SECA SOLUTIONSICELAND 2014-06-03

Lennart HaraldsonWärtsilä

Drivers for SECA solutions – Customer perspective

Legislation Cost

Availability

Operating costInvestment cost

Service cost

SOxNOx

ParticulatesGreen house gases

Fuel availabilityFuel flexibilityRobust solutionService time

Reduce SOx emissions - options

HFO+ Scrubbers

MGO GAS… as fuel

Methanol…as fuel

Scrubber Alteratives

• Sea water scrubber (SWS) – open loop system • Uses seawater i.e. no freshwater needs• Slightly higher power demand than FWS • Does not need caustic soda

• Applications: main alternative for ocean-going ships

• Fresh water scrubber (FWS) – closed loop system• Not dependent on seawater alkalinity• Zero effluent discharge an option • Low power demand• Needs caustic soda as a reagent

• Applications: seas with extremely low alkalinity and for operators looking for zero discharge

• Hybrid scrubbers – both open loop and closed loop operations• Flexible system• More complex system

• Applications: ships requiring full flexibility of operations (e.g. sailing both in low alkalinity areas as well in open oceans)

Scrubbers

NaOH consumption(CLS 3,5% S fuel)

Water pump running cost

Exhaust fan running cost(if needed)

4-5% of fuel cost

1% of fuel cost

1% of fuel cost

Scrubbing system chemistry

Engine Exhaust Chemistry:S + O2 SO2 (~95%)

SO2 + 1/2 O2 SO3 (~5%)

Scrubber Chemistry:SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (Sulphurous Acid)SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)

Alkalinity (Bicarbonates (HCO3-) and carbonates (CO3

2-)) – neutralize and help to buffer the pH rapidly

Scrubber Reactions:CaCO3 + H2SO3 CaSO3 + H2O + CO22CaSO3 + O2 2CaSO4 (Calsiumsulphate)

SO2 reduction versus water pH

SO2 reduction

100%

0% pH

50%

14

Alkaline power reduces as neutralisation takes effect.

Alkalinity reflects the ability to react with acidsand neutralise them.

Alkalinity and hence, scrubber efficiency is controlled by:

• adjusting flow in sea water scrubbers, or

• adjusting NaOH quantity in fresh water scrubbers

> 99% reduction...

Wärtsilä’s reference list

Vessel/Owner Vessel type Application Open loop Closed loop Hybrid Scrubber delivery MS Pride of Kent/ Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2005MS Zaandam/ Cruise Retrofit x 2007MT Suula/ Neste shipping Oil/Chemical tanker Retrofit x 2008Containerships VII / Containership Container ship Retrofit x 2011APL England/ APL Container ship Retrofit x 2011

4 vessels/ Ignazio Messina & C.S.p.A Ro-Ro Newbuilding x 2011/2012MV Tarago/ Wilh. Wilhelmsen Ro-Ro Retrofit x 20128 vessels/ Algoma Dry Bulk Newbuilding x 2012/20132 vessels/ x* Newbuilding x 2013/2014Mein Schiff 3 & 4 / STX Finland Newbuilding x 2013/2014HHI H2516 and 2517 / Solvang LPG Tanker Newbuilding x 2012/2013STX 3027/28/29/30 / Messina Newbuilding x 2013/20141 vessel /x* Newbuilding x 2014Super Speed 2/ Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit X 2014Super Speed 1 / Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2014

Color Magic & Color Fantasy / Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2014MV Robin Hood Ro-Ro/Ferry Retrofit x 2014HHI 2656 / Dorian Newbuilding x 2014HHI / Wilhelmsen (2+2) Newbuilding x 2014HHI / Solvang (2+1) Newbuilding x 2014Trawler / x* Trawler Retrofit x 2014Clipper Harald / Solvang LPG Tanker Retrofit x 20146 vessels / Finnlines Ro-Ro Retrofit x 2014

51 vessels and 100 scrubber units

LNG – future safe solution

LNG Lay-out

Gas engines - alterative concepts

Gas-Diesel Duel-Fuel Spark-Ignited

Diesel Combustion(Diffusion Combustion)

+ Fuel MN not an issue+ Low THC, CO+ High load acceptance

- No Tier III (NOx) solution as is

Otto Combustion(Premixed Combustion)

+ Tier III (NOx) solution+ Higher ignition energy

than spark plug+ High efficiency

- Fuel sensitive, MN>70 no derating

Otto Combustion(Premixed Combustion)

+ Tier III (NOx) solution+ No additional fuel

beside gas+ High efficiency

- Fuel sensitive, MN>70 no derating

- No back-up fuel

LNG – Performance

GAS HFO

NOx100%

10%

HFO

SOx100%

~0%GAS

GAS HFO

Particulates100%

10%

Methanol

A multi source and multi purpose fuelInfrastructure and safety similar to EthanolLiquid – no pressure tanksNo SOx, low NOx, low PM

However:

ToxicSafetyDubble volume versus DieselCorrosive

Methanol and LNG, two sides of the same coin

Natural Gas (Methane)

LNGMethanol

”Expensive” Distribution

=90% =70%

”Cheap” Distribution

Renewable Methanol possible

Methanol sources

Natural Gas

Coal

Biomass

Carbon Dioxide

Municipal waste

Synthesis Gas

(H2 + CO)

Methanol - Gas – Diesel Characteristics

Fuel Methanol Natural Gas Diesel

Density (kg/l)* 0.79 0,44 (as LNG) 0,85

Boiling point (°C) 65 -162 150-370

Flash point (°C) 11 -188 min. 60

Auto ignition (°C) 464 540 240

Viscosity cSt at 20°C ~ 0,6 na ~ 13,5

Octane RON/MON 109/89 120/120 -

Cetane No. - - 45-55

LHV (MJ/kg) 20 50* 42

Flammability Limits, Vol% 7-36 5-15 1-6

Flame Speed (cm/s) 52 37 37

Heat of Evaporation (kJ/kg) 1178 na 233

Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio 6,45 17,2 14,7

Adiabatic flame temp. (°C) 1910 1950 2100

* HHV

Combustion Concept

Methanol is combusted according to the diesel process. The methanol is injected close to TDC and ignited by a small amount of pilot fuel – in this case traditional diesel fuel.

Stena Germanica - Methanol Conversion Project

The four main engine at StenaGermanica will be converted to enablerunning on methanol

Project time frame is 2013.1.1 2015.12.31.

On-engine scope is limited to exchange of cylinder heads, fuel injectors and fuel plungers in existing fuel pumps.A common rail system for methanol injection will be added on the engine.

In addition to the Engine related conversion includes the conversion kit a stand-alone high pressure methanol pump with belonging oil unit for supply of sealing oil and control oil to the fuel injectors.

Methanol Conversion Scope

How to meet regulation – Summary

CHANGE TO MGORun on Marine Gas Oil

(MGO).

ConvenientReduce PM

MGO cost

Drop inefficiency ?

CONVERT TO LNG

Convert engines to run on gas (LNG).

FlexibleReduce NOx,PM

Investment Cost LNGavailability

USE SCRUBBERSInstall an exhaust gas

cleaning system (scrubber).

Works with high sulphur fuel oil

ROI depends on fuel oil price difference between low sulphur fuel oil and high sulphur fuel oil

+ + +

METHANOLSwitch to methanol in

SECA

Flexible“Small”investmentReduce NOx, PM

Future MeOH cost vs. HFO unsureNot mature solution

+

Thank You

lennart.haraldson@wartsila.com