se0097 - southern pine user guide
TRANSCRIPT
Southern Pine User Guide Course No. SE0097
PDH: 2
In order to obtain credit for this course, the following steps listed below should be followed:
(1) Log into MyCE Account & purchase course. If you don’t have an Account, go to New User to create an account.
(2) Once a course is purchased, you have access to the course quiz. Complete the quiz at your convenience (Quiz is available online or in a printable format)
(3) Certificate of completion is available once a passing grade of 70% is obtained. If a passing grade is not obtained, you may re‐take the quiz as many times (or six (6) months from the purchase date) until a passing grade is obtained.
Questions or Technical difficulties, please call (888) 3go‐4pdh, (888) 346‐4734 or [email protected]
www.EngineerCE.com | 125 S. State Road 7 Suite 104-210 Wellington, Florida 33414 Phone: (888) 3go-4pdh, (888) 346-4734
Southern Pine Use Guidestrength • treatability • beauty
www.southernpine.com
q No other material can matchwood’s unique combination ofbenefits, including strength,affordability, ease of use, andenvironmental superiority.
q Wood-frame construction has a100-year track record for safetyand dependability. That’s whysome nine out of 10 homestoday are built with wood.
q Building codes require allmaterials to provide the samedegree of protection even forextreme events such asearthquakes and hurricanes.Wood-frame construction is assafe, sturdy and dependable asany other building material.
q Wood is the best insulatoragainst heat and cold, whichmakes it the most energy-efficient material that can help
keep energy bills in check.Unlike steel and concrete, wooddoesn’t conduct heat and cold.Wood is 400 times less heat-conductive than steel, so homesbuilt with wood studs take lessenergy to heat and cool.
q Wood is the most affordablebuilding material. The economyof wood construction is one ofthe many reasons why wood-frame construction hasremained the preferred methodfor residential use.
q Wood is easy to use and widelyavailable. Its practicality andworkability make constructionsimple and efficient for use inresidential or commercialapplications, including multi-story projects.
q As the world’s only renewablebuilding material, wood can berecycled and regenerated.What’s more, trees providebenefits to the environmentwhile they grow, taking incarbon dioxide and releasingoxygen.
q Wood contributes far fewergreenhouse gases during themanufacturing process than itsnon-renewable counterparts,steel and concrete. Althoughwood products make up 47% ofall raw materials made in theUnited States, the share ofenergy consumed by woodproducts during production isonly 4% of all manufacturedmaterials.
The Southern Pine Council
is a promotional program
sponsored by the
Southern Forest Products
Association.
2900 Indiana Ave.
Kenner, LA 70065
504/443-4464
FAX: 504/443-6612
www.southernpine.com
The Southern Pine Council does not testlumber or establish design values. The purposeof the Use Guide is to collect and organizedata available from other sources for theconvenience of builders, engineers, architectsand other professionals. The Southern Pinedesign values contained herein are taken fromthe Standard Grading Rules for Southern PineLumber, 2002 Edition, published by the SouthernPine Inspection Bureau, and the adjustmentfactors are taken from the National DesignSpecification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction,2005 Edition, published by the American Forest& Paper Association. Neither the Southern PineCouncil, nor its members, warrant that the datafrom such sources on which the recommendeduses of Southern Pine lumber contained hereinare based is correct, and disclaim responsibilityfor injury or damage resulting from the use ofsuch design values.
The conditions under which lumber is usedin construction may vary widely, as does thequality of workmanship and constructionmethods. Neither the Southern Pine Council,nor its members, have knowledge of the qualityof the workmanship or construction methodsused on any construction project, and,accordingly, do not warrant the design orperformance of the lumber in completedstructures.
Contents Page
Why Southern Pine? 2
Product and Grade Descriptions 3
Standard Sizes 7
Seasoning Requirements 8
American Softwood Lumber Standard 8
Reinspection Availability 8
Reference Design Values 9
Adjustment Factors 12
Span Tables 13
Specialty Products & Applications 15
Pressure-Treated Lumber 16
AWPA Use Category System 18
Fire Endurance,Sound Transmission 19
Proper Lumber Storage 20
Specification Guidelines 21
Additional Resources Back Cover
Copyright © 2008. Southern Forest Products Association. All rights reserved.
WOOD: THE RIGHT CHOICE
1 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci l
www.southernpine.com
SOURCE: Why Wood is Good, Wood Promotion Network at www.beconstructive.com
Highest Density
Southern Pine also has the highest density of allstructural lumber species, providing superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity.
Best Treatability
Southern Pine has long been the preferred species forpressure treatment because of its unique cellularstructure that permits deep, uniform penetration ofpreservatives. Some 85% of all pressure-treated woodproduced in the U.S. is Southern Pine.
Natural Beauty
Southern Pine offers a distinct grain pattern and anappealing golden color. Because of this natural beauty,exposed Southern Pine provides architectural appeal.
Widespread Availability
Southern Pine is an abundant and renewableresource, growing in a vast band across the SouthernUnited States from East Texas to Virginia. Nearly 400manufacturers produce Southern Pine lumber, making itreadily available.
Dimensional Stability
Southern Pine dimension lumber 2˝ and less inthickness must be dried to a maximum moisture contentof 19%. This minimizes shrinkage associated with greenlumber and provides long-term stability.
Proven Quality
Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance withthe Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) StandardGrading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber.
Green Building Material
Choosing domestic Southern Pine – a product grownin the U.S. – is not only a good environmental choicebut also an opportunity to support local economies.
WHY SOUTHERN PINE?Southern Pine lumber has been popular since Colonial
times for a wide variety of applications. Favorablegrowing conditions, wise forest management, andefficient manufacturing ensure a continuous supply ofhigh-quality Southern Pine products for futuregenerations. Southern Pine consists of four mainspecies – shortleaf, longleaf, loblolly, and slash – and isthe preferred choice for today’s design/buildprofessionals. Here are a few of the inherent advantagesof Southern Pine:
Cost Savings
Wood products are still the most cost-effectivebuilding material on the market today. Southern Pine iscompetitively priced because of abundant timbersupply, manufacturing expertise, and established marketpreference. Design/build professionals that choosestrong Southern Pine can reduce the amount of lumberrequired. As a result, using Southern Pine can translateinto significant cost savings.
Superior Strength and Stiffness
Southern Pine is the strongest softwood structurallumber species, as published in the National DesignSpecification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction. Designvalues for Southern Pine are the highest of allcommonly used wood species.
1,500
825
1,650
0
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
Po
un
ds p
er
squ
are
in
ch
SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR
200
1,600,000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Po
un
ds p
er
sq
ua
re in
ch (
x m
illio
n)
SP: SOUTHERN PINE DF-L: DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH S-P-F: SPRUCE-PINE-FIR H-F: HEM-FIR
0.55
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci lwww.southernpine.com 2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY SPECIES
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY BY SPECIES – NO.2
DESIGN VALUES BY SPECIES – NO.2 2X4
SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONSBased on SPIB Grading Rules
See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator
Product
Dimension Lumber: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerSee Table 1 for design values
Prime Dimension: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 12˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values
*Timbers: 5˝ x 5˝ and largerSee Table 2 for design values
Grade Characteristics and Typical UsesGrade
*Dense Select StructuralSelect Structural
*Select Structural NonDense
No.1 Prime
No.2 Prime
High quality, limited in characteristics that affect strength or stiffness.Recommended for uses where high strength, stiffness and goodappearance are desired.
Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration.Grade based on No.1 Dimension Lumber except wane and othercharacteristics that affect appearance are limited.
Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration.Grade based on No. 2 Dimension Lumber except wane and othercharacteristics that affect appearance are limited.
Recommended for construction where high strength, stiffness and goodappearance are desired.
*No.1 DenseNo.1
*No.1 NonDense
*No.2 DenseNo.2
*No.2 NonDense
Recommended for most general construction uses where moderatelyhigh design values are required. Allows well-spaced knots of any quality.
Recommended for general framing purposes. Good appearance, butgraded primarily for strength and serviceability.
Recommended for same purposes as Construction grade. Characteristicsare limited to provide good strength and excellent serviceability.
Usable lengths suitable for bracing, blocking, bulkheading and othergeneral utility purposes where strength and appearance are not aconsideration.
Recommended where a combination of economical construction andgood strength is desired. Used for such purposes as studding, blocking,plates, bracing and rafters.
Recommended where high strength, stiffness and good appearance aredesired.
Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.1 Dimension Lumber.
Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.2 Dimension Lumber.
Non-stress rated, but economical for general utility purposes such asbracing, blocking, bulkheading, etc.
No.3 Recommended for general construction purposes where appearance isnot a controlling factor. Many pieces included in this grade would qualifyas No.2 except for a single limiting characteristic.
Stud
Design values are not assigned
Economy
Design values are not assigned
No.3
*Construction (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)
*Standard (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)
*Utility (2˝ to 4˝ wide only)
Dense Select StructuralSelect Structural
No.1 DenseNo.1
No.2 DenseNo.2
Suitable for stud uses including use in load-bearing walls. Composite ofNo.3 strength and No.1 edge characteristics for a better nailing surface.
*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.
3 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D )Based on SPIB Grading Rules
See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator
Product
*Mechanically Graded Lumber – Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber: 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerSee Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values
Grade Characteristics and Typical UsesGrade
1650f–1.5Ethru
3000f–2.4E
Machine Stress Rated (MSR) lumber is evaluated by mechanical stressrating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stressgraded lumber in that each piece is non-destructively tested. MSRlumber is also required to meet certain visual grading requirements.
*Mechanically Graded Lumber – Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL): 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerSee Table 3 or SPIB Grading Rules for design values
*Scaffold Plank: 2˝ and 3˝ thick, 8˝ and widerSee Table 4 for design values
*Stadium Grade: 2˝ thick, 4˝ to 12˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values
*Seawall Grades: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 6˝ to 14˝ wideSee Table 1 for design values
*Glued Lumber: 4" and less in thickness, widths vary by productSee Table 1 for design values
M–5 thru M–31
Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold PlankDense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank
MSR Scaffold Plank: 2400f–2.0EMSR Scaffold Plank: 2200f–1.8E
No.1 Dense Stadium GradeNo.1 Stadium Grade
Any grade ofDimension Lumber
Well-manufactured material evaluated by calibrated mechanical gradingequipment which measures certain properties and sorts the lumberinto various strength classifications. Machine Evaluated Lumber is alsorequired to meet certain visual requirements.
*E-rated Structural Laminations: 2˝ and less in thickness, 2˝ and widerDesign Values by qualification
E--grades Suitable for use as individual laminations for structural glued laminatedtimbers. This lumber has been non-destructively evaluated by anAmerican Lumber Standard Committee approved machine.
