sec/gpc applications using conventional and advanced detectors event/2015/gpc_… · sec/gpc...
TRANSCRIPT
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Miroslav JANČO, Matt CROWE, Mark RICKARD, Jian WU and
Tianlan ZHANG
SEC/GPC Applications Using Conventional
and Advanced Detectors
The Dow Chemical Company, Core R&D, Analytical Sciences
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Page 2
Overview
1. Introduction
2. SEC/GPC Using “Conventional” Detectors
• SEC-UV-RI Coupling
3. SEC/GPC Using “Advanced” Detectors
• Off-line SEC-MALDI/MS
• On-line SEC-ESI MS and ESI/CR/MS
• On-line SEC-ICP/MS
• On-line SEC-FTIR
• On-line SEC-NMR
• On-line SEC-macroIMS
4. Conclusions
5. Acknowledgements
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Molecular Heterogeneity of Polymers
Molar mass
distribution
Molecular Architecture
Stereoregularity
distributionEnd-functionality
type distribution
Chemical
composition
distribution
Page 3
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Liquid Chromatography and Its Modes
Retention time, [min]
SEC (GPC) LC CAP HPLC/UPLC
TG or EG
tR=A-B log M tR = constant tR=C+D exp M
Page 4
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1 1
30K
560K
310K
200K
120K
98K
66K
44K
30K
22K
11.6
K
7000
3250
1700
580 2
20 (
BH
T)
Advanced Polymer Chromatography (APC)
Run time: 40 minRun time: 6 minR
I d
ete
cto
r re
sp
on
se
, [m
V]
RI d
ete
cto
r re
sp
on
se
, [m
V]
SEC APC
Application technique for the size based separation of polymers using
columns packed with sub-3µm, rigid, high-pore-volume, hybrid particles
combined with a fully optimized low dispersion ACQUITY™ system
SPEED RESOLUTION PRECISION SUSTAINABILITY
Page 5
Injection Mp Mw Mn Ɖ
20 2743 6143 3870 1.587
40 2753 6160 3884 1.586
60 2754 6156 3884 1.585
80 2745 6146 3870 1.588
100 2746 6151 3878 1.586
% RSD 0.18 0.11 0.18 0.08
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Tetra Detector Array SEC with OmniSECTM software
GPCmax™
Integrated Degasser,
Pump and Autosampler
Tetra Detector Array (TDA)
Integrated Columns and Detectors
(UV, LALS/RALS, RI & VIS)
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SEC of Halogenated Polymers using ELSD and TDA
79.70
97.22
81.00
82.00
83.00
84.00
85.00
86.00
87.00
88.00
89.00
90.00
91.00
92.00
93.00
94.00
95.00
96.00
20
04
-09
-30
_1
6;4
9;4
8_
Me
gu
mm
_1
12
0,_
lot#
20
21
10
37
_(c
on
tro
l)_
01
.v2
00
4-0
9-3
0_
16
;49
;48
_M
eg
um
m_
11
20
,_lo
t#2
02
11
03
7_
(co
ntr
ol)
_0
1.v
/ M
eth
od
: Y
-18
80
-00
00
.vcm
8.0 19.0
Retention Volume (mL)
9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0
Overlay Plot: Right Angle Light Scattering (mV) Vs. Retention Volume (mL)
Method: Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_16;49;48_Megumm_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_01.v2004-09-30_16;49;48_Megumm_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_01.v : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_17;20;40_Y-1880,_lot#1006732_01.vdt : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_17;51;32_Megum_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_2nd_i : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_18;22;24_Y-1880,_lot#1006732_01.vdt : Y-1880-0000.vcm
