second world war

Second World War (1939-1945)

Hiroshima, 1945

Second World War (1939-1945)

Combatantpowers and features of

the war

War in Europe (1939-1941)

The turningpoint 1941

The victory of the Allies

(1942-1945)

Theconsequences

of the war

The JewishHolocaust

Second World War (1939-1945)Combatant powers

YEAR THE ALLIES THE AXIS POWERS

1939 FRANCE, BRITAIN GERMANY

1940 BRITAIN GERMANY, ITALY

19411945

BRITAIN, USSR, USA, FRANCE (1945)

GERMANY, ITALY (until1943), JAPAN

Second World War (1939-1945)Features of the war

Genuine world war: Europe, Africa, Asia, the Atlantic, thePacific, the Mediterranean Sea…

More than 100 million soldiers

More 800 million civilians suffered

Sixty countries were involved in the war


Duration of the war

• Traditionally, 1939-1945

• Some scholars claim that thisidea corresponds with a «Western view of history», for them WWII actuallystarted in 1937 when Japaninvaded China

• Any way, we will stick to thetraditional notion: 1939-1945


Totalitarian regimes: atrocities (Jewishand Gypsy holocaust, Soviet prisonersstarvation…)

Allies: bombing civil population, atomicbombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Sufering of the civil population

Deportation: millions of refugees

Powerful and sophisticated weapons

Second World War War in Europe (1939-1941)

Sept. 1939

Invasion of Poland

1940

DenmarkNorwayHollandBelgiumFrance

1940

OccupiedFrance & «France» of Vichy

1941

Nazi invasionof the Balkans

1940

Battle of Britain

Invasion of Poland1939

• German attack, 1/9/1939

• Soviet troops marched intoPoland, 17/9/1939 (and theBaltic States later)

• October 1939, Polandcompletely invadid



Hitler in Poland


)

«We are going to Poland to trash the Jews»


Sept. 1939

Invasion of Poland

1940


1940


1941


1940

Battle of Britain

Nazi invasions in Western Europe(1940)

• One after the other: Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and France



Paris, 1940


Occuppied and annexed France / «France of Vichy»


Hitler and Pétain, 24 October 1940


Hitler and Franco, 23 October 1940


Sept. 1939

Invasion of Poland

1940


1940


1941


1940

Battle of Britain

Battle of Britain (1940)

• Churchill, new British PM

• German air attacks onBritain

• Britain resisted. The onlypower that faced Hitler in that moment



WinstonChurchillBritish Prime Minister

Second World War The turning point (1941)

22/06/1941

German invasion of theUSSR «Operation Barbarossa»

German quickadvance

7/12/1941

Japaneseattack onPearl Harbor, main US naval base in the Pacific

The US and USSR entrance in WWII wasthe turningpoint of thewar

1941-1942

Axis’ advancescontinued

Operation Barbarossa

• 22 June 1941

• 4 million Axis soldiersinvaded the USSR

• Soviet army pushed back up to Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), Moscow and Ukraine



Terrible repression against Soviet citizens and Jews


The Soviet army almost collapsed

Attack on Pearl Harbor

• 7 December 1941

• Japan and US at war

• Japan continuedconquering new territories in SoutheasternAsia and the Pacific



British Singapore surrender


American Philippines surrender

Second World War The victory of the Allies (1942-19145)

1942-1943

Midway, Stalingrad, El Alamein

1943

Mussolini dismissedItalyinvaded bythe Alliesand theGermans

June 1944

Normandylanding(«D Day»)

AlliesinvadedFrance

August 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki US AtomicBombs

JapansurrenderedThe war isover

1944-1945

Soviets invadedGermanyand tookBerlin (April-May 1945)

Germanycapitulated


Midway

Pacific

June 1942

Stalingrad

Eastern Front

August 1942 –February 1943

El Alamein

Norhern AfricaOctober –November

1942

Thebeginningof the endof the war

Second World War The victory of the Allies(1942-1945)

Allied invasion. Coup in Rome.

Mussolini dismissed by

the king

German commando

liberatedMussolini

Italy invadedby Germany.

