secretary of the global rinderpest eradication … · 2019. 7. 9. · algeria and morocco 19...

EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin No. 12

1

INSIDE

RINDERPEST

Rinderpest surveillance

in West Asia 2

OIE declarations 3

Peter Roeder appointed

GREP Secretary 5

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

African swine fever in Ghana 6

BLUETONGUE

Bluetongue in Tunisia 8

RIFT VALLEY FEVER

Rift Valley fever in Mauritania 9

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

FMD in the Near East and CIS,

new FMD virus in Turkey

and Iran 10

TADINFO

TADinfo news 12

NEWS

Publications 13

CBPP training course 15

Molecular Diagnostic

Techniques Overview program 15

New staff 16

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FAO

REFERENCE LABORATORIES/

COLLABORATING CENTRES 17

News@RADISCON

Sheep pox surveillance

in the Maghreb 18

FMD surveillance in Algeria 18

TADinfo implemented in

Algeria and Morocco 19

Brucellosis Eradication

Programme in Libya 19

EMPRES address list 20

FAO Regional Officers 20

Joint FAO/IAEA Division 20

RADISCON address list 20

EMPRES e-mail: [email protected] � Web site: www.fao.org/empres NO. 12 - DECEMBER 1999

SECRETARY OF THE GLOBAL RINDERPESTERADICATION PROGRAMME (GREP)The Director-General has appointed Peter Roeder as Animal Health Officer (Virology), a

post which carries with it the responsibility of being the GREP Secretary, with effect from

1 January 2000 (see page 5).

RINDERPEST SURVEILLANCE IN WEST ASIAThe Fifth Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Regional Model Project RAW/5/004 � Support

for Rinderpest Surveillance in West Asia was held in Damascus from 9 to 15 October 1999.

Livestock production is of great importance for the well-being of the inhabitants of this

region and livestock trading contributes very significantly to national economies. Hence

rinderpest eradication is a major concern for the countries participating at this meeting. The

1999 meeting provided the opportunity for veterinary scientists engaged in rinderpest

diagnosis, surveillance and control to review progress in rinderpest eradication and consider

strategy options (see page 2).

BLUETONGUE IN TUNISIAIn December 1999, an outbreak of bluetongue was reported in Tunisia for the first time after

detection of antibodies and the observation of clinical signs in sheep. The outbreaks were

located in seven districts (Ouardanine, Jemmel, Bembla, Zeramdine, El Djem, Sousse and

Sfax south) in the governorates of Monastir, Mahdia and Sfax, and involved 8 924 small

ruminants. A total of 829 cases were seen, of which 325 animals died (see page 8).


2

RINDERPEST

Fifth Coordination Meeting of the IAEA Regional Model Project RAW/5/004 � Support for Rinderpest Surveillance in West Asia, 9-15 October1999Livestock production is of great importance for the well-being of the inhabitants of this

region and livestock trading contributes very significantly to national economies. Hence

rinderpest eradication is a major concern for the countries participating at this meeting.

The 1999 meeting was held in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic and provided the

opportunity for veterinary scientists engaged in rinderpest diagnosis, surveillance and

control to review progress in rinderpest eradication and consider strategy options.

The project has been an outstanding example of the value of the close working

relationship that exists between the countries, IAEA, the Joint FAO/IAEA Division and

FAO EMPRES. It has made a very significant contribution to the Global Rinderpest

Eradication Programme (GREP) in West Asia through its activities extending from Turkey

to the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics.

In addition to transferring diagnostic technology for rinderpest diagnosis and surveillance,

the project created an enabling environment for application of the technology in making

progress towards the final goal of verified freedom from rinderpest.

Participants this year were drawn from the Syrian Arab Republic, Jordan, Iran, Iraq,

Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Turkey, Yemen and Kazakhstan, with Pakistan an observer as in

earlier meetings. The contribution of the participants from the SRAI Laboratory in

Kazakhstan was particularly valuable as the laboratory provides advice on rinderpest

strategy to the Central Asian countries. Formerly this laboratory was designated as the

prime rinderpest laboratory for the USSR.

The project area covers what are almost certainly the last two strongholds of Asian

lineage rinderpest virus � Pakistan and Afghanistan and Yemen. Despite this and accruing

evidence of rinderpest absence in most areas, progress in reflecting rinderpest freedom in

official OIE declarations is slow and many countries continue with routine blanket

vaccination programmes. Primarily this is because of lack of confidence on the part of

senior veterinary managers in some countries that the disease has indeed been eradicated

from most of the area. However, progress is being made, as is illustrated by the OIE

Declarations of Provisional Freedom from Rinderpest from Turkey and Jordan, with other

countries expected to follow suit in the near future.

During the meeting, there was considerable discussion on the need to rely for safety on

strengthening surveillance and emergency preparedness, rather than to attempt mass

vaccination, while focusing eradication by intensive vaccination in areas of virus persistence

defined by active disease surveillance. This strategy recognizes that routine vaccination

programmes that achieve suboptimal herd immunity levels cannot be relied on to eradicate

rinderpest from areas of endemic persistence. In rinderpest-free areas, such low immunity

levels do not prevent the spread of rinderpest but serve to slow down its spread and make

the disease more difficult to detect. This results in a false sense of security.

Two areas of uncertainty, in particular, inhibit progress in abandoning reliance on mass

vaccination programmes. The first is seen by some countries (notably the Syrian Arab Republic,

Iraq and Iran) to be the unproved freedom from rinderpest of the countries involved in the

�Kurdish triangle� where infection is thought to have persisted until 1996. The second involves

the long-held suspicion by the Central Asian countries (and the Russian Federation) that a

reservoir of rinderpest infection still persists in Mongolia and northern China. Both issues

need resolving if progress towards verified freedom is to be achieved in a timely manner.

All countries expressed the urgent need to redouble efforts to eradicate the last

Rinderpestsurveillancein West Asia

Routine vaccination

programmes that achieve

suboptimal herd immunity

levels cannot be relied on

to eradicate rinderpest from

areas of endemic persis-

tence. In rinderpest-free

areas, such low immunity

levels do not prevent the

spread of rinderpest but

serve to slow down its

spread and make the

disease more difficult to

detect. This results in a

false sense of security.


