science synthesis iii

7/31/2019 Science Synthesis III

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GRADE FIRSTPROPERTIES OF WATER


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THE STUDENTS WILL READ AND ANSWER ORAL QUESTIONS


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THE SUN


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GRADE SECOND

TYPES OF PLANTS

Ferns

Ferns are an ancient family of plants. Scientists have

found fern fossils from the beginning of the Mesozoic

era, 360 million years ago. Ferns are older than land

animals and older than dinosaurs.

They were living on earth 200 million years before

flowering plants evolved. As we know them now, most

ferns are leafy plants that grow in moist areas under

forest trees.

CONCEPTUALIZATION

Plant

Plants are a major group oflifeforms and include familiarorganisms such as trees, herbs,bushes,grasses,

vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. About 350,000species of plants, defined asseed plants,bryophytes,

ferns and fern allies, are estimated to exist currently. As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of

which 258,650 are flowering and 15,000bryophytes. Green plants, sometimes called metaphytes, obtain most

of their energy fromsunlightvia a process called photosynthesis. We are going to meet two classifications:

1. Classes of plants according to their size.

There are three main types of plants

Trees

The trees are larger plants that exist. They come in many different shapes and sizes, from small fruit trees until

sequoias, that the trees are larger, since some of them measuring 84 meters high and has more than 3500

years.

The trees also are different from other plants because they have a single stem, called trunk, which is hard and

woody.

A large number of species of trees lose their leaves with the arrival of cold winter. They do this to protect

themselves from the cold and not freeze leaves them with frost. In the spring, it will sprout new leaves by all its

branches. I call deciduous trees. By name a few examples, have the sheet expires almond, elm and birch.

Other species of trees do not lose their leaves during the winter, but that will renew throughout the year. I call

evergreen trees. This is the case of pine, fir, oak or olive.

The bushes

They are smaller than plant trees, but larger than herbs. They have several stems

that some are woody shrubs. Like the trees, some lose their leaves in winter. There

are also adapted to different climates. Some may resist frost of winter; others bear
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large periods of drought, while others are adapted to live in very warm areas, and so on. There are numerous

species of shrubs; some of them are roses, rockrose and aulaga.

The herbaceous plants

The herbs are small plants out of the ground a few centimetres. Most of

them have a short life for one or two years. Most soil of the planet is covered with

wild grass. Others are grown to provide food for humans or animals, and some were

also caring as ornamental plants for their beauty. They are herbaceous plants

wheat, poppy or parsley.

2. Plants without flowers and flowering plants

Plants without flowers

Many plants do not produce flowers at any point in their lives. In this group of plants are called in Botany

plants cryptogams. His way is to reproduce by spores.

The best known of the plants that have no flowers are mosses, ferns and algae. It is the SECONDplant began

to exist and lived in times that there were still not human beings. They usually live in forests and very humidbecause they need to have their water swimming spores to reproduce.

The mosses are the most primitive land plants and easiest way. They are small plants that live in very humid

and shady, because not tolerate direct sunlight. They can be found in the soil, under the shade of rain forests,

but always in areas umbra.

The ferns are also very old plant. For 300 million years ferns were much more

abundant than now. Some were as large as huge trees and forests were authentic.

His remains and buried putrefaction have led, over millions ofyears, coal. Also need to

live in areas of high humidity and cool.

Algae are a group of plants that live in water. Many scientists doubt thatbelong to the plant kingdom, as no show all the features and functions of

the plant. Of the algae come the rest of the plants. They were the origin of

plants because, over millions of years, some species on earth leading to

other plants as mosses and ferns. Algae grow on the seabed or glued to

the rocks and there seas, rivers, lakes and ponds. They have very

different shapes and colours.

They are quite different to the rest of plants, as they have no root or stem

since living in water, no need for these bodies to absorb. They made

photosynthesis, and some of them are microscopic. An example of what we can see algae in the ponds, lakes,

rivers and especially in the sea, where there are many species of colours green, yellow, blue or red.

Plants with flowers

Most of the plant reproduces by flowers. In Botany plant these plants are called "phanerogams." For them it is

not essential that there is water to reproduce, so it can grow for areas that are not wet.