See DimensionLumber Grades
End-glued, face-glued, and edge-glued Southern Pine in gluedassemblies, including stress-rated grades of finger-jointed 2" DimensionLumber.
All Scaffold Plank design values are calculated using ASTM StandardsD245 and D2555. These values are modified using procedures shown in“Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks,” as publishedby the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993.
Dressed to standard dry size prior to machine stress rating, and visuallygraded to assure that characteristics affecting strength are no moreserious than the limiting characteristics for each grade. MSR ScaffoldPlank is available 2˝-thick only.
For outdoor seating. Free of pitch pockets, pitch streaks and mediumpitch on one wide face, but otherwise conforms to No.1 Dense orNo.1 Dimension Lumber.
One wide face and both adjacent narrow faces must be free of pithand/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressuretreatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marineusage.
*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D )Based on SPIB Grading Rules
See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator
Product Grade Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses
*Marine Grades: 1˝ to 20˝ thick, 2˝ to 20˝ wideSee Tables 1 and 2 for design values
Boards: 1˝ to 1-1/2˝ thick, 2˝ and widerSee Table 1 for design values
Design values are not assigned
*Decking, Heavy Roofing and Heavy Shiplap: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝and widerSee SPIB Grading Rules for design values
*Industrial Lumber: 2˝ and thicker, 2˝ and widerSee SPIB Special Product Rules for design values
Any grade of DimensionLumber or Timbers
Industrial 55
Industrial 45
Industrial 26
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
Dense Standard Decking
Dense Select DeckingSelect Decking
Dense Commercial DeckingCommercial Decking
Industrial 86
Industrial 72
Industrial 65
All four longitudinal faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood.Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approvedtreating process and preservative for marine usage.
Graded as per No.1 Dimension Lumber.
Graded as per No.2 Dimension Lumber.
Graded as per No.3 Dimension Lumber.
High quality with good appearance characteristics. Generally sound andtight-knotted. Largest hole permitted is 1/16 . Superior product suitablefor a wide range of uses including shelving, boxing, crating, and formlumber.
Good-quality sheathing, fencing, shelving and other general purposeuses.
Good, serviceable sheathing; usable for many economical applicationswithout waste.
Admits pieces below a No.3 grade which can be used without waste, orwhich contain less than 25% waste by cutting.
A superior decking grade, suitable for plank floor where face serves asfinish floor. Has a better appearance than No.1 Dense Dimension Lumberbecause of additional restrictions on firm red heart, pith, knots and wane.
An excellent decking grade that can be used face side down for roofdecking or face side up for floor decking.
An economical roof decking which conforms to No.2 Dimension Lumbercharacteristics.
Appearance is same as B&B Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less andwidths 12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 86Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement.
Appearance is same as C Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less and widths12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 72 StructuralLumber except for dense grain requirement.
Appearance is same as D Finish for thicknesses of 4˝ and less and widths12˝ and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 65 StructuralLumber except for dense grain requirement.
*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.
5 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci l
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SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT’D )Based on SPIB Grading Rules
See www.southernpine.com for Product Locator
Product Grade Grade Characteristics and Typical Uses
Finish: 3/8˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerDesign values are not assigned
Flooring, Drop Siding, Paneling, Ceiling and Partition, OG Batts, Bevel Siding, Miscellaneous MillworkDesign values are not assigned
MouldingDesign values are not assigned
*Structural Lumber: 2˝ and thicker, 2˝ and widerSee SPIB Special Product Rules for design values
Radius Edge Decking: 1-1/4˝ thick, 4˝ to 6˝ wideMaximum recommended support spacing is 24˝ on center (16˝ on center for Imported Southern Pine)
*B&B
*B&B, CC&Btr, D
C
C&Btr
D
No.1
No.2
No.3
B&B, CC&Btr, D
Premium
Standard
Dense Structural 86Dense Structural 72Dense Structural 65
Highest recognized grade of Finish. Generally clear, although a limitednumber of pin knots are permitted. Finest quality for natural or stainfinish.
Excellent for painting or natural finish where requirements are lessexacting. Reasonably clear, but permits limited number of surfacechecks and small tight knots.
Combination of B&B and C grades; satisfies requirements for high-quality finish.
Economical, serviceable grade for natural or painted finish.
See Finish grades for face side; reverse side wane limitations are lower.
No.1 Drop Siding is graded as No.1 Boards; No.1 Flooring and Panelingnot provided under SPIB Grading Rules as a separate grade, but ifspecified, will be designated and graded as D.
Graded as No.2 Boards. High utility value where appearance is not afactor.
Suitable for economical use as sheathing or lathing.
Recommended for moulding and millwork applications.
Premier structural grades. Provides good appearance with some of thehighest design values available in any softwood species.
High-quality product, recommended where smallest knots are desiredand appearance is of utmost importance. Excellent for painting orstaining.
Slightly less restrictive than premium grade. A very good product touse where a more rustic appearance is desired. Excellent for paintingor staining.
*Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk.
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci lwww.southernpine.com 6
STANDARD SIZES OF SOUTHERN PINE Based on SPIB Grading Rules
Thickness
Nominal
inches
Nominal
inches
Nominalinches
Nominal
Dry Green inches mm inches mm
inches inches mm inches mm
inches mm inches mmDry Green
Dressed
Dressed
Dressed
Dressed
Width
DimensionLumberdressed,
S4S1
Timbersdressed, S4S 1
Boardsdressed,S4S, dry
Finishdressed,
dry
Radius EdgeDecking
dressed, S4S,dry
22-1/233-1/24
11-1/41-1/2
3/81/25/83/4
11-1/41-1/21-3/422-1/233-1/24
1-1/4 1 25
5/167/169/165/83/4
11-1/41-3/81-1/222-1/233-1/2
5” & thicker 1/2˝ off 1/2˝ offnominal nominal
5˝ & wider 1/2˝ off 1/2˝ offnominal nominal
234568
101214161820
23456789
101112
23456789
1011121416
456
over 12 3/4˝ offnominal
1-1/222-1/233-1/2
3851647689
192532
8111416192532353851647689
386489
114140184235286337387438489
6590
117143190241292343394444495
386489
114140165184210235260286
386489
114140165184210235260286337387
52657890
3/4 2
11-1/4
1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/27-1/49-1/4
11-1/413-1/415-1/417-1/419-1/4
1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/26-1/27-1/48-1/49-1/4
10-1/411-1/4
1-1/22-1/23-1/24-1/25-1/26-1/27-1/48-1/49-1/4
10-1/411-1/413-1/415-1/4
3-1/24-1/25-1/2
89114140
2-1/162-9/163-1/163-9/16
2-9/163-9/164-5/85-5/87-1/29-1/2
11-1/213-1/215-1/217-1/219-1/2
Nominalinches
Nominalinches inches mm inches mm
Dressed Dressed
Nominalinches
Nominalinches inches mm inches mm
Dressed Dressed
(1) Dimension Lumber 2˝ thick and less than 14˝ wide is required to be dry with amoisture content of 19% or less. HeavyDimension Lumber (2x14 and wider,2-1/2˝ thick by all widths, and 3x3 andlarger) and Timbers are not required to bedry unless specified. Thicknesses apply totheir corresponding widths as squares andwider, except a thickness of 1-9/16˝applies to nominal 2˝ in widths of 14˝ andwider if dressed green. ( In 2˝ Dimension,widths over 12˝ are not customary stocksizes, so 2x14 and wider sizes are usuallyproduced only on special order.)
(2) Boards less than the minimum dressed thickness for 1˝ nominal but which are 5/8˝or greater thickness dry may be regarded asAmerican Standard Lumber, but suchBoards shall be marked to show the sizeand condition of seasoning at the time ofdressing. They shall also be distinguishedfrom 1˝ Boards on invoices and certificates.
19 mm offnominal
7 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci l
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SOUTHERN PINE REINSPECTION AVAILABILITY
Based on SPIB Grading Rules
In absence of special agreement between buyer and seller, the SPIB StandardGrading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber provide that the purchase, sale or shipment oflumber designated by grades described in these rules must be construed as involvingagreement to abide by all applicable provisions of the rules, including submission toinspection of any lumber under complaint as to size, grade or tally. For completereinspection information contact:
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau4709 Scenic Highway, Pensacola, FL 32504-9094
850/434-2611 • FAX 850/433-5594www.spib.org • e-mail: [email protected]
Timber Products Inspection, Inc.1641 Sigman Rd., Conyers, GA 30012770/922-8000 • FAX 770/922-1290
www.tpinspection.come-mail: [email protected]
Renewable Resource Associates, Inc.3091 Chaparral Place, Lithonia, GA 30038
770/482-9385 • FAX 770/484-2541e-mail: [email protected]
SOUTHERN PINE SEASONING REQUIREMENTS*
AMERICAN SOFTWOOD LUMBER STANDARD
Moisture Content Limit
Items
D and Better Grades1˝ and 1-1/4˝
1-1/2˝, 1-3/4˝ and 2˝Over 2˝, but not over 4˝Over 4˝
Paneling
Boards1
Dimension1, 2
Decking3
Timbers2
Max. 12% on 90% of pieces 15% on remainder
15%15%18%
12%
19%
19%
19%
20%
15%
18%19%20%
12%
19%
19%
19%
23%
Kiln-Dried Dry
*Lumber dressed at a moisture content withinthe limits of these rules is sufficiently stabilizedfor most uses, but limited size changes will occurfrom shrinkage or expansion if the moisturecontent is further reduced or increased afterdressing. The normal shrinkage allowance is 1%reduction in size for each 4-point reduction inpercentage of moisture content and sametolerance for any expansion.
(1) KD15 or MC15 may be specified if desired.
(2) Moisture content provisions must bespecified for material 2-1/2˝ and thickerbecause seasoning is not mandatory forthese sizes.
(3) All thicknesses of roof decking should bespecified at 15% maximum moisture content.
‡ NGR applies to dimension lumber and excludesitems such as crossarms, factory and shoplumber, finish (selects), foundation lumber,industrial clears, ladder stock, laminating stock,railroad stock, rough lumber, scaffold planks,ship decking and plank stock, stadium plank,worked lumber, and special product rules foritems such as radius edge decking, and prime &merchantable dimension.
The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20, of the U.S. Department of Commercerelates lumber size to moisture content. Separate size schedules for green and drylumber assure that both products will approximate the same size in service. All billsand invoices are required to show actual net sizes of lumber. Strength and stiffnessvalues for Southern Pine products in current SPIB rules have been approved by theBoard of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee. PS 20 provides for aNational Grading Rule (NGR) for Dimension Lumber ‡ with simplified grade names andsizes to assure uniformity, efficiency and economy in the use of dimension lumber. TheNGR is incorporated in the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber,published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau.
