoltan Haiman (Columbia University), Michal Lipson (Cornell University), Evgeny Nudler (New York University Medical Center),

and Song-Hai Shi (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center). Postdoctoral awardees, who each received an award of $15,000 in unrestricted funds, are Yaron Lipman (Princeton University), Haitao Liu (Columbia University), and Daniela Schiller (New York University).

In addition, fi ve fi nalists were named. Th ree faculty fi nalists receiving $10,000 in unrestricted funds are David Evans (Yale University), Elza Erkip (NYU Poly), and Neal Weiner (New York University). Two postdoctoral fi nalists receiving $5,000 in unrestricted funds are Nicolas Reyes (Weill Cornell Medical College) and Ag-nel Sfeir (Th e Rockefeller University).

Len Blavatnik of the Blavatnik Family Foundation, who presented the awards, says, “Now in its fourth year, the ‘Young Scientists’ awards program was estab-lished to encourage scientifi c talent by supporting promising scientists early in their careers when they are most in need of funding and recognition. Th e develop-ment and support for the next generation of leading scientists in the United States and their scientifi c research is an issue of great national importance and one about which I care deeply. Th e Blavatnik Fam-ily Foundation is proud to support and honor these wonderfully creative and in-telligent fi nalists.”

Second PepsiCo Company Day Shows Career Paths to New ScientistsFollowing on the success of a similar event last year, PepsiCo hosted 50 young scientists for a Company Day at the Academy in December. Th e company in-vited scientifi c masters degree and PhD candidates and post-doctoral fellows to spend the day engaging in discussions, round-tables, and one-on-one conversa-tions with several leaders from PepsiCo’s global R&D team in order to learn about research opportunities and PepsiCo’s ef-forts to develop products using science-based nutrition.

Monica Kerr, director of the Academy’s Science Alliance program who helped coordinate the event, says attendees rep-resented 18 institutions from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Minnesota. Kerr says that last year’s Company Day resulted in internship off ers to several students, some of whom went on to full-time employ-

Inside the Academy

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The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 11Support the Academy today at www.nyas.org/support or contact Kiryn Haslinger Hoff man at 212.298.8673 or khoff man@nyas.org.

As a board member, I take pride in the Academy’s steadfast commitment to championing advances in science that will ultimately improve the health and well-being of people around the world. PepsiCo and the Academy, through our support of Th e Sackler Institute for Nutrition Sciences and Scientists Without Borders, see the power of pushing the boundaries of innovation in health and nutrition to support solutions to our society’s greatest needs.”

AA

Support the Academy today at www.nyas.org/suppo

– Dr. Mehmood KhanCEO, Global Nutrition Group and Chief Scientifi c Offi cer, PepsiCo, Inc.— Indra Nooyi, Mehmood Khan,

and John Sexton —

ment with PepsiCo aft er graduation. Th is year, Kerr says, “the event again achieved its goals of describing PepsiCo’s various R&D functions and opportunities for young scientists in an exciting way while providing access to the best and brightest in our pipeline of talent.”

In a post at PepsiCo’s R&D blog, Food Frontiers, the company’s Vice President of Global Design and Development, Dondeena Bradley, wrote, “PepsiCo is committed to building world class R&D

for addressing challenges in our industry and the fi rst step is putting the right team in place. As a young scientist starting out in my career I remember the experiences that helped me identify what I was most interested in and helped guide my career. I know the same is true for many of my colleagues. Th is is why days like yesterday are so important—it’s our chance to sup-port the next generation of scientists. In turn, we hope that some of these young

scientists will support PepsiCo’s R&D goals and our industry in the future.”

According to Bradley’s blog, select students will be invited to spend the sum-mer or a semester in an internship at Pep-siCo working on product development, nutrition, ingredient application, sensory, commercialization engineering, food safety, health policy, and beverage appli-cations. A few, she wrote, will even have the opportunity to work with the PepsiCo R&D team in China.

PepsiCo Senior Manager, Global R&D Strategy, Norberto Chaclin speaks to young scientists at PepsiCo’s Company Day at the Academy in December

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PP ersonalized medicine, the treatment of patients based upon their individual genetic, epigenetic, and phenotyp-ic makeup, is the ultimate goal of many researchers and

clinicians trying to fi nd less toxic and more eff ective therapies for cancer. While cancer as a whole is characterized by uncon-trollably proliferating cells, the disease is being subdivided into increasingly smaller units, from organ-specifi c to gene-specifi c categories. An understanding of the molecular basis of some cancers and an increasing knowledge of how those cancers dif-fer from those in other organs and in other individuals have led to the development of drugs enormously successful at treating those types of cancer. Yet many other candidate drugs based on the same kind of analysis fail in the clinic, leaving cytotoxic che-motherapy still the standard treatment for many patients.

From May 19-21 2010, academic and industry researchers, technology developers, and clinicians from around the world gathered in Barcelona, Spain, to discuss the progress and the challenges in the fi eld of personalized cancer medicine. A special technology workshop highlighted the important role of techno-logical advances in driving the eff orts toward personalized medi-cine. Conference participants also discussed their concerns about the fi eld, in particular the failure of the U.S. clinical trial system to keep up with the changes demanded by the new approach.

Researchers have made great progress in discovering the cel-lular processes that have become pathological in cancer. For ex-ample, it is clear that genetic and epigenetic changes that aff ect cell proliferation, DNA repair, programmed cell death, stem cell maturation or self-renewal, and other fundamental cellular and molecular activities can lead to cancer formation. New informa-tion is also coming to light about more systemic problems, such as the survival of cancer cells in diff erent microenvironments,

the cells’ ability to stimulate angiogenesis, and the way they pro-mote their own survival by interacting with noncancerous cells to acquire nutrients, suppress immune response, and meet other important needs. Th e most cutting-edge research in all of these areas was discussed by leading researchers in the fi eld.

Moving toward clinical medicine, researchers discussed how oncogenomics and tumor profi ling can reveal the signaling path-ways mutated in a particular tumor type as well as the variability among tumors within that type. Breast cancer researchers are at the forefront of eff orts to use gene expression signatures and other molecular data to guide treatment, predict risk, and un-derstand epidemiological phenomena. Th ere are several clinical trials underway to test some of these new tools, some of which were presented in talks about eff orts to identify biomarkers for prognosis and treatment response.

Th e conference also delved into a variety of approaches to de-veloping targeted therapies for cancer. Some of these eff orts take advantage of technologies that allow high-throughput analyses of genomic information and drug responses in cell culture. Others use preclinical mouse models to evaluate candidate target thera-pies or to counteract the drug resistance that oft en thwarts cancer treatment. Next-generation sequencing and microarray technol-ogy have also played an important part in the advance toward per-sonalized cancer medicine, as a technology workshop highlighted.

Academy eBriefi ngseBriefi ngs are online multimedia reports documenting recent Academy events.Find new and noteworthy ones previewed here and more at www.nyas.org/ebriefi ngs.Compiled by Jamie Kass and Stephanie Kelly

Towards Personalized Cancer Medicine

Full eBriefi ng by Jamie Kass at www.nyas.org/personalmed-eB

On the Web

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 13

Recent & Upcoming eBriefi ngs

Get Past the Past: Climate Change In & Around NYC1. www.nyas.org/climatenyc-eBTargeted Molecular Therapy for Preventing 2. Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Deathwww.nyas.org/heartfailure-eBNeuroscience and Immunology: Intersection Yields Clues for 3. the Etiology of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases www.nyas.org/NeuroImmunology-eBTeaching the Cutting Edge: Martin Chalfi e4. www.nyas.org/chalfi e-eBBuilding Better Brains: Neural Prosthetics and Beyond 5. www.nyas.org/betterbrains-eBFrom the PhD to Industry: 6. Careers for Scientists in Biotech and Pharmawww.nyas.org/industrycareers-eBBehavioral Epigenetics7. www.nyas.org/behavioralepi-eBCooking for Geeks: Chemistry from the Kitchen8. www.nyas.org/cookingforgeeks-eBScience, Technology, and Intellectual Property9. www.nyas.org/iplaw-eBGuarding the Germ-line Stem Cell Genome: 10. Biogenesis and Function of Piwi-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs)www.nyas.org/piRNA-eBThe Systems Biology of Bugs 11. www.nyas.org/bugs-eB

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Fourth Annual Symposium on Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents

To get the best possible images in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiologists rely on compounds known as contrast agents, which enhance the signal and provide clearer, more detailed pic-tures. Many of these contrast agents contain metals that have been chosen for their paramagnetic properties, including manganese, iron, or, most commonly, the rare earth metal gadolinium.

