Science Teaching Methods Science Teaching Methods العلوم تدريس العلوم طرق تدريس طرق

Maryland, New York, VirginiaMaryland, New York, Virginia

National Science National Science Education Standards Education Standards

لتعليم األمريكية الوطنية لتعليم المعايير األمريكية الوطنية المعاييرالعلومالعلوم

Shifted from textbook style to hands-on experiencesShifted from textbook style to hands-on experiences

التعلم من بدال المحسوسة الخبرات بواسطة للتعليم التعلم التوجه من بدال المحسوسة الخبرات بواسطة للتعليم التوجهالمدرسية الكتب المدرسية من الكتب من

““The program of study in science should be The program of study in science should be developmentally appropriate, interesting and developmentally appropriate, interesting and relevant to students’ lives: emphasize relevant to students’ lives: emphasize student understanding through inquiry, and student understanding through inquiry, and be connected in their classroom to teach be connected in their classroom to teach science.”science.” وله مشوقا التعليمي البرنامج يكون أن وله يجب مشوقا التعليمي البرنامج يكون أن يجبالقيام خالل من الفهم على ويركز الطالب بحياة القيام عالقة خالل من الفهم على ويركز الطالب بحياة عالقة

العلمية المرحلة مع ويتناسب العلمية بالبحث المرحلة مع ويتناسب بالبحث

National Science National Science Education StandardsEducation Standards

““Learning science is a process that Learning science is a process that students do, and not something that students do, and not something that just happens to them.”just happens to them.” العلوم تعلم العلوم عملية تعلم عمليةبالعمل الطالب فيها يقوم التي العملية بالعمل هي الطالب فيها يقوم التي العملية هي

لهم يقدم شيء لهم وليست يقدم شيء وليست ““Science is not only hands-on, it is Science is not only hands-on, it is

‘minds-on’ as well.”‘minds-on’ as well.” فقط ليس فقط العلم ليس العلمفكرية خبرات أنها بل مباشرة يدوية فكرية خبرات خبرات أنها بل مباشرة يدوية خبرات

p أيضا p مباشرة أيضا مباشرة

What are some science What are some science teaching methods?teaching methods?

العلوم تدريس طرق العلوم بعض تدريس طرق بعض

Hands-on Hands-on experiencesexperiences

مباشرة يدوية مباشرة خبرات يدوية خبرات Inquiry Inquiry بحثبحث Guided inquiryGuided inquiry

موجه موجه بحث بحث

DiscoveryDiscovery اكتشافاكتشاف Cooperative Cooperative

Learning Learning تعليم تعليمتعاونيتعاوني

Field Trips Field Trips رحالت رحالتحقليةحقلية

What are some science What are some science teaching methods?teaching methods?

VideosVideos SpeakersSpeakers Connecting to real Connecting to real

lifelife

Aid of a textAid of a text ManipulativesManipulatives TechnologyTechnology

Science Teaching Methods Science Teaching Methods in Marylandin Maryland

MSPAP and the methods of MSPAP and the methods of teaching scienceteaching science

““Science is a body of knowledge Science is a body of knowledge developed through the process of developed through the process of investigating that is combined with investigating that is combined with thoughtful reflections guided by critical thoughtful reflections guided by critical thinking skills.”thinking skills.”

““The learning experience is further The learning experience is further enhanced when students are required to enhanced when students are required to use their newly acquired information in use their newly acquired information in a real world, problem solving situation.”a real world, problem solving situation.”

MSPAP and the methods of MSPAP and the methods of teaching scienceteaching science

Hands-on experiences help Hands-on experiences help children “experience the true children “experience the true nature of science.”nature of science.”

على الطالب تساعد المباشرة اليدوية على الخبرات الطالب تساعد المباشرة اليدوية الخبراتالحقيقية العلم طبيعة يخبروا الحقيقية أن العلم طبيعة يخبروا أن

What do MD teachers say?What do MD teachers say?

Hands-on experiencesHands-on experiences Cooperative learningCooperative learning VideosVideos Field tripsField trips

What do MD teachers say?What do MD teachers say?

SpeakersSpeakers Connections to real lifeConnections to real life InquiryInquiry Guided inquiryGuided inquiry

What do internet sources What do internet sources say?say?

From “Methods for Teaching From “Methods for Teaching Science”Science”– Discovery with hands on experiencesDiscovery with hands on experiences– Class discussions about experimentsClass discussions about experiments

What do internet sources What do internet sources say?say?

Extensions of readingExtensions of reading– encyclopediasencyclopedias– bulletinsbulletins– journalsjournals– magazinesmagazines– newspapersnewspapers– photographsphotographs

What do internet sources What do internet sources say?say?