Sample ID
“Absolute” M data as determined by TDA
Mw Mn Mw/Mn Rh [nm]
Polymer A
350 000 68 000 5.1 7.2
Polymer B
200 000 49 000 4.1 8.4
Sample ID
“Apparent” M data as determined by ELSD using PS standards
Mw Mn Mw/Mn Rh [nm]
Polymer A
50 000 22 000 2.2 N/A
Polymer B
78 000 26 000 3.0 N/A
Page 7
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Halogen Content of Polymer A and B by TDA SEC
-1.62
0.17
-1.50
-1.40
-1.30
-1.20
-1.10
-1.00
-0.90
-0.80
-0.70
-0.60
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
20
04
-09
-30
_1
6;4
9;4
8_
Me
gu
mm
_1
12
0,_
lot#
20
21
10
37
_(c
on
tro
l)_
01
.v2
00
4-0
9-3
0_
16
;49
;48
_M
eg
um
m_
11
20
,_lo
t#2
02
11
03
7_
(co
ntr
ol)
_0
1.v
/ M
eth
od
: Y
-18
80
-00
00
.vcm
4.4 6.8
Log Molecular Weight
4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
Overlay Plot: Log Intrinsic Viscosity Vs. Log Molecular Weight
Method: Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_16;49;48_Megumm_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_01.v2004-09-30_16;49;48_Megumm_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_01.v : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_17;20;40_Y-1880,_lot#1006732_01.vdt : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_17;51;32_Megum_1120,_lot#20211037_(control)_2nd_i : Y-1880-0000.vcm
2004-09-30_18;22;24_Y-1880,_lot#1006732_01.vdt : Y-1880-0000.vcm
Polymer A
Polymer B
Lo
g I
V
Log M
Page 8
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Distribution of UV Absorbing Co-monomer
Page 9
SEC using “conventional” (RI, UV, ELSD, LS, VIS) detectors:
1. “Relative” MW
2. “Absolute” MW
3. Hydrodynamic radius – Rh
4. Radius of gyration – Rg
5. Conformation/branching information
6. chemical composition distribution within MW (some instances)
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Page 10
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy
For M+ of 1000 Da @U=15 KV, L=1.5 m
t = 2.792 X 10-5 S
q
m
U
Lt
2
OH
CO2H
HO
CO2HH3CO
OCH3
HO
MW=154.03 Da MW=224.07 Da
Sinapinic acid2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid =337 nm
UV Absorption MatricesMatrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer
Flight Time vs. m/q
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MW Determination of Polymers by MALDI-TOF-MS
10
50
1 BO-EO-BO 2013-115.0 0:P14 MS Raw
50
100
150
200
250
300
Inte
ns.
[a.u
.]
11
82
8 BO-EO-BO 2013-115.1 0:N14 MS Raw
50
100
150
200
250
300
Inte
ns.
[a.u
.]
11
95
9 BO-EO-BO 2013-115.2 0:L14 MS Raw
50
100
150
200
250
Inte
ns.
[a.u
.]
8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000m/z
P, batch #1
P, batch #2
P, batch #3
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Structural Elucidation by MALDI-TOF-MS
16
70
.4
15
26
.3
15
98
.4
16
42
.4
15
70
.3
17
14
.5
14
54
.2
13
82
.1
14
98
.2
17
86
.5
17
42
.5
16
86
.4
16
14
.4
17
58
.5
14
26
.2
15
54
.3 18
58
.6
14
82
.3
18
14
.6
13
38
.1
12
66
.1
11
94
.0
10
49
.9
13
10
.1
97
7.8
11
21
.9
19
02
.6
19
30
.7
12
38
.0
18
74
.6
19
74
.7
12
82
.0
20
02
.7
19
46
.7
13
98
.1
11
65
.9
20
46
.8
12
10
.0
11
37
.9
20
18
.8
20
74
.8
21
18
.8
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
ns. [a
.u.]