Th ese compounds have been carefully engineered for safety and have exemplary safety records; however, they are not com-pletely without risk. On May 14–15, 2010, a symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences brought together researchers studying a very rare syndrome that appears to be caused by the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in individu-als with severely impaired kidney function, a disorder known as nephrogenic systemic fi brosis (NSF). Clinicians who played seminal roles in the identifi cation and characterization of the disease and representatives from the FDA discussed the emer-gence of the disease and the regulatory response.

NSF is an idiopathic fi brosing disorder in which the skin hardens, sometimes to a density resembling wood, due to the uncontrolled production of connective tissue. Th is extreme hardening leads to characteristic skin lesions, pain, and joint contractures that can signifi cantly impair mobility. NSF also aff ects the underlying muscle, and can cause damage to organs such as the esophagus, lungs, and heart, and can eventually lead to death in some cases. Th e exact pathogenic mechanism of NSF is unknown, and eff ective treatments are lacking.

In 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a public health advisory on the use of GBCAs, and mandated la-bel changes contraindicating their use in patients with acute or chronic severe renal insuffi ciency. Since that time, the incidence of new NSF cases has declined considerably, as patients get rec-ommended prescreening for decreased kidney function when the use of these agents is under consideration. Yet there are a num-ber of important questions that remain to be answered about the condition. Researchers at the conference discussed their experi-ences developing animal models and testing potential theories of etiology, gave a clinical perspective on the disease and use of GBCAs, and described eff orts to treat patients with NSF.Full eBriefi ng by Megan Stephan at www.nyas.org/NSF-eB.

On the Web

14 www.nyas.org

Academy eBriefi ngs

Full eBriefi ng by Jennifer Henry at www.nyas.org/swinefl u2-eB.

On the Web

HIV/AIDS: Vaccines and Alternate Strategies for Treatment and Prevention

Th e pandemic HIV-1 virus is a challenge to modern science. Its genetic variation across geographic regions, and even from one patient to another, makes it a diffi cult target for any attempted universal vaccine, incapable of antigen-specifi c adjustments. Despite the global importance of the disease—an estimated 2.4 to 3 million people were newly infected in 2008—researchers are encountering structural and fi nancial obstacles to vaccine development, in addition to scientifi c hindrances. In May 2010, researchers met at the New York Academy of Sciences to discuss progress and setbacks in the fi eld.

Clinical trials, though few in number, have shown that viral vectors expressing HIV genes to be promising vaccine candi-dates. Th e RV144 trial of a canarypox vector “prime” and a het-erologous “boost” decreased infection rates by about one third, but, like most current candidate HIV vaccines, did nothing to reduce post infection viral loads. Another clinical trial, called the Step trial, highlighted the importance of fi nding broad, neu-tralizing antibodies to account for viral diversity by targeting conserved features of HIV virus variants.

Pre-clinical trials in non-human primates have also proved fruitful, yielding important clues to mechanisms of protection. Both clinically and pre-clinically, a homologous modifi ed vac-cinia Ankara virus prime/ boost pair signifi cantly increased a cytotoxic T-cell response without increasing the population of the virus’s target helper T cells, and “signifi cantly protected” ma-caques against viral challenges. Other studies revealed promis-ing results for computationally-derived “mosaic” antigens that are derived from many antigen sequences, and also for live, at-tenuated viruses, which, though not good vaccine candidates themselves, do provide insight into the subset of induced im-mune responses that confer protection against infection.

Researchers, enthused by clinical and pre-clinical results, agreed that a successful vaccine will likely need to combine the approaches’ eff ective elements by incorporating central and ef-fector memory cell stimulation, cellular and antibody targets, and aspects of mosaic antigen design. HIV’s taxonomy reveals the virus’s many leaps between primates and humans and be-tween human populations, but few leaps were successful without ideal transmission conditions. By impeding transmission, vac-cines show real promise against the survival of the whole pan-demic strain. —Stephanie Kelly

H1N1 Swine Flu: The 2010 Perspective

When the pandemic H1N1 strain hit, scientists and health of-fi cials reacted extremely quickly, grounding their reactions in experience of past pandemics and preparations for the future ones. But now, with the pandemic peak over, they have the op-portunity to refl ect on how this novel infl uenza virus did and did not conform to their expectations. A symposium at the New York Academy of Sciences in May 2010, convened researchers, government health offi cials, and industry experts to discuss the 2009 H1N1 virus’s pathology, transmission, and pathogenicity as well as strategies against future outbreaks.

Confi rming epidemiologic data about the pandemic H1N1’s eff ect on human populations, studies in animal models showed eff ective “aerosol” transmission between individuals and a tem-perature and humidity dependence of transmission like that of seasonal fl u strains. Th ough the pandemic’s peak came unusual-ly early, in October not February, researchers indicated this was a result of a low level of pre-existing immunity to H1N1 rather than of any intrinsic properties of the strain. One researcher also found that prior seasonal fl u exposure conferred some protec-tion against aerosol acquisition of the pandemic strain.

Appearance of the virus in the gastrointestinal tracts of autop-sied victims represented another break with seasonal virus behav-ior, but virus pathology did closely mimic that of the 1918 pan-demic virus. One remarkable diff erence between the pandemic and seasonal strains was their most aff ected populations. Only one New York City victim of the pandemic was over age 65, whereas most seasonal fl u fatalities occur in that age group. Th e most at risk subpopulation is just one of many unpredictable factors – it changes, as one presenter put it, “with each viral emergence.”

Despite the quick response from researchers and govern-ment agencies, accelerated vaccine development, and success-ful release of information to the public, preparedness could still be increased. But, since no one can predict the whole trajectory of a pandemic, attendees highlighted the importance of general preparation strategies such as increasing virus surveillance, im-proving lab and diagnostic capacity, and incorporating severity markers into “pandemic” phase designations. Th ese measures could allow better use of resources and prompt adaptation to changes when pandemics diverge from predictions.

—Stephanie Kelly

Full eBriefi ng by Don Monroe at www.nyas.org/AIDS-eB.

On the Web

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 15

GG iven the large number of science PhDs who end up working out-side academia, the decision to

leave the bench must be easy, right? Well, not exactly. Despite the fact that nonaca-demic positions are no longer the “alter-native,” opting for one can appear to be a risky endeavor.

Why? It requires deviating from the straightforward grad school-to-postdoc-to-professor course. Researching non-faculty positions—identifying what they are, what they entail, and how to get them—can be overwhelming, especially without any guidance or support. Although infor-mation and resources for scientifi c job-seekers are increasingly available, students and postdocs oft en don’t know they exist or where to begin. And faculty mentors tend to be ill-equipped to advise on the topic. As a result, the path away from aca-demia tends to remain quite murky.

It can also be fraught with emotional confl ict. Aft er dedicating so many years to working in the lab, it can seem strange or counterintuitive to do anything else. Th ere are misconceptions that skills learned during graduate and postdoc-toral training are not transferable to other fi elds or that there are not rewarding ways to advance science outside research. Some young postdocs fear “wasting” their de-gree or being perceived as a failure if they aren’t running experiments and writing papers. Regrettably, these fears can be reinforced by naysayers who believe that research is the only valid career path for a science PhD.

All things considered, deciding what to be with a PhD can be a source of great stress and even panic. Some respond by

following the default path without con-sidering the alternatives. Others put off making a decision until the dissertation is turned in or funding runs out. Both lead to missed opportunities for engaging in activities that could reduce the apparent risk involved in making a career change.

What’s a PhD (or PhD candidate) to do? To reduce the uncertainty, it’s impor-tant to dedicate time to self-assessment, career exploration and, frankly, getting outside the lab.

Taking the time to identify your skills, interests, and values is important. Once you have a fi rm grasp on the kind of posi-tion that will bring the greatest satisfaction, pursuing that path will seem worthwhile despite risks involved. Talking to indi-viduals who have made the leap, watch-ing the interviews on the Science Alliance Director’s Journal, and attending career panels can provide additional insight to demystify the options. Finally, participat-ing in non-lab activities will help you to develop skills that can be useful for mak-ing a career transition. Attending courses and workshops off ered by your institution and Science Alliance will provide benefi -cial education and training, as well.

Institutions can also do their part to ease the transitions of their graduate students and postdocs by making career options transparent and helping them to develop basic job skills. Career and pro-fessional development programs need to be implemented and trainees need to be encouraged to avail themselves of these resources, which I have observed go un-derutilized if awareness and support are lacking. Th is may require informing fac-ulty about available resources so that they

can better advise their trainees, or even integrating programs within the curricu-lum to make them more visible. What’s more, we need to combat the “hidden curriculum” persisting in many institu-tions that a PhD in science is only valu-able when applied to research. Until other options are acknowledged and embraced as legitimate trajectories for our gradu-ates, leaving the bench will remain a risky proposition for many.

Making any major life decision is hard and deciding what to be with a PhD is no exception. It is a risk to leave academia, but it can be an informed and calculated risk with exceptional payoff . In fact, for some, the greater risk might be in staying.