From “Helping Children Learn From “Helping Children Learn Science”Science”– InquiryInquiry– Guided inquiryGuided inquiry– ““Learning demands curiosity and Learning demands curiosity and

openness, a willingness to make openness, a willingness to make mistakes, and recognition that no mistakes, and recognition that no answer is ever final.” (Bruce)answer is ever final.” (Bruce)

Maryland methods of Maryland methods of teaching scienceteaching science

Teachers agree with the standards Teachers agree with the standards that students learn the best with that students learn the best with hands-on experiences and hands-on experiences and concrete examples with real world concrete examples with real world connections.connections.

Maryland ReferencesMaryland References

– Bruce, Chip. (1997). Bruce, Chip. (1997). Helping Children Helping Children Learn ScienceLearn Science. Retrieved February 9, . Retrieved February 9, 2000 from the World Wide Web: 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ed.unic.eduhttp://www.ed.unic.edu

– Martin, D.J. (2000). Martin, D.J. (2000). Elementary Elementary Science Methods: A Contructivist Science Methods: A Contructivist Approach. (2nd Ed.).Approach. (2nd Ed.). Belmont, CA: Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Wadsworth.

More referencesMore references

– National Academy of Sciences.National Academy of Sciences. (1995). “National Science (1995). “National Science Standards.” Available: Standards.” Available: http://www.nap.edu/reading/books/nahttp://www.nap.edu/reading/books/nases/htmlses/html

More referencesMore references

– Parker, W. & Jarolimek, J. (1997). Parker, W. & Jarolimek, J. (1997). Social Social Studies in Elementary Education.Studies in Elementary Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

– Scienctists’ and Engineers’ Guide.Scienctists’ and Engineers’ Guide. (1997). “Methods of Teaching (1997). “Methods of Teaching Science.” Retrieved February 29, 2000 Science.” Retrieved February 29, 2000 from the World Wide Web: from the World Wide Web: http://wings.usdavis.edu/guide/methodshttp://wings.usdavis.edu/guide/methods.html.html

Science Teaching Methods Science Teaching Methods in Virginiain Virginia

““Science will touch Science will touch children if you let them children if you let them get their hands on it.”get their hands on it.”

VA SOL’s and Teaching VA SOL’s and Teaching MethodsMethods

Develop and use an experimental Develop and use an experimental design in scientific inquiry.design in scientific inquiry.

Use the language of science to Use the language of science to communicate understanding.communicate understanding.

Apply scientific concepts, skills, and Apply scientific concepts, skills, and processes to everyday experiences.processes to everyday experiences.

Investigate phenomena using Investigate phenomena using technology.technology.

SOL’s ContinuedSOL’s Continued

Experience the richness and Experience the richness and excitement of scientific discovery of excitement of scientific discovery of the natural world through the historical the natural world through the historical and collaborative quest for knowledge and collaborative quest for knowledge and understanding.and understanding.

Make informed decisions regarding Make informed decisions regarding contemporary issues.contemporary issues.

Explore science-related careers and Explore science-related careers and interests.interests.

What do VA teachers say?What do VA teachers say?

Hands-on activities and student Hands-on activities and student participation in the place of participation in the place of lecture.lecture.

Connecting science to real-life.Connecting science to real-life.ex. eating grubs (yummy…right, ex. eating grubs (yummy…right, Julie and Alexa?)Julie and Alexa?)

Use text to supplement hands-on Use text to supplement hands-on activities, not as the sole basis for activities, not as the sole basis for instruction.instruction.

Teachers ContinuedTeachers Continued

Projects - focus on student Projects - focus on student accountability (we want to know accountability (we want to know what the students can do, not what what the students can do, not what their parents can do).their parents can do).

Integration of subjects.Integration of subjects.ex. science journalsex. science journals

What do resources and What do resources and journal articles say?journal articles say?

From “Readings for Teaching Science From “Readings for Teaching Science in Elementary and Middle School”in Elementary and Middle School”

--The Learning Cycle: experiment --The Learning Cycle: experiment with hands-on activities before being with hands-on activities before being taught new material.taught new material.

From “Instruction: A Models From “Instruction: A Models Approach” --cooperative learning Approach” --cooperative learning strategiesstrategies--mixed ability--mixed ability

Resources ContinuedResources Continued

WebsitesWebsiteshttp://www.lessonplanspage.com/http://www.lessonplanspage.com/index.htmindex.htmhttp://curry.virginia.edu/curry/http://curry.virginia.edu/curry/class/edis/590s4/Lessons.htmlclass/edis/590s4/Lessons.htmlhttp://www.exploratorium.eduhttp://www.exploratorium.edu

VA ReferencesVA References

Barman, C. and Kotar, M. “The Learning Barman, C. and Kotar, M. “The Learning Cycle.” Cycle.” Readings for Teaching Science Readings for Teaching Science In Elementary and Middle Schools.In Elementary and Middle Schools. Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Pp.165-167.Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Pp.165-167.