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400m/z
HO-(C4H8O)m-H
p-BO/EO
Page 12
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GPC-RI/MS
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.5
Elution Vol. (ml)
Mo
l. M
ass (
g/m
ole
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
RIU
Off-line SEC – RI/MALDI-TOF-MS of Polymers
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 m/z
MALDI-MS of the SEC fraction 14.0-14.5 ml
900 1100 1300 1500 m/z900 1100 1300 1500 m/z900 1100 1300 1500 m/z
MALDI-MS of the SEC fraction 16.5-17.0 ml
MMA
What we can learn from SEC-RI/MALDI-MS:
1. “Absolute MW ”
2. Composition/structure of polymer
3. End group information
SEC-RI Chromatogram
Page 13
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Why Oligomer Fraction Is Important
1. Product Status Information Worksheet (PSIW)
2. Polymer Exemption (PE) Submissions
Average Mn Fraction <1000 Fraction < 500
<10 K <25% <10%
>10 K <5% <2%
3. Pre Manufacturing Notice (PMN) Submissions
4. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Submissions
5. Food Contact Applications
Page 14
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Off-line SEC – MALDI-TOF-MS Hyphenation
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0
100
200
300
400
500
fr.#
10
fr.#
9
fr.#
8
fr.#
7
fr.#
6
RI d
ete
cto
r re
sp
on
se, [m
Vxs
-1]
Retention time, [min]
3253
.3
3108
.8
3396
.7
2964
.6
3541
.1
2820
.6
3757
.8
* Fr7\0_B14\1\1Ref
0
100
200
300Inte
ns. [
a.u.
]
1882
.3 2026
.4
1738
.2
2170
.5
1594
.1
2314
.6
2458
.6
1450
.0
2602
.9
1305
.8
2746
.8
2890
.8
1161
.7
3035
.5
3179
.3
1017
.5
3323
.3
3467
.6
3611
.7
3755
.7
* Fr8\0_C14\1\1Ref
0
500
1000
1500Inte
ns. [
a.u.
]
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
m/z
Sample ID
Molar Mass characteristics
determined by SEC-RI/MALDI-MS
Percentage of fraction below
Mw# Mn# Ɖ# <1000# <500#
P#1, B#1 2 400 1 500 1.6 15.7 2.0
P#1, B#2 2 400 1 500 1.6 15.5 1.9
P#2, B#1 2 100 1 500 1.4 15.3 1.9
P#2, B#2 2 100 1 500 1.4 15.1 1.9
Challenge: Determination % of fractions below 1000 and 500 g/mol but no standards
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SEC – MALDI/MS Hyphenation
Page 16
From Shimadzu Web page
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Tetrapolymers: An Analytical Challenge
17
# of each monomer indicated by:
(a/b/c/d)a = # A, b = # B, c = # C, d = # D
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Structure & Nomenclature
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Tetrapolymer Analysis with ESI/MS
18
884.34
1088.46
1214.38
1384.44
1588.56
1758.62
1928.69
2132.80
2506.98
-MS, 0.0-5.0min #(1-149)
0
1000
2000
3000
Intens.
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 m/z
1/2/0/1_X,Y
2/2
/0/1
_X
,Y
1/1
/1/1
_X
,Y 1/2
/1/1
_X
,Y
2/2
/1/1
_X
,Y
2/3
/1/1
_X
,Y
2/4
/1/1
_X
,Y
3/4
/1/1
_X
,Y2302.87
3/5
/1/1
_X
,Y
4/5
/1/1
_X
,Y
2711.08
5/5
/1/1
_X
,Y
2881.16
5/6
/1/1
_X
,Y
MWmax = ~3000 u
+ Can hypothesize chemical composition of observed components
- Spectra dominated by singly charged, low MW species
- Congested mass spectra
- Unknown extent of ion suppression
- Unknown instrument response versus molecular weight & chemical composition
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UPLC/ESI-MS of Tetrapolymers
19
Accurate mass analysis Bruker MicrOTOF-Q II
ESI-/MS
External m/z calibration
HighVoltage
Electrospray
IonizationTime of Flight (TOF) Mass Analysis
Ion
Source
Detector
Refle
ctro
n
ESI/TOF Accurate Mass MS Identifies Eluting Compounds
C4
UHPLC
column
Compounds
elute
over time,
according to
their polarity
Specific Goals:
Reduce mass spectral complexity
Lessen ion suppression
Increase mass range
Solution: LC/MS!
Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Waters Acquity UPLC
Waters Acquity UPLC BEH300 C4 1.7 μm 1.0 x 100 mm
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3
1090.4950
1260.5560
1605.5714
0
100
200
300
400
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 m/z
UHPLC/ESI/MS of Tetrapolymer #1
3
5/b/2/1 (b = 3-11)
MWmax =
~4200 u
714.27731-
959.36501-
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
200 600 1000 1400 1800 m/z
1
2
680.22001-
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
nsity
200 600 1000 1400 1800 m/z
0/2/0/1
1 21/1/0/1
0/3/0/1
6000
+ Reduced mass spectral
complexity
+ Increased MW range
20
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Further Understand Capabilities of LC/MS
Column: Shodex X-linked PS/DVB, 300x8.0 mm
Solvent: 5% formic acid in THF
Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min.
Detector: RI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10,000 g/mol 2900 g/mol
#1
To Answer These Questions:
• Size Exclusion Chromatography vs. PS standards
• SEC Fractionation followed by UHPLC/MS and UHPLC/ELSD of fractions
Page 21
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Tetrapolymer #1, SEC Fraction 3
UHPLC/ELSD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
UHPLC/ESI-/MS
• SEC Fraction 3: Polymer present by RI
• UHPLC/ELSD: signal from 8-12 min
• UHPLC/MS: no signal
+ Polymer eluting from UHPLC column over entire MW
range
- High MW polymer NOT detected by ESI/MS
- Similar results for SEC Fraction 4
22
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#1, SEC Fraction 5 (3600-5400)
2 D1 D
0 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
UHPLC/ELSD
UHPLC/ESI-/MS
• SEC Fraction 5:
successful detection
w/ both ELSD and
ESI/MS
• Relative RTs support
hypothesized
monomer
composition
23
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1551.5257
-MS, 8.9-9.0min #(529-538)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Intens.
1000 1500 2000 2500 m/z
1832.2701 1835.6339
-MS, 8.9-9.0min #(529-538)
20
40
60
80
100
Intens.
1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 m/z
#1, SEC Fraction 5; Example MS Data
MW: 3600-5400 u
6/13/3/23-
2 D
1 D
0 D
MWmax = 5500 u
3-
2-
4-
+ MWmax increased to ~5500 g/mol!!
+ MWmax agrees with SEC results for this fraction
24
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#1, SEC Fraction 6; MS Data
25
MW: 1700-3800 u
1069.3327
1541.0418
-MS, 11.8-12.1min #(703-722)
0
100
200
300
400
Intens.
500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 m/z
3/8/2/02-
3/9/2/02-1010.2982
1430.9355
-MS, 7.3-7.5min #(435-445)
0
200
400
600
Intens.
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 m/z
1298.8999
1962.7183
-MS, 8.5-8.8min #(509-526)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Intens.