If you need help getting started with career exploration, please visit Science Alliance online at www.nyas.org/sci-encealliance.

Monica Kerr, PhD, is director of the Academy’s Science Alliance program. Aft er completing a PhD in cell biol-ogy and training as a Curriculum Fellow at Harvard Medical School,

she left the bench to run the Academy’s Science Alliance program, which is dedi-cated to advancing the careers of students and postdocs in science, technology, en-gineering, and mathematics through ca-reer education, development and train-ing programs for science PhDs provided through seminars, courses, webinars, and a dedicated website.

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Deciding What to Be With a PhDLeaving the bench can seem like a risky endeavor.

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NN ew York City is home to 9 ma-jor science research institutions, 25 National Medal of Science

recipients, and more than 475,000 work-ing scientists. Yet with the city’s abundant scientifi c resources, its public school chil-dren still struggle in the sciences, lagging by most measures of scientifi c literacy. Th e 2005 Trial Urban District Assessment from the National Assessment of Educa-tional Progress showed that the city’s 4th- and 8th-grade students fell 20 or more percentage points below the national av-erage in scientifi c achievement.

Additionally, according to the NYC Department of Education, black and Hispanic students—two minority groups comprising the majority of the student body—continually perform lower than white and Asian/Pacifi c Islander students on New York State assessments at the High School level, with a 22 point gap identifi ed between white and black stu-dents in 2009.

Given the startling disconnect between New York as a science city and New York as a science education city, the Academy is well poised to knit those two commu-nities together and fi nd ways to link and leverage opportunities with resources.

Th e Academy recently began off ering programming aimed at teachers with the mission to connect teachers to profes-sional development opportunities, stu-dent programs, and great science content. We do that by off ering our own program-ming, but also by providing a calendar of upcoming professional development.

Teachers have a lot of great options for professional development in New York, so we’ve focused on three main types of programming: content talks, fi eld trips,

and networking opportunities. Teaching the Cutting Edge is a series that provides scientifi c talks aimed at teachers. In ad-dition to excellent content, our speakers, such as Nobel Laureate Martin Chalfi e, off er compelling narratives to help stu-dents understand the Nature of Science. Upcoming speakers include Mariette DiChristina, Editor in Chief of Scien-tifi c American, and Ben Oppenheimer, a comparative exoplanetary scientist at the American Museum of Natural History and past awardee in the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists. Our content talks are available as multimedia presentations called eBriefi ngs and can be shared with students and colleagues.

Our second series, Discovering the Urban Environment, allows teachers to try out scientifi c fi eld trips that are eas-ily accessible on public transportation and low cost or free. On our fi rst trip, 60 teachers explored the wetlands of Ran-dall’s Island. On others, teachers will tour the World Trade Center Path Station, the Second Avenue subway line, and the Har-lem DNA Lab.

Finally, we off er a series of Outreach Rountables to help teachers connect to each other and the informal science education community—two groups with the shared mission to increase student access to great science. While we do off er a range of pro-fessional development options, all of them have the express goal of building a commu-nity of science teachers in New York.

All of our events are free to Academy members and are available for profession-al development hours. We also strongly encourage participants to bring students and colleagues to our events.

In addition to our stellar teacher events, Academy membership connects teachers to the Academy’s scientifi c off er-ings including discussion groups, Science & the City talks, conferences, and almost 150 years of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Our goal is to help link teachers to the amazing resources that New York has to off er. Th is is possible thanks to the gener-ous backing of our donors and partners, and the hard work of our steering com-mittee, headed by Professor Fernand Brunschwig and composed of leaders in science education

How Academy members can get in-volved:

Help us build our professional de- »velopment calendar for teachers by emailing opportunities to scieed@nyas.org.Suggest a fi eld trip, great speaker, »or resource for our upcoming pro-gramming.Come to one of our education events, »especially the Outreach roundtables. Th ey’re great for meeting teachers and sharing ideas of how to work together!Let us know what great education »outreach you and your organization are doing.And send your ideas for how we can »meet our goals to me at mgroome@nyas.org.

Reaching Students Through TeachersThe Academy’s K-12 Science Education Program gives educators fi eld trips, lectures, and networking events.

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Science Education

by Meghan Groome

Meghan Groome, PhD, Director of the K-12 Science Education Initiatives at the Academy

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 17

Cover Story

II n a day and age when “thinking outside the box” is univer-sally touted as the fastest path to scientifi c and technological innovation, incentive prize contests have come to be seen as

one of the most creative ways to generate groundbreaking ideas. Here’s how it works: Broadcast a challenge with specifi c param-eters and reward whoever solves it fi rst. Th is simple but increas-ingly popular approach to tackling scientifi c problems goes so far outside the box, in fact, that winning solutions frequently come from completely unexpected or even unknown entities.

Consider the solvers in some recent contests: It was a concrete industry chemist in Illinois who fi gured out how to separate fro-zen oil from water in an Exxon Valdez oil spill cleanup challenge. A human resources professional posed a winning research ques-tion in a Harvard diabetes challenge. A Columbia University experimental astrophysicist won a Bill and Melinda Gates Foun-dation challenge for suggesting a new approach to controlling malaria. And a team of West Philadelphia high-school kids built a super-effi cient car that was a strong contender for an X Prize.

Even one of the most celebrated incentive contests in history is legendary for its surprising winner: a self-educated English watchmaker won Parliament’s £23,000 Longitude Prize for in-venting the marine chronometer in the 18th century.

Extracting ideas from untapped sources is largely the point of incentive contests. Proponents of the approach, which is sometimes called crowdsourcing or open innovation, frequently quote the wisdom of Sun Microsystems founder Bill Joy: “No matter who you are, most of the smartest people work for some-one else.” When a problem has stumped your fi eld’s experts, they say, casting the net to a broader, more diverse, and multidisci-plinary population can yield amazing solutions. In fact, studies by Harvard Business School professor and innovation researcher Karim Lakhani have shown that winning solutions in challenge contests are most likely to come from solvers whose area of ex-pertise is six disciplines removed from the problem.

Science & Prizes

byline ruleby Adrienne J. Burke

How open innovation networks can help solve scientifi c puzzles.

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At Scientists Without Borders, a program conceived by the New York Academy of Sciences in conjunction with the United Nations’ Millennium Project, Executive Director Shaifali Puri says a web-enabled platform for seeking and suggesting solutions to science and technology challenges in the developing world is yielding input from a global and multidisciplinary set of innova-tors. Th e same is true at the Gates Foundation, where Program Offi cer Andrew Serazin says the fi ve-year, $100 million Grand Challenges Explorations initiative to promote innovation in glob-al health has successfully harvested ideas from a highly diverse set of people. “We’ve gotten some promising projects out of it, and we’ve gotten as much value out of reading applications,” he says.

Th e startup costs for getting into the challenge-posing game can be surprisingly low. Platforms such as Scientists Without Borders and businesses like InnoCentive, IdeaConnection, NineSigma, and OmniCompete that facilitate contests for so-called “seekers,” make it easy for anyone to post a problem on-line and fi eld solutions from around the world. You don’t need to off er a huge monetary reward to sponsor a successful incentive contest, either. Serazin contends that as little as a few thousand dollars can draw contestants, and plenty of seekers on Puri’s site get input without off ering any reward at all.

Even if your organization isn’t ready to post its challenges to the outside world, simply employing the philosophies and practices of incentive contests can spur innovation within your own workplace. InnoCentive CEO Dwayne Spradlin notes, “Th e challenge-based approach is a fun way to get people inside an organization involved in solving a problem.”

Henry Chesbrough, the executive director of the Center for Open Innovation at University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business says, “Any organization has biases, myopia, previous experiences that advantage certain approaches and dis-courage or discount others. A contest can transcend these cogni-tive barriers.”

Contest limits and benefi tsWhile useful, contests also have their limits. And not every sci-entifi c puzzle lends itself to the challenge format. Experts agree

that, to be suitable, a problem must be able to be very well de-fi ned, and the parameters for winning very clear.

“An explicitly identifi ed goal is essential to focusing the world’s attention on a challenge,” Serazin says, “and the achieve-ment of the goal must be measurable.” He points to contests such as the Ansari X Prize, which promised $10 million to the team that could build and launch a spacecraft capable of carrying three people to 100 kilometers above the earth’s surface twice within two weeks. Contestants’ performance could be measured so that it would be clear who the winner was. “In health and biomedi-cine, getting that kind of specifi city is not easy,” he warns.

Nor should incentive contests be seen as a cheap way to outsource R&D. Forming and managing a challenge requires substantial internal knowledge and resources. Th e genome re-searcher Craig Venter hosted a DNA sequencing challenge for several years before turning it over to the X Prize Foundation to administer. With the level of expertise and management the contest demands, he says, “it costs several million dollars to run a contest to give away $10 million.” As Chesbrough notes, prize competitions aren’t going to render the internal R&D depart-ment obsolete, but they can complement, extend, and inform it.