Bowers, R. “Effective Models for Middle Bowers, R. “Effective Models for Middle School Science Instruction.” School Science Instruction.” Readings Readings for Teaching Science In Elementary and for Teaching Science In Elementary and Middle Schools.Middle Schools. Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Pp.175-180.Pp.175-180.

More VA ReferencesMore VA References

Flick, L. “The Meanings of Hands- Flick, L. “The Meanings of Hands- On Science.” On Science.” Readings for Readings for Teaching Science In Elementary Teaching Science In Elementary and Middle Schools.and Middle Schools. Kendall/Hunt. Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Pp. 181-188.1996. Pp. 181-188.

Gunter, M., Estes, T., and Schwab, Gunter, M., Estes, T., and Schwab, J. J. Instruction: A Models Approach.Instruction: A Models Approach. Allyn and Bacon. 1999. Pp. 59-317.Allyn and Bacon. 1999. Pp. 59-317.

More VA ReferencesMore VA References

Lorsbach, A. and Tobin, K. Lorsbach, A. and Tobin, K. “Constructivism as a Referent for “Constructivism as a Referent for Science Teaching.” Science Teaching.” Readings for Readings for Teaching Science In Elementary Teaching Science In Elementary and Middle Schools.and Middle Schools. Kendall/Hunt. Kendall/Hunt. 1996. Pp. 193-196.1996. Pp. 193-196.

New York Teaching New York Teaching MethodsMethods

Two Teaching MethodsTwo Teaching Methods

Based on interviews, research, and Based on interviews, research, and experience, two main teaching experience, two main teaching methods that we have discovered to methods that we have discovered to be used most frequently are:be used most frequently are:

I. Direct MethodsI. Direct Methods

II. Indirect MethodsII. Indirect Methods

Direct Methods and the Direct Methods and the Traditional Theory for Teaching Traditional Theory for Teaching

ScienceScience

Traditional TheoryTraditional Theory: Teaching theory : Teaching theory based on teacher-talk and textbook based on teacher-talk and textbook derived lessons with an emphasis on derived lessons with an emphasis on curriculum proficiency and correct curriculum proficiency and correct answers. Views students as passive answers. Views students as passive learners with ‘blank slates.’learners with ‘blank slates.’

Interview with Primary School Interview with Primary School TeacherTeacher

Jamesville Elementary SchoolJamesville Elementary School

Prefers traditional methodsPrefers traditional methods Feels young children need Feels young children need

structure to be successfulstructure to be successful Does not believe in whole languageDoes not believe in whole language Uses hands-on learning and Uses hands-on learning and

cooperative groups for some cooperative groups for some subjectssubjects

Interview with Primary Interview with Primary School Teacher Cont’dSchool Teacher Cont’d

Sees her role as one of instructor, Sees her role as one of instructor, mediator, and friendmediator, and friend

Compelled to abide by principle’s Compelled to abide by principle’s request to utilize traditional request to utilize traditional teaching methodsteaching methods

Indirect Methods and the Indirect Methods and the Constructivist Theory for Teaching Constructivist Theory for Teaching

ScienceScience

Constructivist TheoryConstructivist Theory: A teaching : A teaching theory about knowledge and learning theory about knowledge and learning that is based on results from current that is based on results from current research in cognitive psychology. research in cognitive psychology. Supports the construction of Supports the construction of knowledge by drawing from past knowledge by drawing from past experiences and incorporating experiences and incorporating activities that promote active activities that promote active learning through exploration.learning through exploration.

Interview with College Education Interview with College Education InstructorInstructor

State University of CortlandState University of Cortlandكورتالند جامعة أساتذة كورتالند آراء جامعة أساتذة آراء

Prefers constructivismPrefers constructivism البنائية البنائية يفضلون يفضلون Engages in problem solvingEngages in problem solving المشكالت حل أسلوب المشكالت يستخدمون حل أسلوب يستخدمون Fosters development of thinking strategiesFosters development of thinking strategies التفكير إستراتيجيات تطوير على التفكير يساعدون إستراتيجيات تطوير على يساعدون Encourages exploration, reflection, and Encourages exploration, reflection, and

discussiondiscussion والمناقشة واالستكشاف التأمل على والمناقشة يشجعون واالستكشاف التأمل على يشجعون

Interview with College Interview with College Education Instructor Education Instructor

Cont’dCont’d

Feels traditionalists teach rules Feels traditionalists teach rules without promoting understandingwithout promoting understanding

Sees her role as one of facilitator, Sees her role as one of facilitator, conceptual educator, and continual conceptual educator, and continual learnerlearner