Dimension lumber sizes and grades are:
Structural Light Framing: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 4˝ wideSelect Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options.
Light Framing: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ to 4˝ wide Construction, Standard, Utility
Studs: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and widerStud
Structural Joists & Planks: 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 5˝ and widerSelect Structural, No.1, No.2, No.3Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options.
Southern Pine grading rules restrict moisture content of lumber 2˝ and less inthickness to a maximum of 19%. If specified as “KD,” “KD19,” “dry” or “air-dried” themaximum is 19%. If specified as “KD15” (kiln-dried) or “MC15” the maximum is 15%.Material identified by a certified grade mark is evidence that Southern Pine has beenproperly seasoned.
Moisture content restrictions apply at time of shipment, as well as time of dressingif dressed lumber is involved, and at time of delivery to buyer unless shipped exposedto the weather.
(Nominal thickness)
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SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES
Based on SPIB Grading Rulesand AF&PA National Design Specification®
Values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Table 1 Dimension Lumber – 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and wider
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC ≤ 19%) 1 — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
Size Grade
BendingFb
Modulusof
Elasticity 5
E EminSingle
Member UsesRepetitive
Member Uses2
2˝ to 4˝thick,
2˝ to 4˝wide
Includes:2x22x32x43x33x44x4
2˝ to 4˝thick,
5˝ to 6˝wide
Includes:2x63x64x6
2˝ to 4˝thick,
8˝ wide
Includes:2x83x84x8
Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . .Standard. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Utility3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .
Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .
305028502650
200018501700
170015001350
850
1100625300
270025502350
175016501500
145012501150
750
245023002100
165015001350
140012001100
700
351032803050
230021301950
196017201550
980
1270720345
310029302700
201019001720
167014401320
865
282026502420
190017301550
161013801260
805
TensionParallel to Grain
Ft
165016001350
11001050900
875825775
475
625350175
150014001200
950900800
775725675
425
135013001100
875825725
675650600
400
ShearParallelto Grain
Fv
175175175
175175175
175175175
175
175175175
175175175
175175175
175175175
175
175175175
175175175
175175175
175
CompressionPerpendicular
to GrainFc⊥
660565480
660565480
660565480
565
565565565
225021001950
200018501700
185016501600
975
18001500975
660565480
660565480
660565480
565
660565480
660565480
660565480
565
CompressionParallelto Grain
Fc
215020001850
190017501600
175016001500
925
205019001750
180016501550
170015501450
875
690,000660,000620,000
660,000620,000580,000
620,000580,000510,000
510,000
550,000470,000470,000
1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000
1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000
1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000
1,400,000
1,500,0001,300,0001,300,000
690,000660,000620,000
660,000620,000580,000
620,000580,000510,000
510,000
1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000
1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000
1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000
1,400,000
690,000660,000620,000
660,000620,000580,000
620,000580,000510,000
510,000
1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000
1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000
1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000
1,400,000
(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values.
(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values.
(3) For Utility, the Fb, Ft and Fc values apply to 4˝ wide lumber only.
(4) For lumber 4˝ thick and 8˝ or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1.
(5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on purebending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
4
2x53x54x5
9 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci l
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Based on SPIB Grading Rulesand AF&PA National Design Specification®
Values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Modulusof
Elasticity 5
E Emin
SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES
Table 1 Dimension Lumber – 2˝ to 4˝ thick, 2˝ and wider
Table 2 Timbers – 5˝ x 5˝ and larger
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC≤ 19%) 1 — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry or Wet Service — See Tables A-1 and A-3 for Adjustment Factors
Size Grade
BendingFb
Modulusof
ElasticityE Emin
Single Member Uses
5˝ x 5˝and larger
Dense Select Structural. . . . . .Select Structural. . . . . . . . . . . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17501500
15501350
975850
TensionParallel to Grain
Ft
12001000
1050900
650550
ShearParallelto Grain
Fv
165165
165165
165165
CompressionPerpendicular
to GrainFc⊥
440375
440375
440375
CompressionParallelto Grain
Fc
1100950
975825
625525
580,000550,000
580,000550,000
470,000440,000
1,600,0001,500,000
1,600,0001,500,000
1,300,0001,200,000
1
2
Size Grade
BendingFb
SingleMember Uses
2˝ to 4˝thick,
10˝ wide
Includes:2x103x104x10
2˝ to 4˝thick,
12˝ wide
Includes:2x123x124x12
Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . .
Dense Select Structural. .Select Structural. . . . . . . .NonDense Select Struc. . .
No.1 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.1 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.2 Dense. . . . . . . . . . . .No.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No.2 NonDense. . . . . . . .
No.3 and Stud. . . . . . . . . .
215020501850
145013001200
12001050950
600
205019001750
135012501150
1150975900
575
RepetitiveMember Uses2
247023602130
167015001380
138012101090
690
236021902010
155014401320
132011201040
660
TensionParallel to Grain
Ft
12001100950
775725650
625575550
325
11001050900
725675600
575550525
325
ShearParallelto Grain
Fv
175175175
175175175
175175175
175
175175175
175175175
175175175
175
CompressionPerpendicular
to GrainFc⊥
660565480
660565480
660565480
565
660565480
660565480
660565480
565
CompressionParallelto Grain
Fc
200018501750
175016001500
165015001400
850
195018001700
170016001500
160014501350
825
690,000660,000620,000
660,000620,000580,000
620,000580,000510,000
510,000
1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000
1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000
1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000
1,400,000
690,000660,000620,000
660,000620,000580,000
620,000580,000510,000
510,000
1,900,0001,800,0001,700,000
1,800,0001,700,0001,600,000
1,700,0001,600,0001,400,000
1,400,000
(1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values.
(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values.
(3) For lumber 4˝ thick and 8˝ or wider, multiply the Fb value by CF = 1.1.
(4) For lumber wider than 12˝, multiply these 12˝ width values by CF = .90 for Fb, Ft, and Fc values.
(5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on purebending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
4
3
3
(1) When the depth, d, of a timber exceeds 12˝, the tabulated bending design value, Fb, shall be multiplied by the following size factor:
CF = (12 )1/9 where d is the actual depth of the member.
(2) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on purebending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
d
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SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES
Table 3 Mechanically Graded Lumber – 2˝ thick or less, 2˝ and wider
Table 4 Scaffold Plank1 – 2˝ and 3˝ thick, 8˝ and wider
Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC≤ 19%) — See Tables A-1 thru A-4 for Adjustment Factors
GradeDesignation
Size Grade
BendingFb
Bending Fb
Modulusof
ElasticityE Emin
Modulus ofElasticity
E
SingleMember Uses
Flatwise Use Only
1650
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
2850
1600
1800
2400
2800
1550
2050
2850
750,000
790,000
840,000
930,000
790,000
790,000
890,000
1,600,000
1,700,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
1,700,000
1,700,000
1,900,000
Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold PlankDense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank
Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold PlankDense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank
1650f – 1.5E
1800f – 1.6E
1950f – 1.7E
2100f – 1.8E
2250f – 1.9E
2400f – 2.0E
2550f – 2.1E
2700f – 2.2E
2850f – 2.3E
M – 12
M – 14
M – 23
M – 26
M – 29
M – 30
M – 31
RepetitiveMember Uses2
1840
2070
2760
3220
1780
2360
3280
1900
2070
2240
2420
2590
2760
2930
3110
3280
CompressionParallelto Grain
Fc
1675
1750
1975
2150
1650
1850
2150
1700
1750
1800
1875
1925
1975
2025
2100
2150
24002200
18001650
760,000
810,000
860,000
910,000
970,000
1,020,000
1,070,000
1,120,000
1,170,000
1,500,000
1,600,000
1,700,000
1,800,000
1,900,000
2,000,000
2,100,000
2,200,000
2,300,000
1,800,0001,800,000
1,600,0001,600,000
TensionParallel to Grain
Ft
850
1000
1900
1800
850
1050
1600
1020
1175
1375
1575
1750
1925
2050
2150
2300
ShearParallelto Grain
Fv
175
175
190
190
175
175
190
175
175
175
190
190
190
190
190
190
1
4
3
CompressionPerpendicular
to GrainFc⊥
565
565
805
805
565
565
805
565
565
565
805
805
805
805
805
805
4
3
5
(1) The most commonly produced Mechanically Graded Lumber grades are given here. See the SPIB Grading Rules for a complete listing of all MSR and MEL grades.
(2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24˝ on center, are not less than three [3] innumber, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member Factor, Cr = 1.15, has been included in the listed RepetitiveMember Use design values.
(3) When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the allowable horizontal shear and compression perpendicular-to-grain design values may be higher. See the SPIBGrading Rules for more details.
(4) When not qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the grademark for mechanically graded lumber grades with a 1,800,000 psi modulus of elasticity design value shall include aspecific gravity value of .55, a horizontal shear value of 175 psi, and a compression perpendicular-to-grain value of 565 psi.
(5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. Emin represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity,plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations.
(1) Scaffold plank design values are for flatwise use only. They were calculated using ASTM D245 and D2555 standards and modified using procedures shown in “Calculating Apparent Reliabilityof Wood Scaffold Planks,” as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (1984) 47-57, and updated in 1993.
(2) For exposed conditions of use (where the moisture content in service may exceed 19%) the values shall be multiplied by: 0.85 for Fb and 0.90 for E.
1
2˝ thick,8˝ and wider
MC≤19% 2
3˝ thick,8˝ and wider
MC>19%
Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber
Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL)
11 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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Based on SPIB Grading Rulesand AF&PA National Design Specification®
Values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Wet
Ser
vice
Fact
or
Load
Dur
atio
nFa
ctor
Ref
eren
ceDes
ign
Valu
e
Adj
uste
dDes
ign
Valu
e
Tem
pera
ture
Fact
or
Bea
mSta
bilit
yFa
ctor
Siz
eFa
ctor
Inci
sing
Fact
or
Flat
Use
Fact
or
Rep
etitiv
eM
embe
rFa
ctor
Col
umn
Sta
bilit
yFa
ctor
Buc
klin
gStiffne
ssFa
ctor
Bea
ring
Are
aFa
ctor
Form
atCon
vers
ion
Fact
or
Res
ista
nce
Fact
or
Tim
eEf
fect
Fact
or
Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions. Because the strength of wood varies withconditions under which it is used, these design values should only be applied in conjunction with appropriate design and servicerecommendations from the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction published by the American Forest & PaperAssociation. The latest connection design information is also provided in the NDS.