3

remaining foci of endemic rinderpest persistence in Asia which constitute a threat to all

countries in the region, several of which have been free from the disease for many

years. In the last five years the project has been a most valuable mechanism for dis-

semination of information and coordination of activities in rinderpest eradication. It has

provided virtually the only coordinating forum for the region since the West Asian Rinder-

pest Eradication Campaign (WAREC) ended in 1994. Unfortunately, this was probably

the last meeting of the project and its termination leaves a void in the region. For GREP

to progress satisfactorily, a means must be found to enhance technology transfer, tech-

nical support and coordination activities to build on the achievements of what was truly

a �model� project.

Declaration of NigeriaA representative from the Ministry of Agriculture declares the country �provisionally free�

from the disease.

(Summary of two communications received by OIE on 2 August and 22 November 1999

from Dr T.O. Abedunge, Department of Livestock and Pest Control Services, Federal

Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Abuja)

� At its meeting held in Sokoto from 26 to 31 March 1998, the National Council for

Agriculture, the highest national policy-making body on agriculture in Nigeria,

approved the recommendation that Nigeria be declared provisionally free from

rinderpest with effect from 1 April 1998.

� The vaccination figures contained in Nigeria�s country report to the OIE for 1998

(see the OIE publication World Animal Health in 1998, p. 264) were recorded before

the meeting of the National Council for Agriculture in March 1998.

� The necessary strategies for surveillance for rinderpest and rinderpest-like diseases

have already been put in place according to the relevant OIE guidelines.

� Extra surveillance is being maintained along the international borders with Cameroon

and Chad.

� Nigeria�s disease reporting system has been significantly improved together with the

setting up of four strike forces for the prompt investigation of all suspected cases of

�3Ds� (diarrhoea, ocular and nasal discharge, death).

Declaration of the NigerThe Niger confirms its status of country �provisionally free� from the disease.

(Text of a fax received by OIE on 22 October 1999 from Mr Aminou Tassiou, Minister of

Agriculture and Animal Production, Niamey)

In recent decades, the rinderpest control strategy in the Niger has been based mainly on

immunization of cattle during the annual mass vaccination campaigns throughout the

country. Since 1990, control has been conducted within the framework of the Pan African

Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) financed by the European Development Fund (EDF). The

PARC has, in addition, enabled serological surveys to be carried out and, more generally,

the intervention capacities of the Veterinary Services to be strengthened.

No cases of rinderpest have been recorded in the Niger since 1986, and the risk of the

disease occurring is now low. This is due in particular to:

� the epidemiological status of the country;

� the epidemiological status of the countries of western and central Africa;

� the existence of a specific sanitary cordon in central Africa; and

� the availability of an emergency vaccination scheme and an emergency fund against

the disease on a continental scale.

OIE declarations

In November 1997, the

Niger declared itself

provisionally free from

rinderpest, with a cessa-

tion of vaccination

throughout the country

with the exception of the

department of Diffa. Given

its epidemiological

situation, the Niger has

decided to extend the

cessation of rinderpest

vaccination to the entire

country with effect from 1

November 1999 and

confirms its declaration as

a country provisionally

free from rinderpest.


4

In November 1997, the Niger declared itself provisionally free from rinderpest, with

a cessation of vaccination throughout the country with the exception of the department

of Diffa (see Disease Information, 10 [44]: 156, 7 November 1997). Given the

epidemiological situation referred to above and in accordance with the relevant provisions

of the International Animal Health Code, the Niger has decided to extend the cessation

of rinderpest vaccination to the entire country with effect from 1 November 1999 and

hereby confirms its declaration as a country provisionally free from rinderpest.

The measures accompanying this decision are as follows:

� Vaccination of sheep and goats against peste des petits ruminants with the exclusive

use of a homologous vaccine.

� Organization of the Veterinary Services by means of networks to provide

epidemiological surveillance for rinderpest and other major epizootic diseases (foot-

and-mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants,

etc.). The main types of epidemiological surveillance will be carried out (active

surveillance, passive surveillance, targeted surveillance).

� Setting up of an emergency intervention plan.

Declaration of Sri LankaThe delegate declares the country �provisionally free� from the disease.

(Text of a communication received by OIE on 16 November 1999 from Dr S.S.E.

Ranawana, Director General, Department of Animal Production and Health (DAP&H),

Peradeniya)

After 40 years of freedom from rinderpest, Sri Lanka became infected in 1987. This

infection affected most parts of the island. Enzootic infection became established in

North-and-East Province (NEP) up to February 1994. Sporadic outbreaks in other parts

of the country were observed only up to 1992. The disease situation was reviewed by a

joint FAO/EU mission in 1994. This mission suggested the need for a short-term

containment, subsequently approved for implementation under the FAO-funded Technical

Cooperation Programme (TCP) project TCP/SRL/4554. This project was designed to

contain rinderpest in NEP and to strengthen rinderpest control nationwide, laying the

foundation for progress towards eradication within the context of OIE guidelines.

The conditions stipulated in section 3a (ii-iv) of the recommended standards for

epidemiological surveillance systems for rinderpest (see International Animal Health

Code, Appendix 4.5.1.1) cannot be strictly observed in NEP owing to the ongoing civil

war. Intensive surveillance was conducted in NEP for six months (from April to September

1999) and DAP&H is confident that the existing veterinary service � through 31

Government Veterinary Offices (GVOs) � would have detected any outbreak of disease

if it occurred. Therefore DAP&H feels confident that no clinical case of rinderpest has

occurred since February 1994.

A serosurveillance programme, which has already been conducted in the rest of the

country, has commenced in NEP.

The requirements laid down by OIE in order to justify the declaration of provisional

freedom from disease have already been fulfilled in seven provinces, namely North-

Central, North-Western, Central, Western, Uva, Sabaragamuwa and South, as indicated

below:

� The last clinical case in these zones was detected in November 1992.

� There are 163 GVOs in these zones, each staffed by a qualified veterinarian and


5

three to six Livestock Development Instructors. Furthermore, these areas are

supported by five Veterinary Investigation Centres for monitoring the health situation.

� The field veterinarians in the above areas investigate all clinical cases of ocular/

nasal discharges, diarrhoea and death.

� Rinderpest is a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka. The field veterinarians report the

occurrence of any notifiable disease in a Preliminary Report format, followed by a

weekly disease return to the Division of Animal Health at the DAP&H. Furthermore,

information on the animal disease situation is submitted by the field veterinarians in

the monthly progress report to the DAP&H. These data from the field are compiled

Peter Roederappointed GREPSecretary

in a monthly disease situation report at the Division

of Animal Health and circulated within the country.