The Learning CycleThe Learning Cycle

EvaluateEvaluate EngageEngage

ExploreExploreElaborateElaborate

ExplainExplain

Methods Teachers use to Methods Teachers use to Support the Learning Cycle Support the Learning Cycle

Should:Should:

Create interestCreate interest Generate inquisitivenessGenerate inquisitiveness Raise questions and elicit responsesRaise questions and elicit responses Facilitate cooperative learningFacilitate cooperative learning Refer to and include previous Refer to and include previous

experiences as they relate to new experiences as they relate to new conceptsconcepts

Incorporate alternative assessmentsIncorporate alternative assessments

Teaching Methods Should Teaching Methods Should Allow Students to:Allow Students to:

Show interest by asking questionsShow interest by asking questions Use inquiry to explore or investigate Use inquiry to explore or investigate

new conceptsnew concepts Form predictions and hypothesesForm predictions and hypotheses Formulate experiments with Formulate experiments with

alternativesalternatives Record ideas and observationsRecord ideas and observations Use various resources to seek Use various resources to seek

explanationsexplanations

Teaching Methods Should Teaching Methods Should Allow Students to (cont’d):Allow Students to (cont’d):

Make connections between prior Make connections between prior knowledge and new conceptsknowledge and new concepts

Self-evaluateSelf-evaluate

New York References:New York References:

Bartz, D. & Miller, L. (1995). Bartz, D. & Miller, L. (1995). Twelve Twelve Teaching Methods to Enhance Teaching Methods to Enhance Student LearningStudent Learning. Washington, . Washington, D.C. National Education Association.D.C. National Education Association.

Hameyer, U., Van Den Akker, J., Hameyer, U., Van Den Akker, J., Anderson, D. R., & Ekholm. (1995). Anderson, D. R., & Ekholm. (1995). Portraits of Productive SchoolsPortraits of Productive Schools. . New York: New York PressNew York: New York Press

More New York More New York References:References:

National Research Council (1996). National Research Council (1996). National Science Education National Science Education Standards. Standards. National Academy of National Academy of SciencesSciences: Washington, D.C. : Washington, D.C. Available: Available: http://www.books.nap.edu/html/nseshttp://www.books.nap.edu/html/nses

Odom, A. L., & Kelly, P. (April 1998). Odom, A. L., & Kelly, P. (April 1998). Making Learning Meaningful. Making Learning Meaningful. Science Science TeacherTeacher, 33-36., 33-36.

More New York More New York References:References:

Shapiro, L. B. (1994). Shapiro, L. B. (1994). What Children What Children Bring to LightBring to Light. New York: Columbia.. New York: Columbia.

Spraque, D., & Dede, C. (September Spraque, D., & Dede, C. (September 1999). If I Teach This Way, Am I Doing 1999). If I Teach This Way, Am I Doing My Job? My Job? International Society for International Society for Technology in EducationTechnology in Education. Retrieved . Retrieved February 12, 2000 from World Wide February 12, 2000 from World Wide Web: Web: http://206.5823320/L&L/archive/vol27/http://206.5823320/L&L/archive/vol27/nol/feature/nol/feature/

ConclusionConclusion

Direct MethodsDirect Methods

Positives????Positives????

Negatives????Negatives????

Indirect MethodsIndirect Methods

Positives????Positives????

Negatives????Negatives????

Common Theme Among Common Theme Among All Three StatesAll Three States

A shift from rote learning methods A shift from rote learning methods to methods that foster hands-on to methods that foster hands-on learning through discovery using learning through discovery using science process skillsscience process skills

Variety is KeyVariety is Keyالنجاح مفتاح النجاح التنويع مفتاح التنويع

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

المتعدد للذكاء قاردنر المتعدد نظرية للذكاء قاردنر نظرية John Dewey and “serious fun”John Dewey and “serious fun”

الجاد واللعب ديوي الجاد جون واللعب ديوي جون ““No one method will work in every situation for each student, No one method will work in every situation for each student,

teachers must use their professional judgment in matching teachers must use their professional judgment in matching methods with numerous other variables such as students’ methods with numerous other variables such as students’ needs and available resources.” (Bartz and Miller, 1991, p. needs and available resources.” (Bartz and Miller, 1991, p. 28)28)

أن . المعلمين فعلى الطالب لجميع الحاالت كل في تصلح واحدة طريقة هناك أن . ليس المعلمين فعلى الطالب لجميع الحاالت كل في تصلح واحدة طريقة هناك ليسمثل المتغيرات من العديد مع التدريس طرق لمقاربة المهني حسهم مثل يستخدموا المتغيرات من العديد مع التدريس طرق لمقاربة المهني حسهم يستخدموا

المتاحة والموارد الطالب المتاحة حاجات والموارد الطالب حاجات