Mussolini established a Fascist regimein the North

Alliesadvanced

slowlytowards

Northern Italy

19431943-1945

«D Day» - Normandylandings

• Allies disembarked in Normandy and Marseille

• Allies conquered France

• Allies started attackingWestern Germany



Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944


Charles de Gaulle, Liberation of Paris 25 August 1944

Soviet advancetowards Germany

• From Stalingrad, continuous Soviet advances

• The Red Army conqueredthe Baltic states, Poland, the Balkans



German population fleeing from the Soviet army

Soviet and Western advance towards Germany

• Battle of Germany (1944-45) Soviets from the East, Westernersfrom the West

• Hitler commited suicide

• Berlin conquered by the Soviets

• Unconditional surrender ( 7-8 May1945)



Soviet soldiers in the Battle of Berlin


Hitler commited suicide on 30th April 1945


German capitulation 7-8th May 1945

The end of the war

• Japan went on fighting

• New American president, Truman, decided to use a terrible new weapon

• August 1945, atomic bombson Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• 2nd September 1945, Japansurrendered. The war wasover.



Hiroshima after the bomb


Japanese capitulation 2nd September1945

Consequences

• Death toll: 55 million plus injured, maimed, orphans, widows…

• Material devastation, especially in the USSR, Eastern Europe, Germany and Japan

• Some Western European and Asian areas were also ruined.

Second World War The consequences of the war

The Conference of Yalta• Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met

in Yalta few months before the endof the war

• They agreed on dividing Germanyin four occupation zones (British, American, French and Soviet)

• They agreed on holding free elections in the liberated countries, but Stalin did not meet thiscompromise



Conference of Yalta, February 1945


Japanese capitulation 2nd September1945


Stalin poster in Unter den LindenBerlin 1945


French troopsparade in Berlin


British troopsparade in Rome

Changes in Europe’s map• Soviet Union recovered the former

Tsarist Empire frontiers and expanded towards the East

• Poland was «pushed» towards theWest, giving eastern lands to theUSSR and annexing former German territories

• Central and eastern Europe underSoviet rule



Soviet troopsentering Lodz(Poland)230.000 Jewswere exterminatedin that Polish city


Poland was«pushedeastwards»


Soviet expansion inCentral Europe after WW2

Aftermath of WWII• Europe, as a continent, was the

great loser

• USA and USSR became the two«superpowers»

• Cruelty, genocide, atomic bomb…

• United Nations were founded in 1945 maintain internationalpeace and protect human rights



San Francisco Conference1945Foundation of the UN

The Holocaust or«Shoah»• Nazi extermination of Jews and

other peoples (Gypsies) carried outby Nazi Germany

• About 6 million (out of 9 million) European Jews were exterminated

• 40.000 facilites in Nazi occupiedEurope to concentrate, hold and exterminate

Second World War The Holocaust

The Holocaust• Not only Jews were exterminated

• Romani (Gypsy) people was alsomass murdered, alongside disabledpeople, Soviet prisoners, Polish and Soviet civilians and homosexuals.

• Recent data show that more than11 million civilians and prisonersfrom eastern Europe countrieswere murdered


Antisemitism in Nazi Germany• Antisemitic propaganda (Goebbels)

• Nüremberg Laws (1935) Jewswere deprived of their German nationalisty, Interracial marriageswere forbidden

• Kristallnacht or “Crystal Night” (1938) huge «pogrom» all overGermany



Nüremberg Laws, 1935


Kristallnacht or “Crystal Night”, 1938


Nazi antisemitic propaganda

The Holocaust in WWII• From 1941 on, Nazis came to

control most of central and easternEurope

• Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, the Balticstates, Russia had important Jewishminorities that in certain areasmade up the majority of thepopulation

• Wannsee Conference 1942 Final solution to the «Jewish Problem»



Millions of Jews were caught by the Nazi expansion

The Holocaust in WWII• Overcrowded Ghettos in the cities

• Concentration camps Slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease

• SS Einsatzgruppenmassshootings

• Extermination camps Industrial murder of Jews and other inmatesin gas chambers

• «Research» on human beings



Warsaw ghetto


Einsatzgruppen in action


Jews sent to extermination camps


Jews arriving in Auschwitz extermination camp


Bergen Belsen concentration camp after the liberation


Josef Mengele carried experiments on inmates in Auschwitz

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