In flower plant has its reproductive organs. The flowers are formed the fruits and seeds, which are necessary

for a plant of this kind is played.
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Some plants produce flowers once or twice each year, such as orange or jasmine, others produce flowers only

once in his whole life. The pita, for example, is a plant with thorns, which grows wild throughout the area

around the Mediterranean. Supports the drought storing water in its thick leaves. Even 20 or 25 years does

not produce flowers and dies after flowering. The flowering plants are divided into two main groups:

The gymnosperms have no fruits to protect the seed. Its flowers are very simple and often go

unnoticed in our view. They are gymnosperms, for example, pine, fir and cypress. It is the

oldest seed plants.

The angiosperm plants are more recent and more

evolved. They have flowers that are often complex striking our view.

The seeds are covered by a fruit that protects them. They are the

power supply of humans and many mammals. There is also collected

a large number ofraw materials and natural products. The jazmines,

roses, wheat and oak are angiosperms.

REMEMBER

Plants make their own food

Plants, like animals, need nourishment. They also need to

breathe. Plant nutrition is very different from animal nutrition.

The most important difference is that plants do not need to get

their food from their surroundings. Instead, they make their

own food. Food is made in the green parts of the plants, mainly

in the leaves. Plant respiration is also different from animal

respiration.

Plants breathe in the air or underwater, depending on where

they live. The leaves of the plant are responsible for

respiration.

How plants get nourishment

Plants get nourishment in the following way:

First, the roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The mixture of water

and nutrients that flows into the plant is called raw-sap.

Plants turn the raw sap into refined sap in the leaves. Refined sap is a mixture

of water and plant food. Leaves need sunlight to turn raw sap into refined sap.

Finally, the refined sap is transported to all parts of the plant.

GROW OF THE PLANTS

Seed

A seed is a smallembryonicplant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with somestored food.

It is the product of the ripenedovule ofgymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs afterfertilization and

some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process ofreproductionin seed
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plants (started with the development offlowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote

and theseed coatfrom the integuments of the ovule.

Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread offlowering

plants, relative to more primitive plants like mosses, ferns and liverworts, which do not have

seeds and use other means to propagate themselves. This can be seen by the success of

seed plants (both gymnosperms and angiosperms) in dominating biologicalnicheson land,

fromforeststo grasslandsboth in hot and cold climates.

The term seedalso has a general meaning that predates the above anything that can be

sown i.e. "seed"potatoes, "seeds" ofcornorsunflower "seeds". In the case ofsunflowerand

corn "seeds", what is sown is the seed enclosed in a shell or hull, and the potato is a tuber.

Plant Propagation

Plant propagation is defined as the process of reproducing or creating a new plant or seedling. Like all other

living organisms in Nature, plants must reproduce to survive. Nature affords a variety of ways to do this in the

plant world. Different species will propagate or reproduce in different ways. And, unlike the animal world, many

plants will reproduce in multiple ways.

Plant propagation is an important part of gardening, whether outdoors or with your indoor houseplants. When

you have a great plant, and you want to create a new one "just like it" for

yourself or a friend, you need to know about plant propagation.

Seed Production

Seeds are by far the most common means of plant propagation. The vast

majority of plants in the world produce seeds. The seeds are produced in the

fruit of a plant or in the flower. In nature the seeds dry out in autumn and then

spend the winter in or on the ground. They awaken and sprout in the spring as

a young seedling.

Seeds are cast about by nature in a variety of ways. Some seeds fall to the ground, and new offspring sprout

up right near the location of the mother plant. Other seeds are cast far distances by floating through the air.Good examples of these are dandelions and poplar trees. Other plants use animals to help spread their seeds

in a wide area. Berries for example pass though the digestive system of birds, and are deposited long

distances away. Other seeds are contained in burrs that attach themselves to an animals fur, and are carried

for miles before being cast off by their unsuspecting transportation. The number of seeds produced is usually

proportional to the seeds survival rate. Thats why some plants produce thousands of seeds, as only a few

ultimately find a suitable place to germinate.

Seeds are generally easy to collect and store away for next year. In todays world of mass production, only a

few varieties of a species are readily available in seed stores, online, and in catalogs. Heirloom seed sources

and keeping your own seeds are a great way of retaining less common varieties that may carry unique features

or qualities. Those unique qualities will make your garden stand out to both the casual observer and the

garden experts. Example: Fruits

Cuttings and Rooting Plants

This is the second most common form of plant propagation. But, it is sometimes the most

difficult. Sure, there are lots of plants that you can easily and successfully propagate by

cuttings. Then, there are others that are more difficult. A good example of this are roses,

which require a more controlled environment and protection during the "cutting" stage.