A small but growing segment of the business world agrees with him. According to a widely cited study by the consulting fi rm McKinsey, almost $250 million was awarded to prize-winning problem solvers between 2000 and 2007. Large corpo-rations, small businesses, philanthropies, universities, govern-ment agencies, and nonprofi ts—from GE to the Gates Founda-tion, from NASA to Scientists Without Borders (see “Th e Solver Community Responds,” p. 19)—are among the organizations now off ering cash to outsiders who can meet their challenges. InnoCentive, one of the best known companies serving the in-centive contest market, has hosted more than 1,000 challenges since 2001 and boasts a solver community of more than 200,000 individuals in 200 countries. Robynn Sturm, advisor for open innovation at the White House Offi ce of Science and Technology Policy, says challenges should be a part of any innovation portfo-lio. Today, analysts estimate the incentive-based prize market at $2 billion and growing.

President Obama is accountable for some of that projected growth. He recently called on fed-eral agencies to increase their use of prizes and challenges to spur innovation. “Prizes and chal-lenges are not the right tool for every problem, but right now they’re being so underutilized that it’s safe for us to call on all agencies to increase their use,” says Sturm. Already, the White House-sponsored Challenge.gov website features nearly 60 government challenges, and a banner there encourages government agency leaders to “chal-lenge the world.” Government-sponsored con-tests are inspiring citizens of all stripes to off er up novel solutions to national problems such as childhood obesity, energy storage, and keeping astronauts’ food fresh in outer space.

OSTP Deputy Director for Policy, Tom Kalil, says that, in addition to increasing the number and diversity of minds tackling a problem, con-tests off er several advantages over traditional grantmaking, including freeing the government A

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The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 19

to pay only for results, not for unfruitful research. Th e approach, he says, also “allows us to establish a bold and important goal without having to choose the path or the team that is most likely to succeed.”

Adds Sturm, “Prizes and challenges allow you to see a num-ber of diff erent approaches all at once. With a grant or contract, you have to pick your course and cross your fi ngers. With a prize, you can say, ‘Th is is our goal, and we’re happy to pay anyone who hits it, however they do it.’”

Scientists Without Borders’ Puri uses challenges as one part of an open innovation platform designed specifi cally to generate

scientifi c and technological breakthroughs in global develop-ment. She says, “Scientists Without Borders enables members of our community to work together and combine their resources and expertise to take action and accelerate progress.” Puri says she believes the challenge approach will “move the needle by generating, refi ning, or unearthing eff ective solutions and then getting them deployed as widely as possible.”

Craig Venter notes one more benefi t of incentive contests: they can serve as truth serum against exaggerated claims and marketing spiel. When Venter joined forces with the X Prize Foundation to establish the $10 million Archon Genomics X

The Solver Community RespondsScientists Without Borders Enables an Open Innovation Challenge

Scientists Without Borders issued its fi rst challenge and prize in November 2010. To combat developing-world birth defects and infant mortality stemming from maternal malnourishment, the chal-lenge called for methods to eradicate folic acid defi ciencies. The winning solution would be low-cost, easy-to-implement, and scal-able. And it would enable women to readily and easily fortify staple foods with folic acid at home or in their community. A $10,000 prize for the winning solution was sponsored by Scientists Without Borders’ partner, PepsiCo.

The challenge was disseminated to hundreds of thousands of people through a variety of channels, including the broad solver network of Scientists Without Borders’ partner InnoCentive, and within a month nearly 350 individuals had registered to participate. By the December 13 deadline, 64 had submitted proposed solu-tions, and 51 were accepted for review by an expert committee.

More than four dozen ideas for combating a critical cause of infant mortality and birth defects proposed by a diverse and global group of solvers in the space of one month. It’s a powerful example of the way networks can be engaged to tackle the world’s most critical challenges. It’s also early validation of Scientists With-out Borders’ unique new approach to tackling those challenges.

Scientists Without Borders was conceived of by the New York Academy of Sciences in conjunction with the United Nations Mil-lennium Project. The Academy—with its world-class network of scientists and partners in 140 countries—is Scientists Without Borders’ lead partner in applying science and technology to global development challenges. The original Scientists Without Borders web platform, launched in 2008, established a database of scientists and resources and a large expert network. More recently, Executive Director Shaifali Puri unveiled a platform- and strategy-redesign to better engage the community’s 5,000 users and leverage the pro-grams’ partners and experts. Having integrated these vast networks and resources, Puri says Scientists Without Borders is uniquely positioned to tackle global development with innovative solutions.

She says the folic acid challenge “exemplifi es the unique as-sets and resources Scientists Without Borders brings to global development.” To develop and frame the specifi c challenge, an advisory panel of three of the world’s leading nutrition science and policy experts stepped in. Maternal, newborn, and child health expert Zulfi qar Bhutta of Aga Khan University in Pakistan; Eileen Kennedy, Dean of the Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School

of Nutrition Science & Policy at Tufts University; and Ricardo Uauy, a professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and former president of the International Union of Nutritional Sci-ences were vested with the independent authority to identify the appropriate parameters, specifi c focus area, and criteria for the challenge, and they were enlisted to ensure the scientifi c rigor and independence of the contest. The three are also assisting Scien-tists Without Borders in selecting the prize-winning solution.

To reach the widest array of solvers, Scientists Without Borders also partnered with InnoCentive, a company that Puri says shares her view of the importance and utility of prizes for global develop-ment challenges. Scientists Without Borders will publish the winning solution online, work with the solver, if possible, to translate the idea to a viable intervention, and rally resources to scale the solution.

The value of the Scientists Without Borders model is acknowl-edged by partners including PepsiCo. “The work that Scientists Without Borders is doing is critically important,” says Mehmood Khan, Chief Executive Offi cer, Global Nutrition Group/Chief Scien-tifi c Offi cer, PepsiCo. “Combating global undernutrition is some-thing PepsiCo is equally committed to, and achieving success will require collaborative efforts across multiple sectors.”

Puri notes that, while Scientists Without Borders will offer in-centive prizes for partnered challenges such as the folic acid chal-lenge, those will appear side-by-side with grassroots challenges posted by users in the fi eld or at work.

At present, a user from Kenya seeks “ideas for developing a global, coordinated clinical and research effort to improve care and survival rates” for the childhood eye cancer retinoblastoma. Another from Cameroon seeks a model to achieve the manpower, parts, and service capacity to build a successful pharmaceutical production sector there. And a third seeks methods for purifying water for domestic use along a four kilometer channel that passes through a Ugandan slum.

In some cases, the solution for a challenge will be readily known. As Puri points out, geographic and disciplinary silos have long stood in the way of communicating or applying existing sci-ence and technology to the problems of the developing world. Though most user-generated Scientists Without Borders challenges won’t come with a cash incentive, Puri says, “Surfacing these com-mon and shared problems will excite the inherent interest, altruism, and expertise of solvers who can generate or refi ne solutions.” –AJB

20 www.nyas.org

Cover Story

Prize the idea was to incite progress in genomic sequencing technologies and to get beyond what he considers to be industry spin about the state of the art. Th e winner will be, specifi cally, the fi rst team to build a device and use it to sequence 100 human genomes within 10 days or less, with an accuracy of no more than one error in every 100,000 bases sequenced, with sequences accurately covering at least 98 percent of the genome, and at a recurring cost of no more than $10,000 per genome. “You can’t fake it,” Venter says. “Th ere will be clear winners for a set of stan-dards.” If prizes and contests can incentivize people and provide a reality check of all the claims that are out there, he says, “then they can really help science move ahead.”

Incentivized in academiaWhat does a scientist, lab head, or manager need to know to enter the challenge arena? Tom Kalil points to the Harvard Catalyst/InnoCentive Type 1 Diabetes Ideation Challenge as an example of how the scientifi c community can use challenges—both within an organization and more broadly—to generate not just technological solutions, but new research ideas.

With funding from the National Center for Research Re-sources, the Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Cen-ter off ered a cash reward for winning answers to the question, “What do we not know to cure type 1 diabetes?” Contestants were asked to formulate well-defi ned problems aimed at advanc-ing knowledge about, and ultimately eradicating, the disease.

Th e challenge was open to the entire Harvard community as well as InnoCentive’s 200,000 solvers. Ultimately, nearly 800 respondents expressed interest in the contest, 150 submissions were evaluated, and 12 winners were each awarded a $2,500 prize. Th e winners included a patient, an undergraduate student, an MD/PhD student, a human resources representative, and re-searchers from unrelated scientifi c fi elds.