Reference design values ( Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E Emin) in Tables 1 thru 3 shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factorsto determine adjusted design values ( Fb´ Ft´ Fv´ Fc⊥´ Fc´ E´ Emin ).
Table A-1 is excerpted from the NDS and summarizes the applicability of adjustment factors for solid-sawn lumber.
SOUTHERN PINE ADJUSTMENT FACTORSBased on SPIB Grading Rules
and AF&PA National Design Specification ®
Table A-1 Applicability of Adjustment Factors for Sawn Lumber
Table A-2 Wet Service Factor, CMFor lumber 2˝ to 4˝ thick
Table A-3 Load Duration Factor, CDFor all solid wood products – Allowable Stress Design Only
Table A-4 Flat Use Factor, CfuFor lumber 2˝ to 4˝ thick
Tables A-2 thru A-4 highlight the most common adjustment factors as they apply to Southern Pine. In addition, Table 1 and 2footnotes provide information about the Size Factor, CF, while Tables 1 and 3 include the Repetitive Member Factor, Cr, in thetabulated Repetitive Member Use bending design values. For complete information on adjustment factors, see the NDS.
Wood has the property of carrying substantially greatermaximum loads for short durations than for long durations ofloading. Reference design values apply to normal load duration,meaning a load that fully stresses a member to its allowabledesign value by the application of the full design load for acumulative duration of approximately ten years. When thecumulative duration of the full maximum load does not exceedthe specified time period, all reference design values (exceptFc⊥, E, and Emin) shall be multiplied by the appropriate loadduration factor. Frequently used load duration factors areprovided to the right.
Reference bending design values, Fb, are based on edgewise use(load applied to narrow face). When dimension lumber is usedflatwise (load applied to wide face), Fb shall also be multipliedby the flat use factors to the right.
Applies to Fb, Ft , Fv , and Fc valuesDoes not apply to Fc⊥ , E, and Emin values
Applies to Fb values only
Applies to all values
(1) Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressuretreated with waterborne preservatives, or fire-retardant chemicals. The impact loadduration factor shall not apply to connections.
Flat Use Factors, Cfu
Width (depth) Thickness (breadth)
Load Duration (Typical Design Loads) CD
Permanent (dead load)Ten years (occupancy live load) Two months (snow load)Seven days (construction load)Ten minutes (wind/earthquake load) Impact1 ( impact load)
0.91.01.151.251.62.0
2˝ & 3˝4˝5˝6˝8˝10˝ & wider
2˝ & 3˝1.01.11.11.151.151.2
4˝–
1.01.051.051.051.1
When dimension lumber is used under conditions where themoisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for anextended time period, reference design values shall bemultiplied by the appropriate wet service factors to the right.
Ft
1.0
Fv
0.97
Fc⊥
0.67
E
0.9
Emin
0.9
(1) When Fb ≤ 1150 psi, CM = 1.0 (2) When Fc ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0
ASD and LRFDASD only
LRFDonly
ASD – Allowable Stress Design; LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design
Fb
0.851
Fc
0.82
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Fb´ = Fb ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CL ] CF ] Cfu ] Ci ] Cr ] KF ] φb ] λFt´ = Ft ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CF ] Ci ] KF ] φt ] λFv´ = Fv ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] KF ] φv ] λFc⊥´ = Fc⊥ ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] Cb ] KF ] φc ] λFc´ = Fc ] CD ] CM ] Ct ] CF ] Ci ] CP ] KF ] φc ] λE´ = E ] CM ] Ct ] Ci
Emin´ = Emin ] CM ] Ct ] Ci ] CT ] KF ] φs
Tables 5 thru 11 are abbreviated span tables for the most commonly available grades of Southern Pine lumber. For othergrades, loading conditions and spacings, refer to the SPC publication Maximum Spans for Southern Pine Joists and Rafters.
These spans are based on AF&PA’S Span Tables for Joists and Rafters, and the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for SouthernPine Lumber. Except for Table 8, they are intended for use in covered structures or where the moisture content in use doesnot exceed 19 percent for an extended period of time.
SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES – ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGNMaximum spans given in feet and inches
Inside to inside of bearings
Table 5 Floor Joists
Table 6 Ceiling Joists – Drywall Ceiling
Table 7 Floor Joists – Heavy Live Loads
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 30, 40, or 50 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only).Strength – based on 10 or 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 5 or 10 psf dead load.
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 75, 100, 125 or 150 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2 x 6
2 x 4
2 x 6
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
Grade
Grade
Grade
No.1
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.1
No.2
No.3
No.2
No.3
Live Load
Live Load
Live Load
30 psf40 psf50 psf
75 psf100 psf125 psf150 psf
75 psf100 psf125 psf150 psf
75 psf100 psf125 psf150 psf
10 psf20 psf
10 psf20 psf
10 psf20 psf
12 – 010 – 1110 – 2
8 – 108 – 17 – 67 – 1
8 – 87 – 117 – 46 – 9
7 – 26 – 35 – 85 – 3
12 – 810 – 0
19 – 1115 – 9
19 – 615 – 6
17 – 012 – 0
12 – 59 – 10
11 – 68 – 2
15 – 1014 – 513 – 5
11 – 810 – 89 – 109 – 3
11 – 610 – 59 – 68 – 8
9 – 18 – 07 – 36 – 8
20 – 318 – 517 – 1
14 – 1113 – 712 – 711 – 7
14 – 312 – 611 – 410 – 4
10 – 99 – 58 – 67 – 10
26 – 0*20 – 10
25 – 820 – 1
21 – 815 – 4
24 – 822 – 520 – 9
18 – 216 – 615 – 013 – 9
16 – 814 – 813 – 312 – 2
12 – 1011 – 310 – 29 – 4
26 – 0*26 – 0*
26 – 0*23 – 11
25 – 718 – 1
24 – 221 – 919 – 10
18 – 816 – 815 – 3
15 – 714 – 213 – 1
19 – 1018 – 016 – 9
15 – 814 – 012 – 10
13 – 311 – 1110 – 10
11 – 1010 – 99 – 11
10 – 59 – 48 – 6
10 – 119 – 119 – 3
8 – 17 – 46 – 106 – 5
7 – 117 – 06 – 45 – 10
6 – 25 – 54 – 114 – 6
11 – 69 – 1
11 – 38 – 11
10 – 07 – 1
9 –78 – 88 – 1
7 – 16 – 55 – 115 – 6
6 – 65 – 95 – 24 – 9
5 – 14 – 54 – 03 – 8
10 – 08 – 0
9 – 107 – 8
8 – 25 – 9
14 – 513 – 112 – 2
10 – 89 – 89 – 08 – 5
10 – 49 – 18 – 27 – 6
7 – 116 – 116 – 35 – 9
18 – 114 – 4
17 – 813 – 6
14 – 910 – 5
18 – 516 – 915 – 6
13 – 712 – 110 – 1110 – 0
12 – 410 – 109 – 99 – 0
9 – 48 – 27 – 56 – 9
23 – 1018 – 11
23 – 417 – 5
18 – 913 – 3
22 – 520 – 418 – 10
16 – 414 – 513 – 011 – 11
14 – 512 – 811 – 610 – 6
11 – 19 – 98 – 108 – 1
26 – 0*23 – 1
26 – 0*20 – 9
22 – 215 – 8
21 – 118 – 1017 – 2
16 – 214 – 613 – 2
18 – 016 – 114 – 8
13 – 712 – 211 – 1
14 – 212 – 1011 – 11
11 – 610 – 39 – 5
10 – 99 – 99 – 1
9 – 48 – 67 – 9
9 – 08 – 17 – 4
7 – 46 – 76 – 0
12 – 711 – 510 – 8
9 – 38 – 37 – 66 – 10
8 – 57 – 56 – 86 – 2
6 – 55 – 85 – 14 – 8
15 – 912 – 6
15 – 611 – 0
12 – 08 – 6
16 – 114 – 713 – 4
11 – 29 – 108 – 118 – 2
10 – 18 – 108 – 07 – 4
7 – 76 – 86 – 05 – 7
20 – 1015 – 10
20 – 114 – 2
15 – 410 – 10
19 – 617 – 515 – 11
13 – 411 – 910 – 79 – 9
11 – 1010 – 49 – 48 – 7
9 – 18 – 07 – 26 – 7
26 – 0*18 – 10
23 – 1116 – 11
18 – 112 – 10
17 – 215 – 514 – 0
13 – 211 – 1010 – 9
14 – 813 – 112 – 0
11 – 19 – 119 – 1
12 – 411 – 010 – 0
9 – 58 – 57 – 8
30 psf40 psf50 psf
30 psf40 psf50 psf
2 x 8
2 x 6
2 x 8
2 x 10
2 x 8
2 x 10
2 x 12
2 x 10
2 x 12
* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26´ - 0˝ based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20´.
13 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES – ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGNMaximum spans given in feet and inches
Inside to inside of bearings
Table 8 Wet-Service Floor Joists
Table 9 Rafters – Drywall or No Finished Ceiling – Construction Load (CD = 1.25) 1
Table 10 Rafters – Drywall Ceiling – Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1
Table 11 Rafters – No Finished Ceiling – Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 360 (live load only).Strength – based on 40, 60, or 100 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 or 180 (live load only).Strength – based on 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 240 (live load only).Strength – based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Design Criteria: Deflection – limited to span in inches divided by 180 (live load only).Strength – based on 30 or 40 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load.