The Director of the DAP&H reports the disease situ-

ation to OIE in the monthly animal health status re-

port.

� Being an island, Sri Lanka has no international borders.

Moreover, the health requirements stipulated for

importation of bovines and goats into the country do

not permit the importation of these animals from

countries infected with rinderpest.

� Vaccination against rinderpest in these seven provinces

has been stopped since March 1993. As from

December 1998, vaccination also ceased in NEP.

Sri Lanka now declares itself provisionally free from

rinderpest.

Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)I am pleased to announce the following key appointment within the Infectious Diseases-

EMPRES Group.

The Director-General has appointed Peter Roeder as Animal Health Officer (Virology),

a post which carries with it the responsibility of being the GREP Secretary, with effect

from 1 January 2000.

Until his new assignment, Peter was responsible for infectious disease emergencies

within the EMPRES Group. He joined FAO in 1993 as Chief Technical Advisor to the

Philippines Animal Health Center project before transferring to FAO headquarters in

Rome in September 1994 to join the newly constituted Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group.

Since joining the team in Rome, Peter has visited more than 50 countries in the course of

his work, so I am sure that he is well known to many of you.

Peter is a graduate of the Royal Veterinary College, London, with a master�s degree in

Tropical Veterinary Science from the Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine of Edinburgh

University and a Ph.D. in Veterinary Virology from London University. Before joining

FAO, he undertook several long-term overseas assignments working in disease

investigation in Botswana, Ethiopia and Nigeria for ten years and also spent ten years in

applied research at the Central Veterinary Laboratory and at the Pirbright Laboratory in

the United Kingdom.

This appointment gives added emphasis to the importance of the Global Rinderpest

Eradication Programme and highlights the final thrust to eradication which is under way.

Mark Rweyemamu

Senior Officer, Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group


6

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

The epidemiological situation appeared to be stable, with no reports of further outbreaks

since October 1999. However, on 15 December a suspicion was reported from Burma Camp,

a military camp within an infected district of Greater Accra. Two pigs were presented to the

laboratory for necropsy and tests carried out with FITC reagents and microscope suggested

that the samples were positive for ASF (Dr G. Opoku-Pare, personal communication). For

confirmatory diagnosis, the samples were sent to the Exotic Diseases Division of ARC-

Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute for confirmation by PCR and bone marrow culture.

There were no reports of infection from previously unaffected areas.

Following the outbreak of ASF in Ghana, a TCP project was implemented to control

the spread of the disease. The major training activity of the project was a workshop

which was held at Kumasi on 21 December, attended by two representatives from each

region. The workshop was opened by Dr Agyen-Frempong, who stressed the economic

importance of ASF. The programme was divided into three parts.

The first part consisted of lectures on ASF � its epidemiology, diagnosis and control �

followed by the viewing of a video on ASF produced by FAO. Participants were then

divided into four groups to develop action plans on field recognition and diagnosis of

ASF, tracking the origin and spread of outbreaks, control and eradication, and early warning

and emergency preparedness. The results were presented at a plenary session by the

rapporteurs. The third part of the programme consisted of the presentation of the

questionnaire and information material. The questionnaire was discussed in detail.

Questionnaires and material were then distributed to the representatives of each region.

The information material consisted of a poster, an illustrated brochure, a handbill and

a pamphlet produced by consultant Dr Mary-Lou Penrith to accompany the brochure.

Farmers will receive brochures, pamphlets and handbills when they are interviewed for

completion of the questionnaire. The proceedings of the workshop are to be collated and

circulated by the National Coordinator.

A questionnaire designed to collect as much information as possible about the pig

industry was distributed to all regions in the country. Training in the use of the questionnaire

was carried out during farm visits in Greater Accra, Sekondi-Takoradi and Ho.

In summary:

� The ASF situation in Ghana appears to be fairly stable. No new areas have become

infected since October 1999. There may still be some disease activity within at least

one of the infected areas.

� Visits to a limited number of farms in the Western, Ashanti and Eastern regions did

not reveal that any problems had been experienced or reported in those regions.

� Pig farmers in the formal sector are generally well aware of the dangers of ASF and

have protected their herds successfully. Outside Accra, there is a need for the

consolidation of the industry by the formation of farmers� organizations.

� Informal pig production poses a threat to the safety of pigs in Ghana since the existence

of small-scale pig farms, and the presence of ASF on those farms, may not be known

to the Veterinary Services. It is hoped that the questionnaire survey will assist in

addressing this problem.

� The stamping out of pigs in infected foci is progressing satisfactorily, but problems

are experienced in catching and eliminating free-ranging pigs.

� The number of pigs in a prescribed radius around the infected foci was seriously

underestimated, and the compensation allocated would not cover the compulsory

slaughter of all of the pigs. There was no evidence that infection of the commercial

African swinefever in Ghana

The ASF situation in Ghana

appears to be fairly stable.

No new areas have become

infected since October.

There may still be some

disease activity within at

least one of the infected

areas. To date a total of

6 451 pigs have been

destroyed with the payment

of US$185 000 in compen-

sation to the pig farmers.


7

farms inspected had occurred, and it was therefore

recommended that the pigs on those farms, if well

isolated and protected, should not be subjected to

compulsory slaughter and destruction.

� Illegal trade in pork is believed to be widespread, and

was exacerbated by the approach of the festive season

and the fact that Accra is the preferred market. A

protocol for controlled slaughter and sale of pork in

the affected zones was therefore produced for

consideration by the veterinary authorities, to alleviate

the plight of the farmers and to provide competition

for the illegal trade. The only alternative to permitting

controlled sale would be to divert some of the funds

earmarked for compensation to subsidize feed for the farmers affected.

� Poor farmers (in particular women and youths raising pigs on a small scale) will

require some form of assistance to recommence pig production, as most of them are

not liable for compensation, or have only one or two pigs which will be slaughtered

and destroyed. Their plight after the epizootic is pitiable.

� Road blocks were evaluated and it was concluded that their efficacy in preventing

illegal movement of pigs and pork would be very limited.

� The circumstances in West Africa are such that early warning and emergency

preparedness will be a prerequisite in all countries in the subregion, even those that

remain free or have achieved eradication.

Number of pigs destroyed during the period under reviewBy the end of 1999 a total of 6 451 pigs have been destroyed with the payment of

US$185 000 in compensation to the pig farmers.