Eva Guinan, director of the Harvard Catalyst Linkages pro-gram and associate director of Clinical/Translational Research at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, says the contest itself was an experiment to see how the model could work in an academic biomedical environment, given that researchers are traditionally dis-incentivized from collaborating. She says top-down manage-ment support was one key to securing widespread participation. In an email to the tens of thousands members of the Harvard community, from deans to janitors, President Drew Faust en-dorsed every employee’s participation in the challenge, suggest-ing that it would “help stimulate innovative thinking and poten-tial new understandings and therapies.”

“Companies need to open up and break down boundaries between departments,” Spradlin says. He points to a recent In-noCentive client—a large engineering organization that hosted an incentive contest internally, but opened the competition only to staff ers with information technology backgrounds. “We told them to run the contest all over the company. Th e solution came from someone in the fi nance department.”

Be a seeker and a solverHarvard’s Karim Lakhani suggests scientists can spur innovation in their own labs just by participating in contests, either as solv-ers or seekers. “Oft en scientists and PIs get narrowly focused in one area, but we know that being exposed to new questions and expanding your horizons can yield creativity,” he says. “Th ere

Seeking a challenge?Or a solution?Incentive contests for a plethora of scientifi c problems, in fi elds from artifi cial intelligence to digital forensics, can be found on the follow-ing websites. Barriers to entry are usually low, and prizes can be large. If you’re considering issuing your own challenges, these websites can also be useful. Some are incentive con-test administrators.

Challenge.gov // challenge.govAn online challenge platform administered by the U.S. General Services Administration in partnership with ChallengePost that empow-ers the U.S. Government and the public to bring the best ideas and top talent to bear on our nation’s most pressing challenges. This platform is the latest milestone in the Administration’s commitment to use prizes and challenges to promote innovation.

Grand Challenges in Global Health // www.grandchallenges.orgFosters scientifi c and technological innovation to solve key health problems in the developing world. The initiative includes the Grand Challenges in Global Health grant program and the newer Grand Challenges Explorations grant program.

IdeaConnection // www.ideaconnection.comFormed in 2007, IdeaConnection takes on Challenges from com-panies large and small. With diverse teams, world-class facilitators, and a high ‘solve’ rate, users solve problems ranging from nano-technology, virtual reality, biochemistry, to marketing and sociology.

InnoCentive // www2.innocentive.comA company designed to help expand customers’ innovation capa-bilities by building a more collaborative approach to problem solv-ing, and providing the means to tap into the best minds within a company as well as creative problem solvers throughout the world.

NineSigma // www.ninesigma.comEngaging companies across all industry sectors with the global innovation community, and enabling organizations to leverage an open innovation network of external resources to solve immediate challenges, fi ll product pipelines, and integrate new knowledge and capabilities into their organizations.

OmniCompete // www.omnicompete.comA central hub for security innovators, start-ups, and investors. Hosts competitions and events around the globe.

Scientists Without Borders // www.scientistswithoutborders.orgScientists Without Borders is a web-based collaborative commu-nity dedicated to generating, sharing, and advancing innovative science and technology-based solutions to the world’s most press-ing global development challenges.

The X Prize Foundation // www.xprize.orgAn educational nonprofi t organization whose mission is to create radical breakthroughs for the benefi t of humanity, thereby inspir-ing the formation of new industries, jobs, and the revitalization of markets that are currently stuck.

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The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 21

might be a very interesting problem out there that lets you di-rectly export and apply knowledge from your fi eld to a diff erent fi eld. Th at creative expression is worthwhile in itself, and work-ing on another problem may unlock a problem in your fi eld.”

For would-be seekers, he suggests a strategic approach: Th ere might be problems you are stuck on, or a set of problems that aren’t high priority for your lab but need to be knocked off your list, he says. Th ose would be worth broadcasting to see if out-siders come up with interesting solutions. “Take a portfolio ap-proach to your lab,” he says. “Decompose your problems and express them in modules. Th en be strategic about them and say, ‘I think we’d benefi t from outside perspectives here.’ It’s a very diff erent way to do science.”

Edward Jung, founder and CTO of Intellectual Ventures in Seattle, says that crucial to results is the problem statement. “If you’re trying to invent the Boeing 787, you don’t put out a request to invent an airplane,” he says. “You divide it up into smaller, tractable pieces such as, ‘design a more effi cient way of modulating turbine blades.’”

And Harvard’s Eva Guinan adds a word of caution: Before launching a challenge, “you really have to be convinced that it’s what your organization wants to do. Th ere are a lot of people who aren’t believers.” With internal challenges, beware of managers who don’t buy in. “Th ere can be complaints such as, ‘Th is person is working for me, and I don’t appreciate that they’re sitting on their computer working for someone else,’” Guinan says. Others can be so hung up on the belief that the PhD is the smartest per-son in the room, that they’re not willing to consider input from anyone without an academic pedigree. “You have to be willing to push this as an issue of social and cultural change,” Guinan says.

Karim Lakhani points to one more secret of incentive con-tests: Participants oft en aren’t motivated by the money. “Most people know they’re going to lose, but they participate anyway,” he says. Instead, participants are drawn by the opportunities to be part of a group eff ort, work on an interesting problem, learn something new, achieve a clear goal, and get feedback on their work. “Th is is at the heart of why people do science,” he says.

What’s next in incentivizing science?At the forefront of new models for hosting challenges is the grassroots, collaborative approach to problem solving that Scien-tists Without Borders enables. While the platform is also host to competitive incentive-prize contests, such as a current PepsiCo-sponsored challenge that seeks ideas for curbing folic acid de-fi ciency, it also enables users to seek input from the broad and global Scientists Without Borders community—engendering a teamwork approach to solving the challenges of the developing world. Explains Executive Director Puri, “We don’t just want people to fi nd each other—we want them to work together and combine their resources and expertise to take action and accel-erate progress.”

Unique among organizations that facilitate challenges, Sci-entists Without Borders provides user-friendly online modules that allow anyone to frame and post a challenge, off ers an expert advisory panel for guidance, and enables users to help each other solve problems regardless of where the challenges exist or us-ers reside. Puri calls it a “bottom-up, user-generated challenge model that will surface barriers on the ground, in the fi eld, or at the bench that might otherwise be overlooked.”

“We know that the people within a community are the best source of intelligence about the problems they face, and that the challenges of one country, sector, or discipline might have been solved already in another,” Puri explains. “By linking multi-sector, cross-disciplinary actors, we enable relevant information and ideas to fl ow in both directions and we empower people in their own communities to more effi ciently advance their own solutions.”

But as Puri and others employing the challenge approach to scientifi c problem solving note, eliciting solutions is just the starting point. “Platforms like the one we have built can bring the community together to generate and share ideas and transfer resources, but it will take more than individuals to turn solutions into scale and impact,” Puri says.

Whether in the global development niche that Scientists Without Borders fi lls or in a scientifi c laboratory looking to ig-nite its members’ creativity, open innovation tools like incentive contests and challenges can be powerful and inspiring ways to tap human ingenuity.

Scientists Without Borders off ered $10,000 in prizes for the most innovative ideas that off er low-cost, easy-to-implement, scalable methods that enable women, at home or in their community, to fortify or supplement staple foods with folic acid. Read about the winning solutions at www.scientistswithoutborders.org.

Learn who won the Scientists Without Borders Nutrition Challenge!

ScienceAlliance

THURSDAY, MARCH 3, 2011Bargaining for Success: Mastering the Science of NegotiationJoin us as Mike Blank, member of the law faculty at Georgetown University Law center, introduces a systematic framework for negotiating that will help you achieve better outcomes in personal and professional dealings.

www.nyas.org/ScienceofNegotiation

22 www.nyas.org

Book Excerpt

NN euroscientists are very interested in discovering mecha-nisms in the brain that lead to our social behaviors. As we study social behaviors in laboratory animals, certain

sex diff erences become obvious. Let’s start with the fi rst step, so-cial recognition.

In the movie, Th e Changeling, the mother Christine (Ange-lina Jolie) knows without any doubt that the child returned to her by the Los Angeles police is not her lost son. Mothers know. Same for animals. Th e Harvard anthropologist Lucien Barbash-Taylor has fi lmed examples of female sheep, mothers who are be-ing asked, in the name of farming effi ciency, to take care of newly born lambs that are not their own. But do they recognize this? Th ey can be fooled. If, and only if, within 24 hours of their giving birth, the foster lambs are covered with the foster mother’s own amniotic fl uid, the farmer has a win. Th at ewe will “recognize the kid as her own” and will take care of the foster lamb. Th is maternal behavior gives us an example of social recognition, and social recognition lies at the basis of all loving care. In fact, as I’ll describe in this chapter, social recognition lies beneath all friendly behaviors. To befriend someone we must fi rst recognize him and know that he will not harm us.