A good candidate for cuttings, is a healthy, growing plant, one that has not gone dormant

in the fall. Cut the end of a stem, generally three to four inches long. Look for a stem that
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does not have a flower or a flower bud. Remove any flowers and buds, and the bottom leaves. There should

be four to six healthy leaves on the cutting.

Some cuttings need to be placed in water to allow roots to form. Others, are placed in moist soil. Care must be

taken to make sure the tender new roots do not dry out. After a healthy new root system is formed, you can

then transplant your cutting into a container or into your garden.

Some plants, like African Violets, work well with leaf cuttings. The leaf is either placed in

water to root, or placed directly into moist soil. Some leaf cuttings will grow pinned to the

surface of the soil. The new plants will root from the veins where they contact the moist soil.

Example: Geranium

Bulb

A wide variety of flowers grow from bulbs and corms. The original bulb grows smaller bulbs

as offshoots. Pull bulbs in the summer after the plant has died back. Separate the smaller

bulbs from the mother bulb. Example: Tulip.

PLANTS REPRODUCTION

Vegetative reproduction is asexual

reproductionother terms that apply are

vegetative propagation or vegetative

multiplication.

Vegetative growth is enlargement of the

individual plant; vegetative reproduction is

any process that results in new plant

"individuals" without production of seeds or

spores.

Plants reproduction

Non-flowering plants

Some plants don't produce flowers and seeds. Plants such as ferns and mosses are called nonflowering plants

and produce spores instead of seeds. There is also another group called the Fungi, that include mushrooms,

and these also reproduce by spores. We often think of these individuals as "non photosynthetic plants" when in

fact they belong to their very own group or kingdom.

Sporesare microscopic specks of living material. Ferns produce their spores on the undersides of the leaves

(fronds). You may have seen them. They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves. If you

have access to a microscope, use it to look at the spores. You will find them to be a variety of shapes and

unique to each kind of fern.

Plants from parts is a form of asexual orvegetative propagation. This process is sometimes calledcloning

because every new plant is exactly like the parent. One type of cloning uses cuttings--parts of plants that grow

into new plants. Both stems and leaves can be used as cuttings. Another kind of cloning isgrafting--the joining
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together of two plants into one. Other kinds of cloning usebulbs ortubers--underground parts that make new

plants.

Flowering plants

Pollination is very important. It leads to the creation of new seeds that grow into new plants.

But how does pollination work? Well, it all begins in the flower. Flowering plants have several different parts

that are important in pollination. Flowers have male parts called stamens that produce a sticky powder called

pollen. Flowers also have a female part called the pistil.

The top of the pistil is called the stigma, and is often sticky. Seeds are made at the base of the pistil, in the

ovule.

To be pollinated, pollen must be moved from a stamen to the stigma. When pollen from a plant's stamen is

transferred to that same plant's stigma, it is called self-pollination.

When pollen from a plant's stamen is transferred to a different plant's stigma, it is called cross-pollination.

Cross-pollination produces stronger plants. The plants must be of the same species. For example, only pollen

from a daisy can pollinate another daisy. Pollen from a rose or an apple tree would not work.

GRADE THIRD

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION

ECOSYSTEMS
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How we classify animals

We classify animals, or put them into groups, in order to study them. We put animals with similar

characteristics in the same group. The most common classification divides animals into two groups:vertebrates and invertebrates.

CONCEPTUALIZATION

We can classify the animals according to the type of food they eat. There are three basic classifications:

herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

HERBIVORES: Eat plants cows and horses are herbivores.

CARNIVORES: eat other animals, lions, wolves and dogs are examples of carnivores.

OMNIVORES: Eat both meat and plants. Bears, chimpanzees and humans are all omnivores.

Like the people, animals have to digest the food they eat. The digestive system is responsible for digestion.

Vertebrates, such as cats and humans, have complex digestive systems. Invertebrates , such as worms havemore simple digestive systems.

REMEMBER

Most animals can eat many different foods. If one type of food becomes scarce, the can eat other things.EXAMPLE:

A CHIMPANZEE DIET

Chimpanzees basically eat plants. These apes eat the leaves and fruit of the many plants that grow in theareas where they live.However, sometimes chimpanzees eat meat. A pack of chimpanzees will hunt and kill small monkeys.