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center)
2 x 6
2 x 6
2 x 6
2 x 4
2 x 8
2 x 8
2 x 8
2 x 6
2 x 10
2 x 10
2 x 10
2 x 8
2 x 12
2 x 12
2 x 12
2 x 10
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
12˝oc 16˝oc 24˝oc
Grade
Grade
Grade
Grade
No.1
No.1
No.1
No.1
No.2
No.2
No.2
No.2
No.3
No.3
No.3
No.3
Live Load
Deflection
Live Load
Live Load
40 psf60 psf
100 psf
240180
30 psf40 psf
30 psf40 psf
40 psf60 psf
100 psf
240180
30 psf40 psf
30 psf40 psf
40 psf60 psf
100 psf
240180
30 psf40 psf
30 psf40 psf
10 – 79 – 37 – 9
15 – 917 – 4
15 – 617 – 0
13 – 613 – 6
13 – 912 – 6
13 – 612 – 3
11 – 210 – 0
9 – 88 – 9
9 – 68 – 7
7 – 76 – 9
9 – 78 – 57 – 1
14 – 415 – 9
14 – 115 – 1
11 – 811 – 8
12 – 611 – 5
12 – 311 – 2
9 – 88 – 8
8 – 98 – 0
8 – 77 – 10
6 – 75 – 10
9 – 58 – 16 – 6
8 – 16 – 105 – 5
8 – 57 – 46 – 1
12 – 613 – 9
12 – 312 – 3
9 – 69 – 6
10 – 119 – 11
10 – 29 – 2
7 – 117 – 1
7 – 87 – 0
7 – 16 – 4
5 – 44 – 9
13 – 1112 – 210 – 3
20 – 1022 – 11
20 – 522 – 5
17 – 217 – 2
18 – 216 – 6
17 – 1016 – 2
14 – 312 – 9
15 – 213 – 9
14 – 512 – 11
11 – 210 – 0
12 – 811 – 19 – 4
18 – 1120 – 10
18 – 619 – 5
14 – 1014 – 10
16 – 615 – 0
16 – 214 – 5
12 – 411 – 0
13 – 912 – 6
12 – 611 – 2
9 – 88 – 8
12 – 510 – 68 – 4
10 – 38 – 86 – 11
11 – 19 – 77 – 8
16 – 617 – 9
15 – 1015 – 10
12 – 112 – 1
14 – 513 – 1
13 – 211 – 9
10 – 19 – 0
11 – 910 – 6
10 – 29 – 2
7 – 117 – 1
17 – 915 – 612 – 10
26 – 0*26 – 0*
26 – 026 – 0*
20 – 320 – 3
23 – 221 – 1
22 – 319 – 11
16 – 1015 – 1
20 – 018 – 2
18 – 816 – 8
14 – 312 – 9
17 – 515 – 212 – 6
14 – 011 – 109 – 5
16 – 213 – 1111 – 1
24 – 125 – 10
23 – 223 – 2
17 – 617 – 6
21 – 119 – 2
19 – 317 – 3
14 – 713 – 0
18 – 116 – 2
16 – 214 – 5
12 – 411 – 0
15 – 1013 – 710 – 10
12 – 210 – 38 – 2
13 – 611 – 59 – 1
21 – 121 – 1
18 – 1118 – 11
14 – 414 – 4
17 – 615 – 8
15 – 914 – 1
11 – 1110 – 8
14 – 913 – 2
13 – 211 – 9
10 – 19 – 0
21 – 718 – 1015 – 4
26 – 0*26 – 0*
26 – 0*26 – 0*
24 – 124 – 1
26 – 0*25 – 7
26 – 0*23 – 4
20 – 017 – 11
24 – 922 – 2
22 – 319 – 11
16 – 1015 – 1
21 – 218 – 514 – 8
16 – 814 – 111 – 3
19 – 816 – 713 – 3
26 – 0*26 – 0*
26 – 0*26 – 0*
20 – 1120 – 11
25 – 722 – 10
22 – 720 – 2
17 – 415 – 6
21 – 519 – 2
19 – 317 – 3
14 – 713 – 0
18 – 1015 – 1112 – 8
14 – 612 – 39 – 9
16 – 113 – 710 – 4
25 – 225 – 2
22 – 222 – 2
17 – 117 – 1
20 – 1118 – 8
18 – 516 – 6
14 – 212 – 8
17 – 615 – 8
15 – 914 – 1
11 – 1110 – 8
15 – 513 – 010 – 4
11 – 1010 – 08 – 0
13 – 111 – 18 – 10
9 – 118 – 56 – 8
10 – 28 – 76 – 10
8 – 57 – 15 – 8
13 – 811 – 119 – 8
11 – 1110 – 08 – 0
7 – 106 – 85 – 3
6 – 75 – 74 – 5
10 – 49 – 17 – 6
9 – 47 – 116 – 3
* The listed maximum span has been limited to 26´ - 0˝ based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20´.(1) CD = load duration factor for Allowable Stress Design. See page 12 for additional information on adjustment factors.
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SPECIALTY PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONSDue to its inherent strength, treatability and beauty,
Southern Pine is the ideal choice for a wide range of specialtyproducts and construction applications. For moreinformation about these topics, visit the Specialty Productsand Applications sections of www.southernpine.com, or refer tothe specific SPC publications referenced below. For sourcesof supply for Southern Pine lumber products, refer to theProduct Locator at www.southernpine.com.
Flooring
Properly installed and maintained, Southern Pine flooringmeets the challenges of the most demanding applications.Available in a wide variety of sizes and grades, Southern Pineflooring is an attractive and durable addition to homes,schools, churches, sports venues, and commercial buildings.Pressure-treated Southern Pine porch flooring providesdecades of termite and decay-resistant service. Refer to AGuide to Southern Pine Flooring.
Interior Patterns
Many designers choose Southern Pine to lend warmth andcharm to the interior environment. Southern Pine beadedceiling, paneling, wainscoting, and partition is widelyavailable. Refer to Southern Pine Patterns.
Siding
Nothing beats the look of real wood siding. Southern Pinesiding is available in a variety of patterns and can be pressuretreated for even greater resistance to termites and decay.Refer to Southern Pine Siding.
Millwork Stock and Furniture
Southern Pine has superior qualities for machining,fastener-holding and finishing that makes it suitable for use ina wide range of trim and industrial applications. Manymanufacturers of mouldings, stepping, ladder stock, and doorand window components rely on Southern Pine finish-gradematerial. Its strength and density makes it a premium choicefor solid and upholstered furniture.
Material Handling
Kiln-dried Southern Pine, heat treated and marked “HT”,exceeds international phytosanitary requirements for woodpackaging. HT Southern Pine is ideal for pallets, crates, skids,boxes, cable reels, and specialty packaging. For moreinformation about international phytosanitary requirements,refer to www.southernpine.com.
Finger-Jointed Studs
Finger-jointed studs are ideal for single- and multi-familyhomes, as well as commercial construction. Southern Pinefinger-jointed studs are straight and dimensionally stablebecause they are manufactured from short pieces of kiln-dried lumber. They are accepted for use by the buildingcodes and are considered as interchangeable with solid-sawndimension lumber of the same size, grade, and species.Finger-jointed studs are grademarked as “HRA” (HeatResistant Adhesives) or “Non-HRA”. HRA grademarkedfinger-jointed studs should be used for wall assemblies thatrequire a fire resistance rating under the building codes.
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Typical examples include separations between living units inmulti-story or multi-family structures, and common walls incommercial buildings. Refer to Southern Pine Finger-JointedStuds.
Trusses
The open web configuration of metal plate connectedwood trusses leaves plenty of room for plumbing, electrical,and mechanical runs. Other truss advantages include designflexibility, long spans, and speed of construction. SouthernPine’s superior strength, stiffness, and density make it thepreferred lumber species for structural building components,including trusses. Component manufacturers that chooseSouthern Pine can reduce the amount of raw materials usedin each truss, resulting in significant cost savings. Refer toSouthern Pine for Structural Components.
Raised Floor Systems
American homes have been built on raised wood floorsystems since Colonial times. Depending on the geographicregion, a raised floor system may also be called a crawlspace,raised wood platform floor, or raised floor foundation.Regardless of the name, the aesthetic, economic, andpractical reasons for building a raised home still apply today.By design, a raised floor system elevates the living space offthe ground, isolating it from moisture and pests. Elevating astructure reduces flood insurance premiums and can evenprevent flood damage. Visit www.RaisedFloorLiving.com or referto Raised Floor Systems: Design and Construction Guide.
Outdoor Decks
Decks extend the living space of the home and offer manydifferent design choices from simple, compact structures toelaborate multi-level decks with benches, planters, andrailings. Southern Pine is the preferred species of choice fordecks because of its inherent strength and ease oftreatability, along with its visual appeal. Refer to YourDecking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.
Marine, Bridge, and Highway Construction
Southern Pine is available in large sizes and heavytreatments, making it ideal for marine, bridge, and highwayconstruction. American Wood Protection Associationstandards require different retention levels for treatedmaterial intended for freshwater, saltwater, or saltwatersplash exposures. Refer to Aquatic & Wetland Structures.
Post-Frame Construction
Post-frame buildings are economical, easy to construct,and code-complying. They also offer excellent performanceunder high-wind and seismic loads. These advantagesexplain their continued popularity in rural buildings and theirexpansion into commercial and residential markets.Southern Pine’s high strength and treatability make it apopular species choice for post-frame builders. Refer to Post-Frame Construction Guide.
Permanent Wood Foundations
The Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is an innovativebuilding system for crawlspace, split-level, or full-basementfoundations. Refer to Permanent Wood Foundations: Design &Construction Guide.
PRESSURE-TREATED LUMBERPressure treatment with preservatives protects wood
exposed to high-moisture conditions and potentialdeterioration. When properly treated and installed for theirintended use, pressure-treated wood products can beexpected to last for many decades.
Southern Pine’s ease of treatability has made it thepreferred species when pressure treatment with woodpreservatives is required. The unique cellular structure ofSouthern Pine permits deep, uniform penetration ofpreservatives, rendering the wood useless as a food sourcefor fungi, termites and micro-organisms.
This section of the Use Guide provides an overview toSouthern Pine preservatively treated lumber. For morecomplete information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.
Types of Wood Preservatives
Pressure-treated Southern Pine lumber products areavailable in a range of treatment options. There are threebroad classes of wood preservatives for pressure treatment:
• Waterborne preservatives serve a wide variety of uses, includingresidential, commercial, marine, agricultural, recreational, andindustrial applications.
• Oilborne preservatives are used primarily for applications such asutility poles, piling, posts, glulam beams, and timbers.
• Creosote preservatives, including creosote/coal tar mixtures,protect railroad ties, marine pilings, and utility poles.
New Preservatives Serve Consumer Uses
Pressure-treated wood products intended for residential andrecreational (consumer) applications are now manufactured witha new generation of advanced waterborne preservatives. Thesepreservatives provide the same long-term resistance to termiteattack, but contain no components considered hazardous underEnvironmental Protection Agency regulations. Examples of typicalapplications for advanced waterborne preservatives and CCA areshown to the upper right.
Advanced waterborne preservatives are available in bothcopper-based and noncopper-based formulations. Examplepreservatives and their approved end-use service conditions arelisted below in Table 12.
Preservative Retention Levels
Treated wood must meet minimum requirements forpreservative penetration and retention for use in a particularservice condition. Penetration refers to the depth apreservative must permeate into the wood fiber during thepressure-treating process. Retention levels refer to theamount of preservative that remains in the wood after thepressure-treating process is complete. Retentions areexpressed in pounds of preservative per cubic foot of woodfiber; the higher the number, the harsher the condition towhich the wood may be exposed.