Th e people we grow up recognizing, and usually have a good, warm feeling about, and from whom we certainly should not ex-pect harm, are those in our own family. Historically, we had the concept of an economic unit in which the mother, father, and children work eff ectively together; for example, on a family farm. Th e physical anthropologist Helen Fisher tells us in her book Why We Love that this kind of bonding became especially im-portant for women aft er humans developed a striding walk. Th at is to say, this kind of pair bonding must have evolved by at least three million years ago, thus reinforcing the notion that these so-cial behavior tendencies are basic and profound in our natures.

Women during pregnancy, and carrying small infants, could hardly do the running, hunting, and gathering as well as the male could. So, a mutually cooperative relation between male and female became essential. Monogamy, loyalty, and friendship all encourage our positive, helpful and, in a word, altruistic re-sponses toward each other. As I said in my book, Th e Neurosci-ence of Fair Play, friendly, cooperative behaviors require brain mechanisms—hormonal, genetic, neural—that subsequently be-come available to support a wide variety of friendly, supportive behaviors that have nothing directly to do with sex or maternal behaviors. In evolutionary terms, that is, once the mechanisms required for male/female courtship and sexual behaviors are in place, they are at the service of more complex social relations of a positive, cooperative sort. And all of those friendly behaviors require social recognition.

Since identifi cation of another as distinct from, or similar to oneself plays a major role in the chapter, I must ask: How exactly do we recognize others for who they are, as distinct from our-selves? We are beginning to piece together the molecular basis of social recognition through brain research on laboratory animals. As distinct from humans, whose visual and auditory capacities are so rich and strong, these laboratory animals tend to rely on smell. Because virtually all pheromones and other odors signal through basal forebrain pathways that lead to the amygdala, this collec-tion of neurons once again comes into play. Pheromonal signals from the accessory olfactory bulb impact the medial nucleus of the amygdale, while volatile olfactory signals from the main ol-factory bulb converge on the other amygdaloid cell groups.

Biologist Elena Choleris investigated these mechanisms when she was in my lab at Rockefeller University. Choleris, born in Italy and raised in Greece, now works in Canada, but has a Broadway-bound sense of humor. One day in my lab, she point-

Social Behavior Social Behavior NetworksNetworks& The SexesThe Sexes

In a new book, Academy member and Rockefeller University In a new book, Academy member and Rockefeller University Professor Professor Donald PfaffDonald Pfaff explains differences between how explains differences between how

men and women have evolved to bond and cooperate.men and women have evolved to bond and cooperate.

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 23

ed at a drawing of the very small Y chromosome and wrote on it: “So small and yet so dangerous!” Elena studied female mice be-cause among lower mammalian species, such as the rodent spe-cies, females form social bonds much more readily than males. Th ese laboratory rodents, having poor vision and being noctur-nal in their habits, depend largely on olfaction and on phero-mones for their social recognition capacities. Choleris analyzed the abilities of female mice to recognize other females using pre-cise assays that told us not only how the test females got used to females they recognized—and knew that those intruder females did not represent any threat—but also told us how the test fe-males would reawaken their investigative responses when a new, strange female was introduced. We studied genetically normal mice, and then compared their social recognition performance to that of their littermates in which the oxytocin gene had been “knocked out,” or either of two sex hormone receptor genes had been knocked out—estrogen receptor-alpha, or estrogen recep-tor-beta. We manipulated these sex hormone receptor genes be-cause in lower mammals, many aspects of social behavior occur in hormonally-dependent settings connected with reproduction. Choleris found that “knocking out” any one of those three genes would signifi cantly reduce all aspects of social recognition.

Choleris put those results together with a long and strong literature on the molecular actions of estrogens in the brain, and her understanding of how mice use olfaction and pheromones to recognize each other. She came up with a coherent story that links social behaviors to reproduction. Th e female mouse’s ova-ries secrete estrogens as the animal is getting ready to ovulate. Circulating in the blood, these estrogens are retained by neurons in the hypothalamus, and in those neurons the estrogens turn on the gene that codes for oxytocin (OT). Th e elevated levels of OT are transported to the amygdala. At the same time, the estro-

gens, having circulated in the blood, also are retained by neurons in the amygdala, where they turn on the gene for the oxytocin receptor (OTR). Th us, elevated levels of OTR are there, ready to receive and react to the OT transported from the hypothalamus. Choleris emphasized that concurrent expression of these vari-ous genes in their respective diff erent locations in the forebrain would be crucial for social recognition to work correctly.

Th e fact that these molecular events take place in the amygda-la is important for two reasons. First, it is to the amygdala that olfactory and pheromonal signals signal, providing the basis for social recognition. Second, it is precisely in the amygdala where OT, working through OTR, fosters increased social recognition. Jennifer Ferguson, a graduate student working with Th omas In-sel when he was at Emory University, found that microinjections of OT to the amygdala improved social recognition. Conversely, Choleris and I used a special molecular trick called antisense

Man & WomanAN INS IDE S TORY

Donald W. Pfaff, PhD

24 www.nyas.org

Book Excerpt

DNA to block gene expression for OTR in the amygdale, and decreased social recognition. As a result, from molecular chemi-cal details, through neuroanatomy, through animal behavior, we understand quite comprehensively how OT and OTR operating in the amygdala foster social recognition in mice. Additionally, we see that it operates in the context of reproductive hormones.

I have argued in my MIT book, Drive, that these primitive molecular and neuroanatomical relations have been retained in the human brain, and operate in much the same way. But, of course, our social relationships depend on myriad cultural habits and customs overlaying the primitive, sexy drives, and depend-ing on our newly evolved cerebral cortex, even as, neuroanatom-ically, the human cerebral cortex overlays the human amygdala.

I note that Elena Choleris’ model of social recognition, even in these laboratory mice, does not invoke a simple-minded state-ment that claims “one gene/one behavior”—i.e., turn on gene A and behavior B pops out. Newspaper reporters sometimes talk that way, because classically in genetics, decades ago, George Beadle and Edward Tatum, studying the fungus Neurospora, won the Nobel Prize for their “one gene/one enzyme” concept. But modern neuroscientists have moved beyond that. In my lab, to explain mechanisms for behaviors that are diff erent between males and females, we have shown that patterns of genes govern patterns of behaviors.

Nor does Choleris try to wrap up the explanation of social recognition and altruism in a single gene. Her reluctance to do

that is ratifi ed by a mathematical approach reported in Nature in 2009 by mathematicians Vincent Jansen and Minus van Baalen, at the University of London. By simulating what would happen in social confl ict, setting cooperative instincts against selfi sh in-stincts, and by assuming that social recognition and altruism are always inherited together, Jansen and van Baalen mathematically tested the implications of the simplest idea: that social recogni-tion and altruism both depended exclusively on the same gene. Th eir calculations revealed that that coinheritance would lead to great instability.

Social cooperation would bounce from absent to present, depending on whether or not that single gene existed in an in-dividual, in a manner that would not be suffi cient to support a normal society, animal or human. If, instead, they assumed that social recognition and altruism were caused by “loosely coupled separate genes,” then the potential would increase for the devel-opment of a variety of recognizable features across the popula-tion that would greatly foster altruistic behavior. Jansen and van Baalen’s conclusion is important because it provides a genetic mechanism by which people could recognize each other as al-truistic and behave appropriately even if they are not in the same family or otherwise related to each other.

Biologists have long ago grasped how social behavior net-works have evolved among all animals with backbones, verte-brates, encompassing a range of animals from fi sh through the types of laboratory mammals whose maternal behavior I de-scribed previously. Even in fi sh, neurobiologist James Goodson and his colleagues at the University of California at San Diego can discern hypothalamic/amygdala relations of the sort that Elena Choleris identifi ed. Goodson also sees that in fi sh, so-cial behaviors in the form of vocalizations are linked to their requirements for reproduction. Birdsong provides us with an-other obvious example. In many bird species, males sing much more than females and use their songs to control their territories and attract females. But for the main arguments of this book, extending the story to higher mammals such as nonhuman pri-mates and thence to humans is most important. In the words of Robert Axelrod, computer scientist at the University of Michi-gan, once the genes for cooperative behavior have evolved, natu-ral selection of optimal social behaviors will operate and will produce “strategies that base cooperative behavior on cues from the environment.”

Reprinted with permission from Man & Woman by Donald Pfaff published by Oxford University Press, Inc. © 2010 Oxford Uni-versity Press.

Donald W. Pfaff , PhD, professor and head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior at Th e Rockefeller University, is a brain scientist who uses neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neuro-physiological methods to study the cellular mechanisms by which the brain controls behavior. He is the author of several books, and he will speak at the Academy about Man and Woman: An Inside Story on Tuesday, March 1 at 6:30 PM. For more information and registration details please see www.nyas.org/manandwoman.