A SUSPECTED NEW CASE OF ASF

Deaths of pigs were recorded at Burma Camp within the Accra MetropolitanAssembly area. Samples were collected and preliminary findings from the AccraVeterinary Laboratory showed the cause of deaths to be African swine fever.

Details of the ASF outbreak at Burma CampNumber of pigs affected: 86Date of detection: 14-12-99Date of confirmation: 16-12-99Number of natural deaths: 2Number destroyed: 84Date of destruction: 17-12-99

Samples collected from dead pigs were sent to the laboratory at theOnderstepoort Veterinary Institute in South Africa through the internationalconsultant on ASF eradication, Dr Mary-Lou Penrith, for sequencing of thevirus.

All of the pigs (a total of 84) on the affected farm at Burma Camp weredestroyed on 17 December 1999.


8

BLUETONGUE

In July-August 1999, bluetongue was reported in Bulgaria where serotype 9 was isolated

by the OIE Reference Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Pirbright (see EMPRES Bulletin

No. 11).

More recently, in December 1999, an outbreak of bluetongue was reported in Tunisia

for the first time after detection of antibodies and the observation of clinical signs in

sheep. The outbreaks were located in seven districts (Ouardanine, Jemmel, Bembla,

Zeramdine, El Djem, Sousse and Sfax south) in the governorates of Monastir, Mahdia

and Sfax (see map) and involved 8 924 small ruminants. A total of 829 cases were seen,

of which 325 animals died.

Bluetongue inTunisia

A thorough epidemiological investigation will be

necessary to determine the full extent of the outbreak,

its origin and the distribution of the vector responsible

for the transmission of the disease. Furthermore, the

serotype responsible for the disease must be identified

before considering the implementation of any

vaccination campaign. So far, the following control

measures have been taken.

In the outbreaks:

� Imposition of quarantine in the affected farms;

� Identification of animals by ear-tagging;

� Burial of carcasses;

� Cleansing and disinfection;

� Insecticide applied on animals and premises.

Around the outbreaks:

� Clinical surveillance of the farms;

� Periodical inspection of flocks;

� Clinical examination of animals.

BLUETONGUE

Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral diseaseof ruminants. The disease is of variable clinicalseverity and is characterized by catarrhalinflammation of mucous membranes withwidespread haemorrhaging and oedema. Allruminants are susceptible (sheep, goats, cattle,buffaloes, antelopes and deer), but amongdomestic animals sheep are the most severelyaffected. In acute cases, the lips and tonguebecome very swollen and oedema may extendover the face to include the ears and theintermandibular space. The clinical feature thatgives the disease its name � a deeply cyanotictongue � occurs only in a small percentage ofcases.


9

RIFT VALLEY FEVER

Following the outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Mauritania in September 1998 (see EMPRES

Bulletin No. 9, p. 6), a joint FAO-OIE mission visited Mali, Mauritania and Senegal to

assess the situation in the region and help those countries control the disease more

effectively.

In accordance with the mission�s recommendations, FAO decided to finance an

emergency TCP project in Mauritania, starting in May 1999 (TCP/MAU/8923 � Mise en

place d�un système d�alerte et de contrôle de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift et de certaines

maladies transfrontalières). The main objective of the project is to strengthen the capability

of the Veterinary Services to detect the early signs of the disease in order to react promptly

and implement appropriate control measures.

All project activities are being implemented within the framework of the newly

established network of animal diseases surveillance, REMEMA (Réseau Mauritanien

d�Épidémiosurveillance des Maladies Animales), and in close collaboration with

institutions involved in Rift Valley fever surveillance and research-related activities such

as the Institut Pasteur in Dakar, the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), IAEA

and French Cooperation.

Three international consultants� missions were carried out between July and November

1999:

Pierre Formenty, an epidemiologist at WHO, participated actively in the elaboration of a

sensitization campaign against Rift Valley fever, carried out a field mission to visit sentinel

herds in high-risk areas and finally assessed the feasibility of implementing a vaccination

trial with vaccine strains currently available.

Yaya Thiongane, a virologist and Head of the Virology Section of the Central Veterinary

Laboratory of Senegal (LNERV), undertook the training of laboratory staff in the various

diagnostic techniques of RVF.

Bernard Mondet, an entomologist at IRD, Montpellier, France, assessed the relevance of

using vector control to reduce viral amplification in domestic animals and consequently

prevent the spread of the disease to humans.

These consultancies were successful in obtaining a better understanding of the current

situation and highlighted the major constraints of Rift Valley surveillance in Mauritania.

Indeed, even if the surveillance of the disease can be considerably improved through the

support of REMEMA activities (staff training in disease recognition, sampling procedures,

disease reporting and database management), defining a control strategy remains a major

problem with the means currently available.

In fact, the relatively low safety of the live Smithburn vaccine, which can cause

abortions in pregnant animals, does not allow the establishment of a massive vaccination

campaign in rural areas where the individual status of each animal is not known precisely.

The Smithburn strain of RVF modified live virus vaccine (MLVV) has been modified in

virulence by serial passage in infant mouse brain and is widely used as a vaccine for

African livestock. The vaccine is protective against disease and abortion in cattle, sheep

and goats, it is extremely cheap to produce and protection is attained within a few days

of vaccination. It has the disadvantage, however, that it can cause foetal death and

abnormalities following vaccination of pregnant, susceptible breeds of sheep. This may

be an acceptable hazard to livestock owners, who have experienced the total loss of

neonatal lambs and abortions which follow infection with RVF virus. Many sheep owners

routinely vaccinate breeding ewes after weaning to avoid this problem. The vaccine has

not been shown to revert to virulence in the field or to be associated with any RVF virus

Rift Valley fever inMauritania


10

activity when used in interepidemic periods. However, this possibility cannot be totally

discounted and vaccine should not be used in livestock to be exported to an RVF-free

country. Several candidate vaccine strains have been tested for use as alternatives to the

Smithburn strain but so far they appear to be poorly immunogenic or suffer other

disadvantages.

Furthermore, validated predictive epidemiology could allow early warning so that

mosquito control and vaccination of humans or livestock could be carried out in advance

of RVF epidemics. However, the biology of the vector responsible for RVF transmission

in Mauritania is not well enough known to establish a vector control strategy. Ongoing

research activities carried out jointly by the Institut Pasteur in Dakar and IRD should

considerably improve our knowledge in this field.