Code Acceptance and Standards
Wood preservatives are accepted for building codecompliance either by reference to American Wood ProtectionAssociation (AWPA) standards or through the productevaluation process of the International Code Council (ICC)Evaluation Service. Acceptance of a preservative into theAWPA Book of Standards, or by ICC evaluation, ensures thatproperly treated wood products perform satisfactorily fortheir intended service condition.
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ADVANCED WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES
Examples of typical consumer applications for pressure-treated
Southern Pine using advanced waterborne preservatives include:
Benches • Boardwalks • Fences • Freshwater Marine Piling
Gazebos • Hand Railings • Access Ramps
Wood Foundations • Lattice • Landscape Accents • Planters
Outdoor Decks • Outdoor Furniture • Pedestrian Bridges
Play Structures • Pergolas • Porches • Stadium Seats
Steps • Storage Sheds • Structural Framing • Trellises
CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE
Examples of non-consumer applications for CCA-treated
Southern Pine include:
Lumber and Timber for Salt Water Marine Use • Piles and Poles
Wood for Highway Construction • Shakes and Shingles
Poles, Piles and Plywood Used on Farms
Lumber and Plywood for Permanent Wood Foundations
Round Poles and Posts Used in Building Construction
Sawn Crossarms • Structural Glued-Laminated Members
Structural Composite Lumber
Sawn Timber to Support Residential and Commercial Structures
Service Condition Waterborne, Non-Copper Waterborne, Copper-Based
Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µCA-C, MCA)
Copper HDO (CX-A)
Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W)
Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ)
Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µCA-C, MCA)
Copper HDO (CX-A)
Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W)
Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ)
Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µCA-C, MCA)
Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W)
Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ)
Interior,
Dry or Damp
Exterior,
Above Ground
Ground Contact
or Fresh Water
DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2)DOT & Polymer BinderInorganic Boron (SBX)
Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI)
DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2)
DOT & Polymer Binder
Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI)
Table 12 Waterborne Preservatives Approved for Southern Pine in Consumer Uses
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Building Code Requirements
Pressure-treated Southern Pine is recognized by buildingcodes and regulatory agencies for use in construction.Specific code requirements for pressure-treated wood aredetailed in your local building code. Generally, buildingcodes require preservative-treated or naturally durable woodfor protection against decay and termites in the followingapplications:
ã Wood in contact with the ground or fresh water
ã Wood used above ground in contact with concrete or masonry
ã Wood used above ground where specified distances from exposedearth are not met
ã Wood providing structural support and exposed to the weather
ã Wood used below the Design Flood Elevation (DFE)
ã Wood floor framing in geographical areas where hazard of termitedamage is known to be very heavy, unless provided with approvedmethods of termite protection.
Building codes also require pressure-treated lumber tohave a moisture content of 19% or less when used for aframing application where it will be covered or enclosed.Lumber treated with waterborne preservatives has a veryhigh moisture content when removed from the treatmentcylinder, so specify kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) or airdried (ADAT or Dry) on the quality mark.
Wood end-cut, notched, or bored at the jobsite must be fieldtreated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallicsolution.
Design Values for Pressure-Treated Applications
Reference design values for Southern Pine lumber aretabulated in the Design Values for Wood ConstructionSupplement of the National Design Specification® (NDS)®
published by the American Forest & Paper Association.Reference design values for untreated lumber also apply tolumber pressure-treated by an approved process andpreservative.
Reference design values are based on normal loadduration and dry service conditions; they must be multipliedby applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusteddesign values. Adjustment factors for untreated lumber alsoapply to pressure-treated lumber with one exception – inAllowable Stress Design applications allowing an increasewith the Load Duration Factor, CD, that factor cannot exceed1.6 for structural members pressure-treated with waterbornepreservatives.
As an example, common adjustment factors to considerwhen sizing pressure-treated joists for an exterior applicationinclude:
ã Wet Service Factor, CM – A reduction required for lumberused under conditions where the moisture content of thewood in service will exceed 19% for an extended period oftime, such as for uncovered outdoor decks regularly exposeddirectly to rain or other sources of moisture. Members thatare protected from the weather by roofs or other means butare occasionally subjected to windblown moisture, such asfor covered porches, are generally considered dryapplications.
ã Repetitive Member Factor, Cr – An increase allowed whenat least three joists are in contact or spaced not more than24” on center and are joined by a load distributing elementsuch as decking.
ã Incising Factor, Ci – A reduction required for difficult-to-treatspecies that must be incised to meet AWPA treatingstandards. This reduction does not apply to Southern Pinebecause of its ease of treatability.
Grade and Quality MarksTo protect the buyer and consumer, the industry has
developed a system requiring ink-stamped grade marking ofeach piece of lumber under adequate quality controlmeasures. This assures delivery of the grade specified for itsintended use. Lumber grading and marking is monitored andinspected by agencies accredited by the American LumberStandard Committee (ALSC). A valid agency grade mark onSouthern Pine lumber indicates the product meets structuraland appearance requirements established for that grade.
In addition, all treated Southern Pine should be identifiedwith an inspection agency quality mark (either plastic end tagor ink stamp) conforming to building code standards. For thequality mark to be valid after treatment, the lumber mustadhere to the grade requirements and the moisture content ofthe grade represented by the mark.
It is recommended that the buyer specify pressure-treatedwood bearing ink-stamped quality marks and/or plastic endtags denoting the material was produced under supervision ofan independent inspection agency accredited by the ALSC.Use of such marks by the producer provides assurance thatthe preservative retention and penetration complies withAWPA and/or building code specifications, and that thepreservative used is approved by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency and treated in compliance with federal law.Use of treated wood that does not bear an approved agencyquality mark will not meet requirements of the InternationalCode Council (ICC).
Fasteners & Connectors
Properly treated Southern Pine will last several decades, sothe use of proper fasteners and connectors is very important.The potential for corrosion of hardware in contact with treatedwood occurs when metals in the preservative (such as copper)are different from the metals in the hardware (the iron in steel,or aluminum). In a wet environment, these dissimilar metalscreate a small electrical current that triggers a chemical reactionresulting in galvanic corrosion.
To select proper hardware, the specifier should first considerthe end-use application and exposure conditions. In damp orwet exposure, hardware in contact with pressure-treated woodmust be corrosion resistant. Hardware includes fasteners (e.g.nails, screws, and bolts) and all connectors (e.g. joist hangers,straps, hinges, post anchors, and truss plates). Regardless ofexposure condition, fasteners and connectors should bespecified in compliance with the hardware manufacturer’srecommendations and the building codes for their intended use.For more specific fastener and connector requirements for usewith treated Southern Pine, refer to Fastener & ConnectorGuidance for Treated Wood.
Handling & Storage
Pressure-treated wood is safe and environmentally friendlywhen properly treated, handled, and installed. Many of thesame safety rules for using untreated wood also apply to the safeuse of treated wood. Treated lumber should be stacked andstored in the same manner as untreated wood. Refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine.
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Use Category
UC1
UC2
UC3A
UC3B
UC4A
UC4B
UC4C
UC5A
UC5B
UC5C
UCFA
UCFB
Ground contact or fresh waterCritical structural components
Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone
Northern waters
Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone
NJ to GA, south of SanFran
Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zoneSouth of GA, Gulf Coast,Hawaii, and Puerto Rico
Fire protection as required by codes
Above ground Interior construction
Fire protection as required by codes
Above groundExterior construction
Interior construction Above ground
Dry
Interior construction Above ground
Damp
Exterior construction Above ground
Coated and rapid water run-off
Exterior construction Above ground
Uncoated or poor water run-off
Ground contact or fresh waterNon-critical components
Ground contact or fresh waterCritical components ordifficult replacement
Service Conditions
Subject to wetting
Continuous marine exposure(salt water)
Continuous marine exposure (salt water)
Continuous marine exposure (salt water)
Continuously protected from weather or other sources of
moisture
Exposed to all weather cycles,severe environments,
extreme decay potential
Exposed to all weather cycles,high decay potential,
includes salt water splash
Continuously protected from weather or other sources of
moisture
Protected from weather, but may besubject to sources of moisture
Exposed to all weather cycles,not exposed to prolonged wetting
Exposed to all weather cycles, including prolonged wetting
Exposed to all weather cycles,normal exposure conditions
Use Environment
Fire
Salt water organisms
Salt water organisms,including creosote tolerant,
Limnoria tripunctata
Salt water organisms,including
Martesia, Sphaeroma
Fire
Decay fungi and insectswith extreme potential for
biodeterioration
Decay fungi and insectswith increased potential
for biodeterioration
Insects only
Decay fungi and insects
Decay fungi and insects
Decay fungi and insects
Decay fungi and insects
Common Agents of Deterioration
Vertical exterior walls, inclinedroof surfaces or other
construction which allows waterto quickly drain
Land and fresh water piling,foundation piling,
crossties and utility poles (severe decay areas)
Piling, bulkheads, bracing
Piling, bulkheads, bracing
Piling, bulkheads, bracing
Roof sheathing, roof trusses,studs, joists, paneling
Permanent wood foundations,building poles, horticultural
posts, crossties and utility poles(high decay areas)
Interior construction and furnishings
Interior construction
Coated millwork, siding and trim
Decking, deck joists, railings,fence pickets, uncoated
millwork
Fence, deck, and guardrailposts, crossties and utility poles
(low decay areas)
Typical Applications
NOTE: Table 13 copyright AWPA, Book of Standards, 2008 Edition, Section 2, Service Conditions for Use Category Designations.
Table 13 Service Conditions for Use Category Designations
AWPA USE CATEGORY SYSTEMThe AWPA Use Category System (UCS) establishes major
exposure conditions that wood products are subjected to in
service. The UCS helps users identify the exposure condition
for specific products and end-use environments (Table 13),
and then specify the acceptable preservatives and retention
levels for that application.
Specify the following items (see example to right):
Step 1 – Use Category (Table 13)
Step 2 – General Commodity Classification and Specification Sectionin the AWPA Book of Standards
Step 3 – Specific Commodity Classification
Step 4 – Species, Preservatives, and Retention Levels
Step 5 – Special Requirements (such as pre- or post-treatment
preparations, including conditioning and drying such as Kiln
Dried After Treatment, KDAT)
For more complete treated specification information, refer
to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine or AWPA Book of Standards.
SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE
Treated sawn-lumber joists supporting an outdoor deck
Step 1 – Use Category: UC3B(from Table 13: Exterior Construction, Above Ground,Uncoated or poor water run-off Service Conditions.Typical Applications include deck joists.)