Green Science & Sustainability Program

Th e program focuses on strategies to abate the environmen-tal impact of urban regions. We seek to build community, develop a deeper understanding of the fi eld, and disseminate the knowledge generated by leveraging the Academy’s exten-sive network. Participate in our upcoming discussions:

MARCH 2, 2011Facing the Elements: Transportation System Resilience in an Era of Extreme Weather and Climate Changewww.nyas.org/TransportationSystem

MARCH 24, 2011Achieving Urban Infrastructure Effi ciencies through Building Networkswww.nyas.org/BuildingNetworks

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26 www.nyas.org

February

March

For further details on meetings and conferences,visit our calendar at www.nyas.org/events.

Academy Calendar

Th u, Feb 17 • 11:30 AM – 3:00 PMWonders of Nature and Miracles of Medicine: Popularizing Science in LIFE MagazineBert Hansen of Baruch College speaks at this event hosted by the Lyceum Society, which is comprised of the Academy’s retired and semi-retired members. All Academy mem-bers are welcome.

Th u, Feb 17 • 6:30 PM – 8:00 PMHistoric Tales of the Periodic Table: An Evening with Sam KeanFrom the Big Bang through the end of time, join Science & the City for an evening of tales from the Periodic Table with author and sci-ence journalist Sam Kean.

Tue, Feb 22 • 1:00 PM – 4:00 PMEducators’ Tour of the WTC Transit HubTeachers have the opportunity to tour the World Trade Center Transit Hub with SKAN-SKA. Th e tour will provide an overview and history of the site and discuss the large-scale challenges that the engineers face.

Tue, Feb 22 • 1:00 PM – 5:00 PMSirtuins, Longevity and Adaptations to Nutrient AvailabilitySirtuins are implicated in aging and adapta-tions to food intake, thus play an important role in low-calorie diets. Th e symposium reveals discoveries in how sirtuins regulate biological processes, and modulation of their biochemical properties.

Wed, Feb 23 • 2:00 PM – 4:00 PMTeachers Tour of the 2nd Ave Subway LineTh e Second Avenue Subway is just one of the major infrastructure projects overseen by the construction fi rm SKANSKA. Educators can get an inside tour (literally) of the site and learn about how engineers plan such complex projects.

Wed, Feb 23 • 6:00 PM – 8:00 PMThe Evolution of Nuclear Fear, 1900-2010Spencer Weart of the American Institute of Technology speaks at this event hosted by the Academy’s History and Philosophy of Science Section.

Wed, Feb 23 • 7:00 PM – 8:15 PMQuid Pro Quo: The Ecology of The SelfPhilosopher and neurobiologist Owen Flana-gan and psychologists Paul Bloom and Roy Baumeister will examine current biological, psychological, and anthropological research on the complex interaction between the Self and others and will consider the roots of empathy and morality.

Th u, Feb 24 • 6:00 PM – 7:30 PMThinking about Teaching: Myths and Realities of Becoming an EducatorTh inking about teaching? Th is panel discus-sion includes scientists who have changed their focus from research and industry to education. Moderated by Hilleary Osheroff of the American Museum of Natural History.

Mon, Feb 28 • 1:00 PM – 6:00 PMWhy Your Fat Is Good For YouAdipose tissue contains adipokines, hormone receptors, growth factors and complex func-tions that aff ect reproduction, energy balance and the pathology of chronic diseases. Ex-perts examine a dominant factor in chronic overnutrition: adiposity.

Tue, Mar 1 • 6:30 PM – 8:00 PMMan and Woman: An Inside Story of Neurobiology and Sex DifferencesAcclaimed behavioral neurobiologist Donald Pfaff explains the latest research on diff erenc-es between male and female brain function.

Wed, Mar 2 • 6:00 PM – 8:00 PMFacing the Elements: Transportation System Resilience in an Era of Extreme Weather and Climate ChangePanelists Kenneth E. Kunkel (NOAA National Climate Data Center), Th omas Abdallah (Metropolitan Transportation Authority, New York City Transit), Adam Freed (Mayor’s Offi ce of Long-Term Planning and Sustain-ability), Angela Licata (New York City De-partment of Environmental Protection), and Andy Wiley-Schwartz (NYC Department of Transportation) address how New York City is building resilience into its transportation infrastructure in order to mitigate the poten-tial impact of extreme weather events.

Sat, Mar 5 • 9:00 AM – 6:00 PMTEDxNYEDAn all-day conference focusing on empower-ing innovation in education.

Mon, Mar 7 • 5:00 PM – 7:30 PMThe Systems Biology of Aging and Neurodegenerative DiseasesSystems and computational biologists Domenico Accili (Columbia University), David Galas (Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA) and David T. Burke (Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan) com-bine methodologies to examine aging and neurodegenerative diseases, covering genetics and the development and application of new technologies, to increase our understanding of these complex biological networks.

Tue, Mar 8 • 4:00 PM – 5:00 PMNYC Science Outreach Roundtable: Professional DevelopmentJoin your fellow teachers and representatives from online, summer, and graduate programs to discuss upcoming professional develop-ment opportunities around the world.

Mar 9 - 11Advancing Drug Discovery for SchizophreniaTh is conference will facilitate the translation of discoveries in basic neuroscience into the development of innovative pharmacological agents for the treatment of schizophrenia by convening and encouraging dialogue among clinical, translational and basic neuroscientists.

Tue, Mar 22 • 1:00 PM – 5:00 PMAre Neurodegenerative Diseases Spreading? Disease Propagation in Protein Misfolding DisordersProtein misfolding causes many neurode-generative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s. Th is sympo-sium reviews breakthroughs in characteristic non-autonomous disease propagation, and reviews the development of novel therapies.

Tue, Mar 22 • 4:00 PM – 6:00 PMEducators’ Tour of Brain: The Inside StoryJoin an Educators’ Tour of AMNH’s Brain: Th e Inside Story which brings the latest neu-roscience, interactive exhibitions, and vivid imagery to highlight the evolutionary history of the brain, diseases, chemistry and function.

The New York Academy of Sciences Magazine • Winter 2011 27

April

DATES, TIMES, AND TOPICS OF »EVENTS LISTED HERE ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE. For up-to-date information, including ticket prices, please visit our online calendar at www.nyas.org/events.

Registration is required for most and »strongly encouraged for all events. To register to attend an event, please use the Academy events calendar online at www.nyas.org/events or contact the meetings department at 212.298.3725 or nymeetings@nyas.org.

Unless noted otherwise, »Academy events are held at:The New York Academy of Sciences7 World Trade Center250 Greenwich St at Barclay, 40th FlNew York, NY 10007

Photo ID is required for entry.»

Meetings Policy

Wed, Mar 23 • 7:00 PM – 8:15 PMThe Pursuit of Immortality: From the Ego to the SoulAre we immortal? Do our souls exist beyond our bodies? What scientifi c evidence is there for mystical experience? Th ese questions and others will be addressed from a cultural, historical, and scientifi c perspective by evolu-tionary biologist Kenneth Miller and theolo-gians John Haught and Nancey Murphy.

Fri, Mar 25 • 7:00 AM – 5:30 PMMusic, Science & Medicine: Frontiers in Biomedical Research and Clinical ApplicationsTh is conference will foster dialogue be-tween music therapists and basic researchers studying a variety of physiological functions (neurocognitive mechanisms, hormonal and metabolic responses, pain control, motor functions), and address therapeutic areas where music and physiology can synergize.

Mon, Mar 28 • 1:00 PM – 5:00 PMVaccines Under the Gun: Politics, Science, Media and the LawRecent outbreaks show that as more children go unvaccinated, community immunity erodes. Recent legal cases highlight individual rights vs the good of society. Th is symposium examines historical approaches, legal mea-sures and safety considerations.

Mon, Mar 28 • 7:00 PM – 9:00 PMA Radical Humanist. Franz Boas at the Centennial of The Mind of Primitive ManJames Boon (Princeton University), Regna Darnell (University of Western Ontario) and Adriana Garriga-Lopez (Kalamazoo College) speak at this event of the Academy’s Anthro-pology Section, the crossroads for four-fi eld anthropology in the greater New York area.

Tue, Mar 29 • 1:00 PM – 5:00 PMPathogens in the Blood SupplyRoutine blood screening protocols test for several common pathogens, but miss others such as XMRV. Th is symposium will discuss recent advances in the testing and screening of the blood supply as well as suggestions for future directions.

Mar 30 - Apr 1Critical Contributions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex to BehaviorTh is conference will highlight the most recent advances in understanding the critical contri-bution of orbitofrontal cortex to supporting human behavior across multiple neural circuits.

Apr 1 - Apr 3Sixth International Conference on Ethical Issues in Biomedical EngineeringTh is 3-day conference will explore ethi-cal issues associated with the controversial nature of some of the new developments in biomedical engineering, and discuss possible guidelines to be followed.