500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 m/z
2/5/2/12-
2/6/2/12-3/4/2/22-
3/5/2/23-
1/b/2/1 4/b/2/1
3/b/2/12/b/2/1
5/b/2/1
3/b/2/0
4/b/2/02/b/2/0
5/b/2/0
1/b/2/2
2/b/2/2
0/b/2/2
3/b/2/2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
• RTs reflect
monomer
composition
• “3D” Separations
• LCCC of “B”
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Summary of UHPL/ESI/MS Experiments
UHPLC/ESI-/MS developed for tetrapolymer characterization
Can observe up to ~4000 g/mol
Results dominated by low MW species
SEC Fractionation followed by UHPLC/ESI-/MS and UHPLC/ELSD of tetrapolymers
Material eluting off UHPLC column over entire MW range
Can observe up to ~5500 g/mol with UHPLC/ESI-/MS
Simplifies MS data, facilitates interpretation
Cannot observe >5500 g/mol, upper ~40% of MWD
Low MW trends don’t necessary represent entire MWD
SEC/UHPLC/ESI-/MS with PolymerixTM data analysis to explore differentiation of polymer samples
Limited to < 5500 g/mol
Limited to ions generated by ESI-/MS
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+MS, 5.2-7.0min #(310-417), Background Subtracted
0
2
4
6
Intens.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 m/z
LC/MS & LC/CR/MS: PEG 5000
27
PEG5000_8499.d
0
1000
2000
3000
Intens.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time [min]
ESI+/MS
ESI+/CR/MS
UHPLC/ESI+/MS TIC
1+
[M+nNH4]n+
[M+NH4]+
784.5019
+MS, 1.7-2.0min #(99-116)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Intens.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 m/z
6+
5+
4+
3+
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On-line LC-UV-RI-ICP/MS Hyphenation
Key outcomes:
• Demonstrated feasibility of
ICP/MS as an on-line LC
detector
•Separation modes: HDC,
SEC/GPC and HPLC
• Solvents:
• Aqueous volatile buffers
• Organic solvent used for
the first time
• Extended range of
organic solvents
compatible with ICP/MS
• Elements: All that are
detectable by ICP/MS
HDC cartridge
SEC column set
HPLC column
Shodex RI detector
Agilent 1100 LC system
Agilent 7700x
ICP/MS
UV detector
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Page 29
ICP/MS Schematics
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Sample ID
M data determined using PMMA standards and RI detection
% of fractions below
Mw Mn Mw/Mn <1000 <500
batch# 21 10 000 3 700 2.7 4.2 3.0
lot#811002 9 500 3 200 3.0 5.2 3.8
lot#810078 10 000 3 500 2.9 3.6 2.6
lot#96640-46 9 000 3 400 2.6 4.6 3.1
batch#5 9 000 3 300 2.7 4.9 3.5
ZW7105P# 5 400 2 000 2.7 9.8 5.8
lot#PC-B400004710, 30K Lb
10 000 3 200 3.1 n/d n/d
On-line SEC-RI-ICP/MS of Polyester Resins
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On-line SEC-RI-ICP/MS of Polyester Resins
0 100 200 300 400 500
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
y=796.6
6441x (R
=0.99986)
H3PO
4
ICP
/MS
resp
on
se [
x10
3 c
ou
nts
]
Concentration, [ppm]
Sample name
Heteroatom Containing Monomer Content and Its Distribution by SEC-ICP/MS
Polymer
ResidualHeteroatom containing monomer
UnknownTotal
[%]
batch# 21 1 0.05 0.25 1.3
lot#811002 0.9 0 0.2 1.1
lot#810078 0.9 0.03 0.2 1.1
lot#96640-46 1 0.1 0.3 1.4
batch#5 2 0.1 0.5 2.5
ZW7105P 0.9 0.3 0.2 1.3
lot#PC-B400004710, 30K Lb 1.0 0.05 0.35 1.4
Heteroatom Containing
Monomer
Heteroatom Response
From Polymer
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Characterization X-Polymer in Polymer FormulationR
I d
ete
cto
r re
sp
on
se,
[mV
]
Retention Time, [min]
PS Foam 2290
Neat FR-63
Neat FR-63 at 2% load
X-Polymer and Polymer Formulation co-elute
Amount of X-Polymer in Formulation is low (~2-3%)
Polymer Formulation
Neat X-Polymer
Next X-Polymer at 2% load
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Impact:
1. Broadening of X-Component in Polymer Formulation revealed with high
sensitivity
First clear evidence of
broadening of X-Polymer
as result of processing
High M
Species
ICP
/MS
dete
cto
r re
sp
on
se,
[co
un
ts]
Retention Time, [min]
Low M
species
(polymer chain
scission)
Neat X-Polymer
X-Polymer in PF