Step 2 – General Commodity Classification and Specificationsection in the AWPA Book of StandardsSawn Products – A
Step 3 – Specific Commodity Classification: Joists(Commodity – Joists, Use – Building Construction,Exposure – Above Ground, Exterior)
Step 4 – Species: Southern PinePreservatives and retention levels: Alkaline Copper Quat(ACQ), to .25 pcf or Copper Azole (CA-B) to .10 pcf(Above Ground, Exterior)
Step 5 – Special Requirements: None
FIRE ENDURANCE, SOUND TRANSMISSION
Dimension lumber joists and rafters have a long historyof solid fire endurance performance. The first fire enduranceassemblies developed for wood-frame structures wereperformed using dimension lumber structural members.Further evidence of this exists in the codes wherecalculating fire endurance assemblies is allowed. Times areassigned for the contribution of wood-frame construction infire assembly calculation sections (i.e. Section 721.6 andTable 721.6.2(2) of the 2006 International Building Code).Wood floor and ceiling joists, 16˝ on center, have a time of 10minutes assigned to them. For additional information, referto Component Additive Method (CAM) for Calculating andDemonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance, Design for CodeAcceptance No. 4, from the American Forest & PaperAssociation at www.awc.org.
Properly designing a building for fire safety meansfaithfully executing building code regulations. This meansbreaking up a building into fire-resistant compartments. Withcompartments and an efficient protection system in place,fires can be localized and suppressed easily. To prevent firefrom spreading from one compartment to the next, the codesrequire finished assemblies be built to withstand full fireexposure without major damage and, at the same time, actas barriers to heat transfer.
Standard fire tests measure the fire enduranceperformance of a variety of structural assemblies andboundary conditions that make up compartments. ASTMStandard E 119 sets forth the conditions of the test and theinterpretation of the results. Test results are measured interms of the assembly’s ability to withstand a severe fire for aperiod of time. Performance times are measured in hours:1-hour rated; 2-hour rated; etc. The codes reference thesehourly requirements for various building construction typesand occupancies.
The major sources for dimension lumber fire-enduranceassemblies are the Fire Resistance Design Manual publishedby the Gypsum Association, the Fire Resistance Directorypublished by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), andSection 720 and Table 720.1(3) of the 2006 InternationalBuilding Code. The major source for metal plate connectedtruss fire -endurance assemblies is found at www.sbcindustry.com.There are numerous fire-endurance assemblies detailed inthese sources. These assemblies include different options,such as the direct application of gypsum, or the use ofresilient channels, insulation or suspended ceilings. Theyrange in performance from 45 minutes to 2 hours. The mostcommon dimension lumber and truss fire-enduranceassemblies are detailed in Figures 1 – 5 to the left.
Wood has out-performed non-combustible materials indirect comparison fire tests. As illustrated above, a 2x4timber tie maintained more of its original strength underhigher temperatures and for a longer period of time thandid aluminum alloy or mild steel. This is because of wood’s
Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2˝ type X gypsum wallboard or veneer baseapplied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16˝o.c.
Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard orveneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1˝ Type S drywallscrews 12˝o.c. Resilient channels applied 24˝o.c. at right angles to 2x10 wood joists16˝o.c. with 6d common nail.
Wood Floor, Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: Base layer 5/8˝ proprietary type Xgypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16˝o.c.Face layer 5/8˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at rightangles to resilient furring channels with 1˝ Type S drywall screws 12˝o.c. Resilientfurring channel spaced 24˝o.c. and nailed at right angles to joists and through baselayer.
Gypsum Board, Parallel Chord Wood Trusses: Ceiling — Two layers of 1/2˝ type Xgypsum wallboard or veneer base applied perpendicular to trusses. Base layer endjoints staggered 24˝ and all face layer joints offset 24˝ from the joints of the baselayer. Trusses — chord and web members are fabricated from 2 x 4 lumber with20 gauge steel connector plates that have a minimum tooth length of 5/16˝. Trussesare spaced a maximum of 24˝o.c. and have a minimum depth of 12˝.
Wood Trusses, Gypsum Wallboard: 5/8˝ proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or
veneer base applied at right angles to steel furring channel with 1˝ Type S drywall
screws 12˝o.c. Furring channels 24˝o.c. secured with steel wire 48˝o.c.
perpendicular to parallel chord wood trusses 24˝o.c. with a minimum depth of 12˝.
(1) Dock & Harbor Authority, London, England, “What About Fire?”, American Institute of Timber Construction, 1972, p.3.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Direct application of gypsum.1-Hour-Rated, STC 35-39, FC 5410
Resilient channels and insulation.1-Hour-Rated, STC 55-59, FC 5105
Resilient channels between gypsum layers.2-Hour-Rated, FC 5724.
Direct application of two layers of gypsum.1-Hour-Rated, FC 5512
FC 5515 UL L558Single gypsum layer on resilient channels.1-Hour-Rated.
19 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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unique charring properties, which actually protect it fromfire. As such, wood can be an excellent performer under fireconditions, contrary to misguided concerns over itscombustibility.
Sound Transmission
Sound transmission ratings are closely aligned with fireendurance ratings for assemblies. This is because flamepenetration and sound penetration follow similar paths ofleast resistance.
Sound striking a wall or ceiling surface is transmittedthrough the air in the wall or ceiling cavity. It then strikes theopposite wall surface, causing it to vibrate and transmit thesound into the adjoining room. Sound also is transmittedthrough any openings going into the room, such as air ducts,electrical outlets, window openings, and doors. This isairborne sound transmission.
The Sound Transmission Class (STC) method of ratingairborne sounds evaluates the comfortability of a particularliving space. The higher the STC, the better the airbornenoise control performance of the structure. An STC of 50 orabove is generally considered a good airborne noise controlrating. The following table describes the privacy from eachSTC rating:
Flame Spread
Flame spread ratings are often confused with fireendurance ratings. Flame spread is solely a measure of thesurface burning characteristics of a material. A low flamespread material will not necessarily improve the performanceof a fire endurance assembly. Flame spread requirements aretypically used by the code for interior finish materials.Different maximum flame spread rates are permitteddepending upon the building occupancy, location of thematerial in the building, and the presence of sprinklers.
Generally, the building code flame spread classifications are:
Most tested wood products, including Southern Pine, havea Flame Spread Index of 200, making them acceptable undercurrent building codes for a wide range of interior finish uses.Commerically available fire retardant treatments for woodand panel products can reduce the Flame Spread Index to 25or less. Refer to Flame Spread Performance of Wood Products,Design for Code Acceptance No.1, from the American Forest &Paper Association at www.awc.org.
Smoke Developed Index
A Smoke Developed Index was also measured for variouswood products. This Index has a value of 100 for Red Oak.None of the products tested exceeded 450, a limiting valuecommonly used in building code regulations.
STC Rating
ClassFlame Spread
Range Locations
Privacy Afforded
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
I or AII or BIII or C
0-2526-7576-200
Enclosed vertical exitsExit access corridorsOther rooms and areas
Normal speech easily understood
Normal speech audible but not intelligible
Loud speech audible and fairly understandable
Loud speech barely audible but not intelligible
Loud speech barely audible
Shouting barely audible
Shouting not audible
PROPER LUMBER STORAGEProper seasoning and storage provide optimal dimensional
stability of lumber in service. To minimize shrinkage, SPIBGrading Rules require dimension lumber 2” or less inthickness be kiln-dried or seasoned to a moisture content notexceeding 19%. This will result in an average moisturecontent of about 15% at the time of manufacture. Additionalconditioning will take place when lumber is stored and usedas it adjusts to the moisture content of its end-useenvironment. For interior items, such as flooring, millworkand furniture, the end-use moisture content will averagebetween 6% in the dry Southwestern U.S. and 11% in thehumid U.S. Gulf South. For exterior items, such as framing,siding and sheathing, the end-use moisture content willaverage 12% in most areas of the U.S., with a range from 7%to 14%.
Proper receiving, unloading, storage, handling, installationand bracing of lumber after delivery will help maintainmaterial quality during construction and service life. Followthese simple rules to help ensure proper storage and productperformance at the job site:
• Inspect lumber upon delivery for proper grade-marking andmoisture content, plus other conditions that may require attention,such as mold.
• Unload lumber in a dry place – not in wet or muddy areas.
• Elevate lumber on stringers to prevent absorption of groundmoisture and to allow air circulation. Do not store lumber in direct contact with the ground.
• Cover lumber stored in an open area with a material that will giveprotection from the elements. Polyethylene or similar non-porousmaterials act as a vapor barrier, so it is important to allowventilation around the material to prevent condensation on theunderside of the covering.
• Enclose framing lumber under roof as soon as possible.
• Store exterior patterns (e.g. siding, porch flooring) in a covered outdoor area.
• Store interior items such as flooring, millwork and cabinets in the enclosed conditioned area where installation will occur.
There is additional protection when lumber comes inpaper-wrapped packages or has been treated with a weather-protective coating. However, availability is limited andweather-protective coatings are generally effective for onlyabout three to six months. Damage to the paper duringtransportation can reduce its effectiveness, and protection islost when paper wrappings are removed. For additionalinformation, refer to the SPC publication Managing Moistureand Mold.
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci lwww.southernpine.com 20
Grade and Strength of Material — Standard grades for eachproduct class should be specified after considering all gradesappropriate for the intended use and strength requirements.For structural applications, include the required referencedesign values along with the grade that represents thosedesign values. Grades and reference design values are listedon pages 9 -11.
Moisture Content — Specify desired moisture content(percent) based on requirements for the product, grade andintended use. Most product classes and grades of SouthernPine have specific moisture requirements. Seasoningrequirements and options are listed on page 8.
Surface Texture — Surfacing requirements should bespecified. Lumber is commonly ordered S4S (smoothsurfaced on all four sides), or rough sawn. Other examplesinclude: S1S2E (surfaced one side and two edges); or S2S&CM(surfaced two sides and center matched on edges withcentered tongue and groove). Variances from S4S will cause achange from the standard dressed size, so the effect ondesired net dry size should be considered. Refer to the SPIBStandard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber for moreinformation on surfacing designations and net product sizes.
Transportation and Storage — All lumber in transit, storageand handling areas should be protected from moisture,weather and contaminants. Coatings, wrappings or coveringsshould allow circulation and not trap moisture. Properstorage methods are explained on page 20.
Preservative Treatment — When pressure-treated lumber isrequired, it should be treated according to appropriateAmerican Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards.Quality control for treating should be done by an approvedinspection agency. Each piece of lumber should be identifiedwith a quality mark or end tag bearing the name of theinspection agency, applicable AWPA Standard, use exposure,preservative used, retention level, treating company and yearof treatment. Jobsite fabrication cuts and borings should befield treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2%metallic solution in accordance with AWPA Standard M4.Products, preservatives, uses and standards are described onpages 16-18.
SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES
Typical Quality Mark for Treated Lumber
21 SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
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*NOTE: Other agencies are accredited by ALSC to inspect and grade all or selected Southern Pine products according toSPIB Grading Rules, including: California Lumber Inspection Service (CLIS); Northeastern Lumber ManufacturersAssociation (NELMA); West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB); and Western Wood Products Association (WWPA).
Quality Southern Pine lumber is gradedin accordance with the grading rules ofthe Southern Pine Inspection Bureau(SPIB). SPIB, Timber ProductsInspection, Inc., Renewable ResourceAssociates, Inc. (RRA) and otherorganizations* are accredited to inspectand grade mark Southern Pine lumberin accordance with SPIB grading rules.
Typical Southern Pine Lumber Grade Marks
These guidelines are intended to assist in specifying the mosteconomical and efficient use of Southern Pine lumberproducts. They should also help minimize misunderstand-ings between specifier and supplier. Product availability andeconomy varies by market area. Becoming familiar with theproducts available in your area will allow you to more easilyobtain materials to satisfy your demands. For information onSouthern Pine products, applications, and suppliers, visitwww.southernpine.com.
Identification and Quality Control — Each piece of lumbershould be grademarked by an agency accredited by theAmerican Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC), andmanufactured in accordance with Product Standard PS 20published by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Product Classification — Products should be identified bymanufactured categories such as Dimension, Structural LightFraming, Decking, Boards, Timbers, etc. Products incategories such as Finish, Flooring, Ceiling, and Siding, etc.,should include the pattern name and number assigned by theruleswriting agency. This will correctly identify the productand ensure that it conforms to standard. Select from theproduct and grade descriptions on pages 3 - 6.
Size and Length of Pieces — Products included in lumberstandards, such as Dimension Lumber, should be specifiedby nominal sizes for thickness and width, and by standardlengths which are 8´ to 20´ in two-foot increments. Productswith patterns and special orders should include the desirednet, dry size, plus the dimensioned profile pattern for less common items. Standard sizes are listed on page 7.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Inspection Service: Southern PineInspection Bureau (SPIB)
Inspection Service: Timber Products Inspection, Inc. (TP)
Inspection Service: Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA)
Lumber Grade
Mill Identification Number
Lumber Species
(optional) Logo denotinga member mill of Southern ForestProducts Association (SFPA)
Moisture Content (MC): Kiln-dried (KD) to a maximum of 19%
Heat Treated
1
7
8
8
8
9 6
6
5
5
5
4
4
43
2
7
7
9
9
1 Trademark of inspection agency accredited by American LumberStandard Committee (ALSC)*
2 American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Use Category
3 Preservative used for Treatment
4 Retention Level
5 Dry or KDAT, if applicable
6 Exposure Category
7 Treating Company & Location
8 Year of Treatment, if required
*Contact the Southern Pine Council for a listing of accredited inspection agencies.
ABOVEGROUND
KDAT
AWPA
UC2
SBX .28
ABC TREATING CO.ANYTOWN, USA
6
8
45
27
31
(ink stamp)
(plastic end tag or ink stamp)
2009-2010
LUMBER SPECIFICATION EXAMPLES1
Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWPA Standards
ProductClassification
Use Sizeinches – nominal
Lengthfeet
Species Grade MoistureContent
SurfaceTexture
Treatment &Retention
AWPAUse Category
1Abbreviations: ACQ – Alkaline Copper Quat; AWPA – American Wood Protection Association; C&Btr – grade C and better; CA-B – Copper Azole Type-B; CCA – Chromated Copper Arsenate; DNS – Dense;
HRA – Heat Resistant Adhesive; KD – Kiln-Dried; KDAT – Kiln-Dried After Treatment; Lbr – Lumber; MEL – Machine Evaluated Lumber; MSR – Machine Stress Rated; PET – Precision End Trim; PWF – Permanent
Wood Foundation; R/L – Random Lengths; R.E.D. – Radius Edge Decking; S-GRN – surface green; S1S2E – surfaced one side and two edges; S2S&CM-EV1S – surfaced two sides and center matched with edge
V on one side; S2S&SM – surfaced two sides and standard matched; S4S – surfaced four sides; SBX – Inorganic Boron; SP – Southern Pine (could also be SYP for Southern Yellow Pine); SPIB – Southern Pine
Inspection Bureau; SPP – Standard Patterns of Paneling; UC – Use Category;2
Preservative treatment code required;3
Preservative treatment recommended
Sill Plate 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x 4 x 12, 14, 16 SP No.3 KD19 S4S UC2 SBX .17 pcf KDATor Structural (Above Ground,Light Framing Interior Damp)
Fence Post 2 Dimension Lbr 4 x 4 x 8 SP No.2 S4S UC4A ACQ .40 pcf oror Structural ( Ground Contact, CA-B .21 pcf
Light Framing Non-critical)
Marine Heavy Dimension Lbr 3 x 6 x 12 SP No.1 S4S UC5C CCA 2.5 pcfBulkhead 2 or Structural Seawall (Salt Water,
Joists & Planks Gulf Coast)
PWF 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD19 S4S UC4B CCA .60 pcf KDATStud or Structural (Ground Contact,
Joists & Planks Critical)
Sill Beam 2 Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 S4S UC2 ACQ .25 pcf or(Above Ground, CA-B .10 pcfInterior Damp)
Highway Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 S4S UC4B CCA .50 pcf Guardrail Post 2 (Ground Contact,
Critical)
Post-Frame Timbers 6 x 6 x 16 SP No.1 S-GRN (25%) S4S UC4B ACQ .50 pcf or Building Post 2 (Ground Contact, CA-B .25 pcf
Critical)
Outdoor Deck Radius Edge 5/4 x 6 x 12 SP Premium S4S UC3B ACQ .15 pcf or Decking 3 Decking R.E.D. Eased (Above Ground, CA-B .08 pcf
Edges Exterior) Water Repellant)
Fascia Finish 1 x 6 x 12 SP C&Btr KD 15 S4S UC3A ACQ .25 pcf KDAT(Above Ground, or
Exterior, Coated) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT
Paneling Paneling 1 x 5-1/8 x 10 SP C&Btr KD (12%) Pattern UCFA Fire Retartant for (Net Dry) #SPP 62 (Above Ground, Fire Protection
Interior) Flame Spread Class A
Ceiling Ceiling and 5/8 x 4 x 8 SP D KD (12%) S2S&CM Partition -EV1S
Heavy Timber Decking 3 x 6 R/L SP Select KD15 S2S&CM UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATDecking Decking -EV1S (Above Ground,
Interior Dry)
Flooring Flooring 1 x 3-1/8 x 8, 10, 12 SP D KD (12%) S2S&SM (Net Dry) (Flat Grain)
Porch Flooring 1 x 4 x 12 SP D Dry (15%) S2S&SM UC3B ACQ .25 pcf KDAT Flooring 3 (Above Ground, or
Exterior) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT
Siding Drop Siding 1 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD15 Pattern UC3A ACQ .25 pcf KDAT #116 (Above Ground, or
Exterior, Coated) CA-B .10 pcf KDAT
Solid-Sawn Dimension Lbr 2 x 4 x 92-5/8˝ SP Stud KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATStud or Studs PET (Above Ground,
Interior Dry)
Finger-Jointed Glued Lumber 2 x 4 x 104-5/8˝ SP No.2 KD19 S4S Stud (Stud Use Only) PET
HRA
Floor Joist Dimension Lbr 2 x 10 x 6 - 16 SP MEL KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .28 pcf KDATor Structural M-29 (Above Ground, (Formosan
Joists & Planks Interior Dry) Termites)
Outdoor Deck Dimension Lbr 2 x 8 x 12 SP No.2 S4S UC3B ACQ .25 pcf orJoist 3 or Structural (Above Ground, CA-B .10pcf
Joists & Planks Exterior)
Roof Rafter Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 8 - 20 SP MSR KD19 S4S UC1 SBX .17 pcf KDATor Structural 2400f-2.0E (Above Ground,
Joists & Planks Interior Dry)
SOUTHERN PINE USE GUIDE
2 0 0 9 E d i t i o nSouthern Pine Counci lwww.southernpine.com 22
Trim Moulding 1 x 4 x 8 SP D KD (12%) S4S
www.southernpine.com
SFPA #200/10M/11-08
2900 INDIANA AVE. KENNER, LA 70065504/443-4464 • FAX 504/[email protected] www.southernpine.com
SOUTHERN
PINEthe versatile
building
material
The Southern Pine Council offers a wide variety of helpfulpublications for design-build professionals. A single copy is freeupon request; refer to the publication number. The titles listedbelow are available online in PDF. Visit www.southernpine.com todownload, see a listing of all publications, or to order copies;e-mail requests to [email protected].
Southern Pine Maximum Spans for Joists & Rafters(#202, 36 pages)48 span tables, design criteria
Southern Pine Headers & Beams(#207, 36 pages)size selection and allowable load tables for Southern Pine lumber and
glued laminated timber
Raised Floor Systems: Design & Construction Guide(#411, 48 pages)advantages, footings & foundations, framing details
Managing Moisture & Mold(#907, 2 pages)basic facts, tips for moisture control, cleaning instructions
Pressure-Treated Southern Pine(#300, 16 pages)standards, specifications, proper use and handling
Your Decking Choice: Pressure-Treated Southern Pine(#307, 6 pages)product selection, construction guidelines, maintenance
Termite-Resistant Framing(#308, 8 pages)termite facts, treatments, costs
Aquatic & Wetland Structures(#322, 28 pages)product selection, design details
Southern Pine for Structural Components(#215, 12 pages)grades, cost savings, truss design comparison
A Guide to Southern Pine Flooring(#705, 20 pages)product description, installation, finishing
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Online
Continuing
Education
Professionals earn CEUs online at
southernpine.com/eClassroom
Participants earn a one-hourcontinuing education credit for each unit.
Lumber Library CD
Dozens of publications all on oneCD, more than 50 titles in all.
PDFs load in a matter of secondsand can be printed with ease.
Trade professionals interested inobtaining a copy should e-mail:
Online
PRODUCT LOCATOR
Sourcing Southern Pine products?
Visit the online Product Locator at
www.southernpine.com/productlocator.shtml
to find local dealers, distributors,and producers.
Southern Pine Questions?
Call for HELP!
253/620-7400The Wood Products Help Desk has
information about products
and applications.
e-mail: [email protected]