All of these issues will be more specifically addressed in a regional TCP project on Rift

Valley fever that FAO has decided to finance (TCP/RAF/8931 � Mise en place d�un système

de surveillance et de contrôle de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift et des autres maladies

transfrontalières). This project, to commence shortly, will focus mainly on coordinated

activities to be carried out at the regional level and will try to establish a strategic plan for

controlling the disease.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE

In 1999, FMD type O outbreaks were reported from Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,

Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the United Arab

Emirates and Yemen.

FMD type A outbreaks were reported from Georgia, Iran and Turkey. The WRL has reported

that a new type A strain (A/Iran/99) has been identified in Iran. Its characterization by

nucleotide sequencing indicated a significant difference in the sequence of the gene

FMD in the NearEast and CIS, newFMD virus inTurkey and Iran

FAO and the European

Commission for the Control

of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

have taken action to

prevent further extension of

the new virus westwards

and northwards. A

US$340 000 joint TCP

project for Iran and Turkey

was started in December

1999 to reinforce and

coordinate measures for

the control of FMD by

improving surveillance,

vaccine quality and global

control strategy.


11

coding for the structural protein, VP1, in comparison with

previous isolates, including A/Iran/96. The new type A (A/

Iran/99) outbreaks in Turkey were located close to the

borders with Iran and Georgia and were significantly

different from the A/Iran/96 virus which is still causing

outbreaks in Turkey and the standard vaccine strain (A

Mahmatli) that is used in Turkey. The All-Russian Research

Institute for Animal Health (ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russian

Federation reported that the A virus responsible for the

outbreaks in Georgia was analogous to A/Iran/96.

FMD type Asia 1 outbreaks were reported in Iran in

September. This is the first report of Asia 1 in Iran since

1991. Asia 1 has also been reported in Turkey: first in Agri

Province close to Iran in November and two outbreaks in

Ankara Province in December.

FAO and the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease have

taken action to prevent further extension of the new virus westwards and northwards. A

US$340 000 joint TCP project for Iran and Turkey was started in December 1999 to

reinforce and coordinate measures for the control of FMD in the two countries by

improving surveillance, vaccine quality and global control strategy.

The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and the EC are

providing financial support (US$340 000) to ARRIAH for the establishment of a buffer

zone in the Caucasian region. Preventive vaccination zones against types O and A were

established in 1999 in the Caucasian republics of the Russian Federation and in the

districts of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia along the borders with Turkey and Iran.

Vaccination against Asia 1 should also be carried out in the spring of 2000. Activities in

the region are coordinated under the FAO/EC/OIE tripartite group, as shown in the figure

above. (Source: EUFMD.)


12

TADINFO

In EMPRES Bulletin No. 11, readers were introduced to the new TADinfo software of

EMPRES. As was mentioned in that issue, TADinfo has to be specifically customized for

a country wishing to use it, as it is GIS-based and uses an underlying geographic database

specific to the user country. FAO will be able to provide a customized and ready-to-use

version of TADinfo on official request from the national Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO).

However, before installing TADinfo, there are some issues of which Veterinary Services

should take note.

Before attempting to install TADinfo, potential users must know that . ..TADinfo is used to record individual disease events, meaning that an event-based or

observation-based reporting system must be in use in the country. The reporting

system must be structured, and each event must be reported separately, giving details

of the date of observation, species affected, tentative diagnosis and geographical

location. TADinfo cannot be used for recording monthly summaries of information

given per district, for example, nor can it be used to record narrative reports of

disease problems.

TADinfo is currently a Windows-based program, and it requires users to have a good

knowledge of the Windows 95/98/NT mouse-driven interface and file management. In

other words, the program operator should have extensive experience in using the latest

Windows technology, and experience in the DOS or Windows 3 environment will

probably not be very useful. Inexperienced computer users will not be able to install

and configure the software for use.

TADinfo needs to be under the supervision of an

experienced epidemiologist who understands the issues

related to data collection, input and analysis, and there

must be an identified staff member (data input clerk or

technician) who can handle the data input.

The current version of TADinfo requires, in addition

to MS Windows 95/98/NT, the installation of two

ancillary pieces of software: MS Access (specifically

version 97) and ArcView 3.0 or higher. MS Access is

needed for the data input, storage and analysis functions

of TADinfo, while ArcView is required for the mapping

functions. (FAO is currently working on the creation of

a simple map viewer to replace ArcView; and eventually

Access will also be replaced with a built-in database

system.) All of this implies a fairly powerful computer

system with high hardware specifications (100-200 MB

free hard drive space; a minimum of 32 MB RAM,

preferably 200 MHz or faster CPU and 17-inch SVGA

monitor).

In order to create maps of disease distribution, TADinfo also requires electronic/

digital maps of the country with its internal administrative boundaries in ArcView (�shape

files�) format. FAO/EMPRES does have these maps for some countries, but many of them

are outdated. Countries requesting TADinfo may have to find these maps (usually kept

by university Geography Departments or Transport Ministries) and send them to FAO

TADinfo news


13

together with their software requests.

The current version of TADinfo is also not a network application. It is a single-user

system that must be installed on a single PC in the national epidemiology unit. Although

FAO hopes to have a network version available by the end of the year, users must realize

the limitations of the present software. TADinfo has an �installation ID� for each version,

which means that users can only install one version per country. These installation IDs

are centrally recorded by FAO.

So, if requesting TADinfo . . .Potential users must send FAO details of their country surveillance system (a small dossier

of two or three pages) and examples of the field reporting forms that will be fed into

TADinfo.

FAO will also need the name and contact address of the person designated by the

CVO to operate TADinfo, together with details of that person�s computing experience.

Users should indicate whether an updated electronic map (in ArcView format) is

available for the country, and, if possible, send it to FAO/EMPRES on diskette.

Having this information will enable FAO/EMPRES to give any additional advice, training

materials or follow-up that might be needed in order to install TADinfo successfully in

the country concerned. It is very likely that some countries may have to change the

manner in which they report diseases to their national epidemiology units in order to use

TADinfo; EMPRES will be able to give guidance in such circumstances.

NEWS

There has been a scarcity of literature in the fields of Early Warning and Early Reaction of

transboundary animal diseases. FAO EMPRES wishes to contribute to filling this gap, and

invited top international professionals with prime experience in the respective fields to

collaborate in the preparation of a series of reference manuals. The target groups are

planners, managers, coordinators and technical staff in the field of animal disease

surveillance and control. We are pleased to announce that the first three results of this

effort are now available:

� Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency preparedness plans.