X-Polymer Distribution Before and After Processing
Page 33
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On-line SEC-FTIR Hyphenation
Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy is a well-established
laboratory analytical technique
Very sensitive to functional groups, ideal for ‘fingerprinting’ of
compounds
Typically used to obtain a ‘batch’ type static measurement using the
spectrometer and a sample holding system, e. g. pressed pellets,
windows or ATR crystals
Interfacing the FTIR spectrometer with a liquid flow system via a flow
cell historically difficult due to sensitivity and data handling issues
With increasing sensitivity of detectors and development of new data
handling routines FTIR detection coupled to chromatographic systems is
now possible
SEC-FTIR hyphenation allows direct measurement of chemical
composition distribution within molecular weight using one detector
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On-line SEC – FTIR Hyphenation
Overview
Operating principle:
Nebulize and desolvate LC
eluent
Deposit particle stream onto
a cooled, rotating ZnSe disk
Analyze deposited track with
FT-IR in real-time, can
rescan deposited track Compatible with most LC
solvents
Can desolvate 100% H2O
and trichlorobenzene
Automatically adjusts for
gradient conditions Minimal peak broadening on
deposition → ~ few seconds Good sensitivity → ~ 0.1 to 1 μg
Courtesy of Spectra Analysis Page 35
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Bulk Infrared Spectra of PMMA and PEMA
Unique
band
in PEMA
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMMA
Poly(ethyl methacrylate)
PEMA
C=O
stretch
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SEC-IR Data Analysis
SEC-IR Chromatograms EMA Content
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SEC-FTIR of P(MMA-EMA) Copolymers
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
EMA
Co
nte
nt
(wt
%)
Int.
Ab
s. (
CO
Str
etc
h)
log (Molecular Weight)
SP-1, CO Stretch SP-2, CO Stretch SP-1, EMA Content SP-2, EMA Content
SP-1
SP-2
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Heterogeneity PMMA-EMA Copolymers
Suspension Polymerization Emulsion Polymerization
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Applications:
competitive analysis
polymer composition as a function of MW
polymer grafting/blending
block copolymer vs. random copolymer
impurity and metabolite analyses
On-line SEC/GPC-NMR Hyphenation
CryoFit ™ (30µL Flow cell)
Four-time signal enhancement
comparing to conventional NMR
Operation modes: Stop-flow and On-flow
NMR experiment: 1H, 2D
1mL/min
20-100µL (HPLC)
100 µL (SEC)
Separation modes:
1. Size (SEC)
2. Composition (HPLC) L= 15’ , ID=0.2mm
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Mixture of p(BA-b-MMA) and p(MMA)
Peak 1 Peak 2
Peak 1: pBA-b-MMA (~87k)
Peak 2: pMMA (~14k)
SEC
Mobile phase: THFDetector: ELSD
Sample Concentration: 10mg/g/component
Column set: 2PLgel Mixed D (300x7.5 mm ID) plus guard (50x7.5mm ID)
THF THF
2I
2H2S
3
1
1
3
45 6
7
2S
2H
P(B
A-b
-MM
A)
MW
~ 8
7k
P(M
MA
)
MW
~14
k
On-line SEC-NMR Hyphenation
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Macroion Mobility Spectrometer
Large size range: 2.5 to 150 nm
∝ 8 kDa to 600 MDa
Wide variety of analytes
Non-covalent complexes
Quantitative
Resolve complex mixtures
Size distribution (not average)
High throughput: minutes
Hyphenation: SEC-IMS ; LC-IMS
Size and Abundance of High MW Analytes
Courtesy of TSI Inc.c
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MacroIMS System Operation
analyzer
voltage
blowerfilter saturated
vapor in
Condenser
light
beam
detector
+ HV -
Air + CO2
Soft x-ray
source
+1
ions
Charge-reduced
ESI Source
Ion Mobility
Drift CellMacroion Detector
Generation of singly-charged
macroions in the gas-phase
Separation of macroions at atmospheric
pressure based on ion mobility
Condensation growth of macroions
followed by laser photometer detection
Electrospray solution >> Ion mobility separation >> Detection
Courtesy of TSI Inc.