Afterwards, they all share the meat.


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ECOSYSTEMS

The ecosystem is the central concept of ecology. The word ecology is derived from the Greek word oikosmeaning place. Ecology therefore, studies places and what happens in them, taking places to be naturalspaces. The most basic concepts of this science focus on observation of the environment and discovery of theneeds of and the relationships between living things.

Conceptualization

Animals and plants live together.

Plants need light and water to live. Some plants, like the beech tree, need a lot of water. Others like cactusneed little water. As a result, beech tree grow in wet areas and cactus in dry ones.Different animals live in different environments too, for example, bears live in cool, wet places, and camels livein hot, dry places.

The place where a plant or animal lives is called its habitat. Animals and plants that need the same amount ofheat, light and water share the same habitat. For example, beech trees and bears share the same habitat;beech trees and camels do not


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GRADE FOURTH

MATTER

ENERGY

Everything we see is made of matter. For example, the sun, the water, rocks, plants, the human body and thethings we build are made of matter. This is why they have shape, weight, color and specific temperature.

Since everything is made of matter, all things have mass, volume and density. Mass, volume and density aregeneral properties of matter. We can observe and measure objects by comparing them with a fixed amount.This amount is called a unit. For example, if you want to know tall you are, you compare your height with afixed measurement: the meter.

CONCEPTUALIZATION

When you measure mass, volume and density, you have the matter, so is important to compare everything toknow it.Mass: is the amount of matter in an object. For example a steel nail has more matter than a steel pin. Weight

is a measure of the earth`s force of attraction, or gravity, on an object. Weight depends of mass. Therefore,weight also tell us how much matter there is in an object.Volume: is the amount of the space an objects occupies, volume is measured in litters (l) and cubic meters(m3), but these are large units of measurement. So we often use smaller measurements, like cubic millimeters(mm3), centiliters (cl) and millimeters (ml).Density: density is the relationships between mass volume. If we compare two objects with the same mass butdifferent volumes, the object with less volume is denser than the object with more volume.The states of matter.Matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid or gaseous. Pieces of iron or rock are examples of matter in thesolid state. Water, oil and alcohol are matter in liquid state. Air is gaseous state.The solid state.Solid objects have constant volume and shape. Their shape and volume do not change when we put themin a different container.Other solids are elastic, like rubber. When we apply a force to them, their shape changes. When we stopapplying the force, they change back to their original shape.

Other solids are fragile, like glass. They brake easily. Other solid are plastic, like clay. When we apply a forceof them, their shape change, when we stop applying the force, they maintain their new shape.The liquid state.Have a constant volume, but no shape of their own. Water in a bottle has the shape of the bottle. If we putthe water of the bottle and into a jug, the shape of water changes, but the volume is the same.Liquids are fluids. This means that they can pass through any opening in a solid body. They can flow throughtubes.The gaseous state.Gases change volume and shape. if we burst a balloon, the air that was inside the balloon expands into thewhole room. Before we burst the balloon, the air had the shape of the balloon, now it has the shape and thevolume of the room.

CHANGES IN A MATTER:all the matter around us is constantly undergoing change. Matter can undergo two types of change, physicalchange and chemical change.

When the matter undergoes a physical change, the substances that it is made upStay the same.When matter undergoes a chemical change, the substances change into different substances. For example,when paper burns, is turns into ash.Paper and ash are different substances.Physical changes.These are examples of physical change.

Change of state: for example, water changes state when it turns into steam as it boils.


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Changes in shape: include the division of an object into smaller parts. For example we grind coffeebeans into a powder to make coffee.

Changes in size: size changes and fermentation are examples of chemical change. Combustion andfermentation.

Combustion: occurs when we woods burn and fermentation occurs when the sugar turns in alcohol.

TYPES OF ENERGY

The focus of study in this unit is energy. Even thought the concept of energy is a complex one, many aspectscan be understood by students at this age.

Energy is necessary are constantly changing. Sometimes they change places, such as when an object falls tothe ground. Sometimes the object`s shape or appearance changes, such as when a plant grows. Sometimean object undergoes a change of state, such as when butter melts.

We can`t see the energy, we can only see the changes energy produces.