FAO Animal Health Manual No. 6. 1999 (in English). ISBN 925104290X. US$22.00.

Animal disease emergency preparedness measures are plans drawn up in advance to

ensure that capabilities and mechanisms are in place for rapid and effective response to

animal disease emergencies when they occur. Prevention of transboundary animal

epidemics depends on the development of early warning systems that enable early

detection of a disease before it can spread, as well as rapid reaction capability to contain

the disease at its source.

This manual provides valuable information on the principles and coordination of animal

disease emergency preparedness planning, organization of veterinary services during animal

disease emergencies, early warning and early reaction contingency planning strategies,

and guidelines for the preparation of support and disease-specific contingency plans.

Essentially generic in concept, the manual provides guidelines for the preparation of

national animal disease emergency plans, to which modifications can be made, as

required, to suit the material and human resources, individual requirements and prevailing

conditions of each country.

Publications


14

� Manual on the preparation of rinderpest contingency plans. FAO Animal Health

Manual No. 7. 1999 (in English). ISBN 9251043140. US$14.00.

This manual provides information on the nature of rinderpest, the principles and strategic

options for the control and elimination of rinderpest in the event of reintroduction into

a disease- and infection-free zone or country. It provides guidelines for individual

countries to formulate their overall national policy on rinderpest control and eradication.

The manual identifies personnel as well as equipment and other facilities that are needed

in a national rinderpest contingency plan. An outline of the suggested format and content

of a national rinderpest contingency plan is also provided as a guide and should be

modified to suit the needs of and circumstances that exist in individual countries. Due

consideration has been given to the provisions in the OIE International Animal Health

Code in the preparation of the manual. It is suggested that this manual, which is based

on the format of the Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN) with some

modifications, should be used together with the Manual on the preparation of national

animal disease emergency preparedness plans, FAO, Rome, 1999 (described above).

� Manual on livestock disease surveillance and information systems. FAO Animal

Health Manual No. 8. 1999 (in English). ISBN 9251043310. US$14.00.

Surveillance for diseases is the key to early detection and, hence, early warning of a

change in the health status of any livestock population. It is also essential to prove the

absence of disease or to determine the extent of a disease that is known to be present.

All of this information is essential for disease management. The purpose of this manual

is to describe how surveillance systems are assembled and managed; it also provides

guidelines on how to manage the flow of information from surveillance systems. It is

hoped that this publication will fill an important gap in the literature on veterinary

epidemiology and provide veterinary managers with a valuable tool to support their

work.

Please note that the prices listed are subject to change.

The texts of these manuals can also be downloaded from the Internet at the EMPRES

home page (under �Manuals�: www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/aga/agah/empres/

info/Archive.htm).

EMPRES is planning to continue publishing information resources on related subjects

in the near future, and we also aim to make these manuals available in other languages,

as funding allows. To help us, we would warmly welcome your comments and opinions

on the content, format and usefulness of these manuals.

FAO Animal Health Manuals (availability January 2000)

1. Manual on the diagnosis of rinderpest, 19962. Manual on bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 19983. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of helminth parasites of swine, 19984. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of poultry parasites, 19985. Recognizing peste des petits ruminants � a field manual, 19996. Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergencypreparedness plans, 19997. Manual on the preparation of rinderpest contingency plans, 19998. Manual on livestock disease surveillance and information systems, 1999


15

Training course for veterinarians and technicians on contagious bovinepleuropneumonia (CBPP) and other important mycoplasma diseases, ILRI,Nairobi, Kenya, 11-21 September 2000This ten-day course will cover many aspects of CBPP, the most serious disease of cattle

in Africa. It will focus mainly on recognition of CBPP in the field and abattoir, laboratory

diagnosis and the latest developments in rapid field tests.

The course will also include:

� the properties of the disease-causing mycoplasmas, epidemiology and control,

vaccine production, surveillance and mapping, economics and socio-economics;

� other important diseases caused by mycoplasmas such as contagious caprine

pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia;

� video presentations of field cases and hands-on experience of many laboratory

procedures including growth and identification of mycoplasmas and PCR.

The number of participants will be limited to 20 and we encourage early applications.

Lectures and practical sessions will be given by internationally recognized experts. The

cost of the course, including accommodation, meals and course booklet, will be

approximately US$1 200.

All enquiries concerning the course should be addressed to:

Dr Robin Nicholas, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone,

Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: +44 1932 357379; Fax: +44 1932 357423; E-mail:

[email protected]

or:

Mr Ian Gumm, VEERU, Department of Agriculture, Earley Gate, PO Box 236, Reading

RG6 6AT, UK. Tel.: +44 118 926 4888; Fax: +44 118 926 2431; E-mail:

[email protected]

AVIS Consortium Molecular Diagnostic Techniques OverviewWe are pleased to announce the release of the Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

Overview. This is the first program in a series designed to support animal health

professionals in the laboratory sector.

Molecular Diagnostic Techniques (MDT) Overview, edited by Dr John Anderson of

the Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Pirbright, United Kingdom, and bringing together

a distinguished panel of scientific experts in the field of diagnostics, addresses three

groups of users:

� those unfamiliar with modern developments in molecular biology who need a

CBPP trainingcourse

Release of theAVIS MolecularDiagnosticTechniquesOverview tutorialmultimediacomputerprogram

These and other FAO documents can be purchased through the FAO salesagents. For a complete list of publications, prices and agents, please see:www.fao.org/catalog/giphome.htm

or contact:Sales and Marketing Group, FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyTel.: +39 06 5705 5727Fax: +39 06 5705 3360E-mail: [email protected]


16

simple introduction or rapid update on the key points;

� those familiar with the scientific fundamentals who now wish to use the tech-

niques in their diagnostic work; and

� those in supervisory functions who need a good understanding of the techniques

now likely to be used by their staff in veterinary diagnostics.

Easy to install and use

The MDT Overview is easy to install from diskette and key components may also be

downloaded through the Internet (see the EMPRES Web site under �Download�:

www.fao.org/empres). The minimum requirement is Windows 3.1 or higher, although

Windows �95 or higher is advised. The MDT Overview is richly illustrated with diagrams

and structured animations, which take a step-by-step approach to processes and

techniques, making it an ideal reference and training resource.