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Conclusions
• SEC/GPC using “conventional” detector(s) including RI, UV, ELSD,
MALS, and VIS is very robust and cost effective analytical tool but
provides limited information on analyzed samples
•SEC/GPC hyphenated techniques using “advanced” MALDI-TOF-
MS, ESI-MS, ICP/MS, FTIR and NMR detector capabilities deliver
significantly richer information on analyzed samples but add to
complexity of the experimental set-up and data processing resulting
in higher cost
•Further improvements/advances in both instrument and software
technologies are required to minimize the complexity of experiment
using “advanced” detectors so SEC/GPC hyphenated techniques
become “routine” analytical approaches for polymer characterization
in both academic and industrial setting
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Acknowledgements
Page 45
Jim ALEXANDER
Lu BAI
Michael BENDER
Michael CLARK
Matt CROWE
Wei GAO
Towhid HASAN
Samir JULKA
David MEUNIER
Mark RIKARD
John STUTZMAN
Scott WILLS
Jian WU
Wen-Shine YOUNG
Tianlan ZHANG
Zhe ZHOU
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Dow Chemical
Page 46
• Founded in 1897 by Herbert H. Dow in Midland, Michigan
• Combine the power of science and technology to
passionately innovate what is essential to human
progress
• Deliver a broad range of
technology-based products
and solutions to customers in
approximately 160 countries
• Manufacture more than
5,000 products at 197 sites in
countries across the globe
• Employ approximately 52,000 people worldwide
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Business R&D • 80% people & resources
• Customer-centric
• Application development
Core R&D
• 20 % people & resources
• Discovery research
• Deep technical expertise
Dow R&D
$ 1.7 Billion ~6,300 Staff
Page 47
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Freeport, TX
(27)
Midland, MI
(104)Collegeville, PA
(50)
Terneuzen, Netherlands
(17)Shanghai, China
(31)
~230 people globally
5 Major Sites
Globally integrated delivery
Comprehensive analytical capability
>$100 million Installed Capital
Analytical Sciences - Global Footprint
Mumbai, India
(3)
Horgen, Switzerland
(3)
Kawasaki, Japan
(1)
Process
DevelopmentApplication
OptimizationMaterials Discovery
Page 48
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Conventional Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
Polymer is prepared as a dilute solution in the
eluent and injected into the SEC system
The SEC column is packed with porous beads
of controlled porosity and particle size
Large molecules are not able to permeate all
of the pores and have a shorter residence
time in the column
Small molecules permeate deep into the
porous matrix and have a long residence time
in the column
Polymer molecules are separated according
to molecular size, eluting largest first, smallest
last
Column set of 2 or 3 columns (300x7.5-8.0
mm ID)
Typical Flow rates: 1-2mL/min in order not to
damage column bed by exceeding its back
pressure limit
Typical run times: 30-60 min
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Molar ratio: PEO/PPO/Si-CH3/Propyl-linker ~69/10.4/19.4/1
On-line SEC-2D NMR of PDMS/EO/PO Polymer Mixture
SEC
PDMS/PEO/PPO PEO/PPO
Column set: 2PLgel Mixed D
(300x7.5 mm ID)
Mobile phase: CHCl3
Proposed
Grafting
Chemistry
The CryoFit ™ / CHCl3 provides excellent
sensitivity for 2D NMR experiment
The SEC-2D NMR generates both 13C
and 1H NMR data plus their correlation.
This enables detailed structural
elucidation at the molecular level.
Objective: To understand how the Polyol is grafted to PDMS
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On-flow SEC-NMR of Block Copolymer Mixture
This data shows that the EO/BO ratio changes as a function of MW, with low MW polymers containing mostly pBO.
EOBO
EO/BO molar ratio ~1.0/0.30
~1.0/0.28
~1.0/0.31
~1.0/0.38
~1.0/0.53
~1.0/0.96
~1.0/2.53
~1.0/5.38
High Mw
Low Mw
Page 51