Different forms of energy.

There are many different forms of energy, such as kinetic, chemical, electrival an heat energy.

Movement produces kinetic energy, for example a ball has energy when we throw it.

Food, batteries and fuel contain chemical energy. The body needs the energy in the batteriesproduces electricity. Fuels produce het and light when the burn.

Electric current provides electrical energy. A bulb and a motor work with electrical energy.

Heat energy is the energy hot objects transfer to cold objects.

Light and sound are also forms of energy.


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GRADE FIFTH

MATTER

ENERGY

Everything we see is made of matter. For example, the sun, the water, rocks, plants, the human body and thethings we build are made of matter. This is why they have shape, weight, color and specific temperature.

Since everything is made of matter, all things have mass, volume and density. Mass, volume and density aregeneral properties of matter. We can observe and measure objects by comparing them with a fixed amount.This amount is called a unit. For example, if you want to know tall you are, you compare your height with afixed measurement: the meter.

CONCEPTUALIZATION

When you measure mass, volume and density, you have the matter, so is important to compare everything toknow it.Mass: is the amount of matter in an object. For example a steel nail has more matter than a steel pin. Weightis a measure of the earth`s force of attraction, or gravity, on an object. Weight depends of mass. Therefore,weight also tell us how much matter there is in an object.Volume: is the amount of the space an objects occupies, volume is measured in litters (l) and cubic meters(m3), but these are large units of measurement. So we often use smaller measurements, like cubic millimeters(mm3), centiliters (cl) and millimeters (ml).Density: density is the relationships between mass volume. If we compare two objects with the same mass butdifferent volumes, the object with less volume is denser than the object with more volume.The states of matter.

Matter can exist in three states: solid, liquid or gaseous. Pieces of iron or rock are examples of matter in thesolid state. Water, oil and alcohol are matter in liquid state. Air is gaseous state.The solid state.Solid objects have constant volume and shape. Their shape and volume do not change when we put themin a different container.Other solids are elastic, like rubber. When we apply a force to them, their shape changes. When we stopapplying the force, they change back to their original shape.Other solids are fragile, like glass. They brake easily. Other solid are plastic, like clay. When we apply a forceof them, their shape change, when we stop applying the force, they maintain their new shape.The liquid state.Have a constant volume, but no shape of their own. Water in a bottle has the shape of the bottle. If we putthe water of the bottle and into a jug, the shape of water changes, but the volume is the same.Liquids are fluids. This means that they can pass through any opening in a solid body. They can flow throughtubes.The gaseous state.

Gases change volume and shape. if we burst a balloon, the air that was inside the balloon expands into thewhole room. Before we burst the balloon, the air had the shape of the balloon, now it has the shape and thevolume of the room.

CHANGES IN A MATTER:all the matter around us is constantly undergoing change. Matter can undergo two types of change, physicalchange and chemical change.

When the matter undergoes a physical change, the substances that it is made upStay the same.


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When matter undergoes a chemical change, the substances change into different substances. For example,when paper burns, is turns into ash.Paper and ash are different substances.Physical changes.These are examples of physical change.

Change of state: for example, water changes state when it turns into steam as it boils.

Changes in shape: include the division of an object into smaller parts. For example we grind coffeebeans into a powder to make coffee.

Changes in size: size changes and fermentation are examples of chemical change. Combustion andfermentation.

Combustion: occurs when we woods burn and fermentation occurs when the sugar turns in alcohol.

TYPES OF ENERGY

The focus of study in this unit is energy. Even thought the concept of energy is a complex one, many aspects

can be understood by students at this age.

Energy is necessary are constantly changing. Sometimes they change places, such as when an object falls tothe ground. Sometimes the object`s shape or appearance changes, such as when a plant grows. Sometimean object undergoes a change of state, such as when butter melts.

We can`t see the energy, we can only see the changes energy produces.

Different forms of energy.

There are many different forms of energy, such as kinetic, chemical, electrival an heat energy.

Movement produces kinetic energy, for example a ball has energy when we throw it.

Food, batteries and fuel contain chemical energy. The body needs the energy in the batteries

produces electricity. Fuels produce het and light when the burn.

Electric current provides electrical energy. A bulb and a motor work with electrical energy.

Heat energy is the energy hot objects transfer to cold objects.

Light and sound are also forms of energy.


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science synthesis iii

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