Decision support and reference

For the user, the MDT Overview helps to bring practitioners up to date with diagnostic

techniques, and helps them to stay there. For the laboratory specialist, an array of tools

and techniques, such as diagnostic checklists, is available by clicking on the mouse.

Students have a modern and attractive way of learning about the techniques in the context

of an efficient approach to livestock production. In this age of the portable laptop computer,

the programs are available both in the office and on the move.

THE AVIS CONSORTIUM

The AVIS Consortium was founded in 1992 to create a unique multimediaapproach to understanding and managing key challenges in animal health,especially those caused by the OIE List A diseases. Members are FAO, OIE,IAH Pirbright and Compton, and Telos ALEFF Ltd. AVIS has alreadyreleased major programs on Rinderpest and Newcastle disease; CBPP andRabies will be released in the coming year.For further information about the programs and to purchase, please contact:Telos ALEFF LtdMain Office: 53/54 Skylines, LimeharbourLondon E14 9TSUnited KingdomTel.: +44 (0)207 515 9009Fax: +44 (0)207 515 5465E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Dr Ledi Pite joined FAO in October 1999 as Associate Professional Officer (Albania) to

work on infectious zoonotic diseases.

Dr Pite graduated in 1994 from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Tirana, Albania

and from the faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Perugia, Italy in 1999. From 1994 to

1996, she worked in the Bacteriology Department of the Institute of Veterinary Research,

Tirana, where she was in charge of the diagnostics of bacterial diseases as well as research

projects on vaccine production.

Introduction ofnew staff


17

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FAOREFERENCE LABORATORIESAND COLLABORATING CENTRES

FAO/OIE World Reference Laboratory for FMD, Pirbright, UKFMD report for September to December 1999

COUNTRY SPECIES TYPE

China, Hong Kong SAR Porcine O

Iran ? O, ASIA 1

New Caledonia Equine NVD

Philippines Porcine OBovine O

Saudi Arabia Bovine O

United Republic of Tanzania Bovine SAT 1

Turkey Bovine ASIA 1

Uganda Unknown SAT 1

Jordan Bovine OOvine OCaprine NVD

Viet Nam Porcine OBovine OBuffalo NVD

Note: NVD = no virus detected.

FAO World Reference Laboratory for Rinderpest, Pirbright,UK

Rinderpest and PPR report for September to December 1999

COUNTRY SPECIES DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE RESULT

Kenya Wildlife Rinderpest/PPR C-ELISA 6 RP+; 7 PPR+

Greece Cattle Rinderpest PCR, C-ELISA -ve

Malaysia Cattle Rinderpest C-ELISA -ve

Turkey Sheep and goats PPR PCR, C-ELISA 5/8 PCR +ve10/10 C-ELISA+ve

Uganda Cattle, sheep and goats Rinderpest PCR, C-ELISA PCR -ve4/24 C-ELISA +ve


18

Surveillance for the eradication of sheep pox from the Mediterranean MaghrebRADISCON has organized the Second Annual Coordination Meeting on Surveillance for the

Eradication of Sheep Pox from the Mediterranean Maghreb, 17-18 February 2000, in Tunis.

In view of the recent epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia

and the first occurrence of clinical bluetongue in Tunisia, the scope of the meeting has been

extended to include these two other transboundary animal diseases.

A �journée� during which the problems encountered with regard to the three diseases will

be debated in front of an open audience will precede the actual meeting. The four Chief

Veterinary Officers (CVOs) and four RADISCON National Liaison Officers (NLOs) of Algeria,

the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco and Tunisia will attend the meeting which will be held

on the second day. The meeting�s objectives are to:

� review progress made in the implementation of the RADISCON sheep pox programme

and suggest ways and means of tightening the harmonization of the efforts of individual

countries participating in the programme;

� report on the current situation of FMD and discuss future national and regional strategies

and the benefits of adopting an approach towards this disease which is similar to that of

sheep pox; and

� assess the risk of bluetongue spread in Tunisia and its possible extension to neighbouring

countries.

Communication/extension materials for sheep pox� Posters have been produced in Arabic to sensitize breeders on the importance of mass

vaccination against sheep pox during the spring and of reporting any sheep pox suspicion

to the relevant veterinary authorities. These posters will be widely distributed in the four

countries before the start of the next sheep pox vaccination campaigns in the spring.

� A field manual on sheep pox recognition has been produced in French and Arabic

versions which, it is hoped, will be extensively used by veterinarians and animal health

technicians in order to increase their knowledge and awareness of the disease.

Strengthening the regional components of the Algerian Animal Disease Surveil-lance System with special emphasis on foot-and-mouth diseaseTwo training workshops dedicated to the Southern and Eastern components of the Algerian

Animal Disease Surveillance System were organized in November 1999 in Algiers under

FAO TCP project TCP/ALG/8922 � Assistance to Algeria in foot-and-mouth disease control,

following the incursion of the disease in February 1999. Two additional workshops are being

organized for the central and western regions of the national surveillance system.

The workshops were attended by 28 veterinarians. The main areas covered were: principles

of epidemiology and epidemiological indicators; general concepts of disease surveillance;

the national component of RADISCON Reporting System; and the Animal Disease Database,

TADinfo-Algeria. Sessions on FMD diagnosis, epidemiology and control were also given as

well as a complete analysis of the disease situation, from a regional point of view. FMD

Sheep poxsurveillance inthe Maghreb

FMD surveillancein Algeria

NEWS@RADISCON


19

outbreak simulation exercises were organized in the field and working groups were consti-

tuted to improve the disease reporting forms used, the sanitary certificates for animal trans-

portation and to study animal movements and propose ways for an effective integration of

the private veterinarians into the national surveillance system.

Missions undertaken to implement TADinfo in the MaghrebTwo RADISCON missions were undertaken to Morocco and Algeria in October and November

1999 in order to implement their national TADinfo databases prepared by RADISCON and to

review their reporting forms. The nominated operators of the databases have received training

on the use of National TADinfo and on its customization in order to adapt it to the needs of

their National Animal Disease Surveillance Systems. A work plan for the effective

implementation of these databases was proposed, mainly for recording sheep pox and foot-

and-mouth disease. Two missions are being undertaken in February 2000 to implement TADinfo

in Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to review their reporting forms and systems.

Strategy for the Brucellosis Eradication Programme in LibyaSince mid-1997, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya has been conducting a National Bovine Brucellosis

Eradication Programme in order to prevent the transmission of the disease to humans.