Mon, Apr 4 • 2:00 PM – 5:15 PMGenome Integrity Discussion Group MeetingTh e Genome Integrity Discussion Group provides a forum for interactions between basic and clinical research groups working on chromosome biology and function, and at the interface between chromosome integrity and onset and progression of malignancy.

Mon, Apr 11 • 9:00 AM – 5:00 PMRNAi-based Genetic Screening: Past, Present & FutureTh is 1-day symposium will explore lessons, challenges, new discoveries and future direc-tions in the development of RNAi screening technologies and delivery processes. Success-ful biomedical applications in various human diseases will be presented.

Tue, Apr 12 • 4:00 PM – 5:00 PMNYC Science Outreach RoundtableJoin us to discuss issues of scale, faculty and staff certifi cation, and preparation of all students to be successful in early college high schools.

Tue, Apr 12 • 7:00 PM – 8:30 PMTeaching the Cutting EdgeBen Oppenheimer of the American Museum of Natural History speaks. Engineer, astro-physicist, and comparative exoplanetologist are all titles that Ben Oppenheimer could wear. Join us as Dr. Oppenheimer explores how we look for life on other planets and why he may soon add biologist to his list of expertise.

Th u, Apr 14 • 6:30 PM – 8:00 PMA Biography of Cancer: An Evening with Siddharta MukherjeeTh e author of the New York Times top-10 book of 2010, Th e Emperor of All Maladies, presents a history of, as well as a glimpse into the future of, cancer at this Science & the City event.

Bringing top science authors to the Academy in 2011

Special guest speakers in 2011 will include V.S. Ramachandran, Donald Pfaff, Siddhartha Mukherjee, Amir Levine, Rachel Heller, Sam Kean, and Peter Kareiva.

These authors will be speaking on topics ranging from the inner workings of the brain, the neurobiological differences between the sexes, the effects of love on the brain, the history of cancer, and much more.

Get your tickets now atwww.nyas.org/scevents

All these events will take place at the New York Academy of Sciences, 250 Greenwich St, 40th Fl, New York, NY 10007. For additional info, email nymeetings@nyas.org or call 212.298.3725.

28 www.nyas.org

Donor Profi le

SS iblings Mortimer D.A. Sackler and Kathe A. Sackler, MD spoke with magazine contributor Adam Ludwig

about the founding gift made by Th e Mor-timer D. Sackler Foundation, Inc., to estab-lish Th e Sackler Institute for Nutrition Sci-ence at the New York Academy of Sciences.

How did you fi rst become interested in issues surrounding nutrition? Kathe: As a physician, I have always been convinced that millions of infants, chil-dren, and adults in the world suff er and die from diseases that can be prevented by access to proper nutrition, clean water, and hygiene. My passion about this prob-lem grows out of my fundamental belief that there are adequate resources for ev-ery human being in the world to have ba-sic nutrition, water, and shelter if we take this on as a critical global priority.

Mortimer: Aft er turning 30, I noticed it became harder and harder to stay in shape. I sought the advice of a nutritionist, who made me focus on the sources and quality of the food I was eating. Th rough that process I began focusing on the food other people were eating, and how poorly regulated food in this country is. I know how risk-averse the FDA is in regulating drugs, but why is it seemingly so lax about our country’s food supply and what it al-lows to be packaged and sold to the popu-lation? Th is question led me to realize that governments have always had a single-purpose mission when it comes to food policy and regulation: How to make more and cheaper food? We have been very successful in producing much more food from the same amount of land, but did we actually make food cheaper, or simply shift the cost to a diff erent area: healthcare?

How were you involved in partner-ing with NYAS to develop the Sackler Institute? Mortimer: In early 2009, my father re-ceived a call from NYAS to meet and discuss a joint initiative. Th e team at the

Academy presented a nutrition initiative, and we developed their concept into the program for the Sackler Institute. When I presented the idea to the family, it quickly won broad approval, and Kathe and our sis-ter Ilene Sackler Lefcourt became involved in defi ning the creation of the Sackler In-stitute and its founding gift agreement.

How do you think the Sackler Institute will make an impact in fi nding solutions to health issues related to nutrition? Mortimer: By bringing together some of the brightest people in the fi eld of nutri-tion science and having them defi ne the fi ve or six most important questions in the fi eld, and then having them tackle each question and put out challenge grants, fund research, write papers, and ultimately drive change in public policy, the Sackler Institute can make an impact that will improve people’s health as it re-lates to nutrition and diet.

Kathe: Th e recipe here is to cross-motivate experts in diff ering fi elds, all of which speak to issues of nutrition science, and to challenge and support these groups to fi gure out the critical achievable goals that will make a positive diff erence. Ex-perts across science, social policy, politi-cal action, health care, communications, and media will integrate new experiential knowledge into their work to bring about positive change.

What are your thoughts about the iro-nies of confronting scarcity in developing countries while addressing problems such as obesity in industrialized countries?Mortimer: Th e biggest irony is that it isn’t “overabundance” that is causing the obe-sity epidemic, but rather a form of scar-city. Both under-nutrition and obesity are caused by people not getting enough of the right nutrients in their diets. Th e food we have created, subsidized, and sold to the U.S. consumer may be cheap and plentiful, but it is also extremely nutrient-light. Is it any surprise that consumers eat

more and more of it? Th eir bodies aren’t getting the nutrients needed to satiate them. Th e worst thing we could do for developing countries is to provide them with the misguided nutrition policies, food guidelines, and products that have led to obesity here.

What is your hope for the impact of the Sackler Institute in the next ten years? Kathe: Th e Institute will generate new discoveries about the nutritional and met-abolic aspects of particular diseases and encourage self-sustaining farming, sup-ported by clean water, in areas with food shortages and few resources. It will also spur better general education for children about healthy dietary choices, along with improved nutrition science curricula in postgraduate healthcare training.

What has been your greatest source of inspiration in becoming involved with eff orts to improve diet and nutri-tion on a global scale?Mortimer: My children. By far having kids, as cliché as it sounds, changed my life and my view on the world. It is be-cause of them that I hope that the Sackler Institute will make a diff erence.

Adam Ludwig is a writer in New York City.

Contribute to Th e Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science by contacting Kiryn Hoff man, Director, Development at 212.298.8673 or khoff man@nyas.org.

Invest in Nutrition Science

Patrons of Global HealthA gift from The Mortimer D. Sackler Foundation, Inc., will enable the Academy to pursue advances in the crucial area of nutrition science.

byline ruleby Adam Ludwig

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Blavatnik AwardsYoung Scientists

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The New York Academy of Sciences2011

THE NEW YORK ACADEMYOF SCIENCES2011 SPRINGCONFERENCES

7 World Trade Center250 Greenwich St, 40th FlNew York, NY 10007-2157 Address Service Requested

MARCH 9 - 11, 2011Advancing Drug Discovery for SchizophreniaTh is conference will facilitate the translation of discoveries in basic neuroscience into the development of innovative pharmacological agents for the treatment of schizophrenia by convening and encouraging dialogue among clinical, translational and basic neuroscientists.www.nyas.org/Schizophrenia2011

MARCH 25, 2011Music, Science & Medicine: Frontiers in Biomedical Research & Clinical ApplicationsTh is conference will foster dialogue between music therapists and basic researchers studying a variety of physiological functions (neu-rocognitive mechanisms, hormonal and metabolic responses, pain control, motor functions), and address therapeutic areas where music and physiology can synergize.www.nyas.org/MusicScience

MARCH 30 - APRIL 1, 2011Critical Contributions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex to BehaviorFeaturing keynote speaker Daniel Gilbert from Harvard University, this conference will highlight the most recent advances in understand-ing the critical contribution of the orbitofrontal cortex to supporting human behavior across multiple neural circuits.www.nyas.org/OFC

APRIL 1 - 3, 2011Sixth International Conference on Ethical Issues in Biomedical EngineeringTh is conference will examine the ethical issues associated with the development of new implants, devices, and treatments to improve the quality of life of patients with devastating diseases and to discuss future guidelines.www.nyas.org/BioMed

MAY 4, 2011Collaborative Health Care for Diabetes: A Symposium for Creating a Dialogue Among Medical and Dental Care ProfessionalsMedical, dental, and other health care professionals as well as basic researchers will convene to examine the bidirectional relationship between oral disease and diabetes and the need for interprofessional health care for this population.www.nyas.org/DentalDiabetes

JUNE 28 - 30, 2011Sixth International Congress on Shwachman-Diamond SyndromeExplore the clinical features, current management, and treatment of Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome – a genetic disorder involving mul-tiple organ systems and aff ecting hematopoiesis, leukemogenesis, and organogenesis in children and young adults.www.nyas.org/SDS

Academy members receive free or discounted registration for all of our programs so register today!

For a full listing of events and conferences, visit www.nyas.org/events.

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Register by Mar 23, 2011 and SAVE!

Poster Abstract Submission Deadline: Apr 15, 2011

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