A Central Committee for the Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis has been established to

coordinate the Eradication Programme activities and to supervise the work of the field units

distributed throughout the country. The bovine population in Libya is estimated at 153 000

head, mainly concentrated in the north because of its mild Mediterranean climate. The field

units are responsible for running screening tests at the farm level, using Rose Bengal test on

bovines aged six months and more. Blood samples of animals positive to the screening test

are collected and sent to the laboratory for confirmation, using the Serum Agglutination Test

followed by the Complement Fixation Test. Positive animals are slaughtered and farmers are

immediately compensated. For herds where positive animals were detected, a second screening

test is repeated 21 days after the first visit in order to detect any other positive animals which

should be slaughtered. If other positive animals are detected, the herds are cleaned and retested

three months later and the procedure is repeated as often as necessary until all the animals of

the herd test negative. The serology is then repeated six months later and, if no animals are

detected positive, the farm is considered brucellosis free. All of the farms are tested every six

months in order to maintain their disease-free status. Results for 1999 are encouraging; out of

a total of 166 388 animals tested, only 215 were positive.

The programme is reinforced by sensitization campaigns addressed to farmers as well as to

the general public, using different communication channels such as television and radio.

(Source: The Libyan Animal Disease Surveillance Network.)

Publication announcementWe are pleased to announce that the epidemiology book Épidémiologie appliquée à la

lutte collective contre les maladies animales transmissibles majeures, by B. Toma et al.,

published in 1996, is now available in English under the title Applied veterinary

epidemiology and the control of disease in populations.

RADISCON contributed to the production of this valuable epidemiology reference

book in order to make it available to the anglophone RADISCON participating countries

as well as to other veterinary epidemiologists worldwide. Copies of the book will be sent

shortly to RADISCON CVOs and NLOs in RADISCON English-speaking countries.

The book may be purchased by contacting the author direct, Prof. B. Toma at the

Association pour l�Étude de l�Épidémiologie des Maladies animales, 7 Avenue du Général

de Gaulle, 94 704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France (e-mail: [email protected]).

Tadinfoimplemented inAlgeria andMorocco

BrucellosisEradicationProgramme inLibya

Erratum

In the map on p. 19 of

EMPRES Bulletin No. 11,

Foot-and-mouth disease

serotypes that have been

circulating in the Mediter-

ranean Maghreb, �A, 1997�

(in Algeria) should read �A,

1977�. The title of the

paragraph above the map

should read �FMD situation

before February 1999�

instead of �FMD situation

during the epizootic of

1999�.

We apologize for any

incon-venience caused by

these errors.


20

EMPRES ADDRESS LIST

Communication with

FAO-EMPRES, Rome

fax: +39 06 57053023

e-mail: [email protected]

Mark Rweyemamu

Senior Officer, Infectious Diseases/EMPRES

tel.: +39 06 57056772


Peter Roeder

GREP Secretary

tel.: +39 06 57054637


Abdelali Benkirane

Animal Health Officer (Bacteriology)

tel.: +39 06 57052681


Roger Paskin

Animal Health Officer (Epidemiology)

tel. : +39 06 57054747


Karim Ben Jebara

Radiscon Technical Support Officer

tel.: +39 06 57053135


Anita von Krogh

Associate Professional Officer (Norway)

tel.: +39 06 57053762


Vincent Martin

Associate Professional Officer (France)

tel.: +39 06 57055428


Preben Boysen

Associate Professional Officer (Norway)

tel.: +39 06 57053712


Ledi Pite

Associate Professional Officer (Albania)

tel.: +39 06 57054848


David Nyakahuma

Associate Professional Officer (Netherlands)

tel.: +39 06 57056636


FAO REGIONAL OFFICERS

Denis Hoffmann

Senior APH Officer, Asia & the Pacific �

Bangkok, Thailand

tel.: +66 2 281 7844 Ext. 308


Talib Ali

Senior APH Officer, Near East � Cairo, Egypt

tel.: +202 3610000


C. Arellano Sota

Senior APH Officer, Latin America &

Caribbean � Santiago, Chile

tel.: +56 2 3372221


Moises Vargas

Regional EMPRES Epidemiologist

tel.: +56 2 337 2222


Julio de Castro

APH Officer, Southern & East Africa � Harare,

Zimbabwe


JOINT FAO/IAEADIVISION

PO Box 100, Vienna, Austria

fax: +43 1 20607

Martyn Jeggo

Head, Animal Production and Health Section

tel.: +43 1 2060 26053;


John Crowther

Technical Officer, Near East

tel.: +43 1 2060 26054;


Andrea Gervelmeyer

Associate Professional Officer

tel.: +43 1 2600 21606;


RADISCON ADDRESS LIST

RADISCON Coordinating Unit (RCU)

FAO Headquarters

Abdelali Benkirane, RADISCON Coordinator


Karim Ben Jebara, RADISCON Support Officer


IFAD

Ahmed Sidahmed, Technical Adviser


FAO Regional Office for the Near East

Pal Hajas, Senior Country Project Officer


Ali Talib, Animal Production and Health Officer


RADISCONe-mail-connected National

Liaison Officers (NLOs)

Algeria: Abdelmalek Bouhbal


Bahrain: Fareeda Razaq Mohd


Chad: Angaya Maho


Egypt: Shoukry Guirguis


Eritrea: Ghebremicael Aradom


Ethiopia: Wondwosen Asfaw


Iran: Nader Afshar Mazandaran


Israel: Michael Van Ham


Jordan: Fuad Aldomy


Kuwait: Wario Godana


Lebanon: Mustapha Mestom


Mali: Mamadou Kané


Mauritania: Lemrabott Ould Mekhalla


Morocco: Kamal Laghzaoui


Niger: Salifou Sama


Oman: Sultan Al-Ismaily


Palest. N.A.: Ayman Shuaibi


Qatar: Abdul Hakeem Al-Khaldi


Saudi Arabia: Mohamed Al-Ogeely

tel.: +966 1 404 4265; fax: 966 1 404 4555

Somalia: Mohamed Ahmed Sheikh Ali

tel.: +2521 216064; fax: +2521 215040

Sudan: Ahmed Mustafa Hassan


Tunisia: Mohamed Bahirini


Turkey: Necdet Akkoca


Yemen: Najib Al-Hammadi


secretary of the global rinderpest eradication … · 2019. 7. 9. · algeria and morocco 19...

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