section 2–3 carbon compounds this section explains how the element carbon able to form millions of...
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Section 2–3 Carbon Section 2–3 Carbon CompoundsCompounds
This section explains how the element This section explains how the element carbon able to form millions of carbon, carbon able to form millions of carbon, or organic, compounds.or organic, compounds.
It describes the four groups of organicIt describes the four groups of organiccompounds found in living things.compounds found in living things.
The Chemistry of Carbon The Chemistry of Carbon
How many valence electrons How many valence electrons does each carbon atom does each carbon atom have?have?
Each carbon atom has four electrons.Each carbon atom has four electrons.
What gives carbon the ability What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?unlimited in length?
A carbon atom can bond to other A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms.carbon atoms.
Many of the molecules in living Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are cells are so large that they are known as.known as.
MacromoleculesMacromolecules
What is the process called by What is the process called by which macromolecules are which macromolecules are formed?formed?
PolymerizationPolymerization
When monomers join When monomers join together, what do they form? together, what do they form?
PolymersPolymers
What are four groups of What are four groups of organic compounds found in organic compounds found in living things?living things?
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
ProteinsProteins
LipidsLipids
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
What atoms make up What atoms make up carbohydrates? carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms make up carbohydrates.atoms make up carbohydrates.
Circle the letter of each Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about sentence that is true about carbohydrates.carbohydrates.a.a. Starches and sugars are examples of Starches and sugars are examples of
carbohydrates.carbohydrates.
b.b. Living things use them as their main source of Living things use them as their main source of energy.energy.
c.c.The monomers in sugar polymers are starch The monomers in sugar polymers are starch molecules.molecules.
d.d.Plants and some animals use them for strength Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.and rigidity.
Single sugar molecules are Single sugar molecules are also called .also called .
Circle the letter of each Circle the letter of each monosaccharide.monosaccharide.
11. 11. What are What are polysaccharides? polysaccharides?
They are large macromolecules They are large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.formed from monosaccharides.
12. 12. How do plants and animals How do plants and animals store excess sugar? store excess sugar?
a.a.Plants use a polysaccharide called Plants use a polysaccharide called plantplantstarch, whereas animals use a starch, whereas animals use a polysaccharide called glycogen.polysaccharide called glycogen.
Chapter 2, The Chemistry Chapter 2, The Chemistry of Life of Life
Lipids Lipids
What kinds of atoms are lipids What kinds of atoms are lipids mostly made of?mostly made of?
They are made mostly of carbon andThey are made mostly of carbon andhydrogen atoms.hydrogen atoms.
What are three common What are three common categories of lipids?categories of lipids?
15. 15. Many lipids are formed Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule when a glycerol molecule combines with compoundscombines with compoundscalled .called .
16. 16. Circle the letter of each Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living way that fats are used in living things.things.
a.a. As parts of biological membranesAs parts of biological membranes
b. b. To store energyTo store energy
c. c. To give plants rigidityTo give plants rigidity
d. d. As chemical messengersAs chemical messengers
17. 17. Complete the table about Complete the table about lipids.lipids.
18. 18. Nucleic acids contain what Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms? kinds of atoms?
They contain hydrogen, oxygen, They contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus atoms.phosphorus atoms.
19. 19. The monomers that make The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as .up nucleic acids are known as .
20. 20. A nucleotide consists of A nucleotide consists of what three parts?what three parts?
It consists of a nitrogenous base, a It consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a 5-carbon phosphate group, and a 5-carbon sugar.sugar.
21. 21. What is the function of What is the function of nucleic acids in living things? nucleic acids in living things?
Nucleic acids store and transmitNucleic acids store and transmithereditary, or genetic, hereditary, or genetic, information.information.
Kind of Lipid DescriptionKind of Lipid Description
Saturated Saturated
Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond.atom by a single bond.
Unsaturated Unsaturated
There is at least one carbon-There is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty carbon double bond in a fatty acid.acid.
Polyunsaturated Polyunsaturated
A lipid’s fatty acids contain more A lipid’s fatty acids contain more than one double bond.than one double bond.
Chapter 2, The Chemistry Chapter 2, The Chemistry of Life of Life
22. 22. What are two kinds of What are two kinds of nucleic acids?nucleic acids?
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
23. 23. Proteins contain what Proteins contain what kinds of atoms?kinds of atoms?
They contain nitrogen, carbon, They contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
24. 24. Proteins are polymers of Proteins are polymers of molecules called .molecules called .
25. 25. What are four roles that What are four roles that proteins play in living things?proteins play in living things?
• Some control the rate of reactions and regulate Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.cell processes.
• Some are used to form bones and muscles.Some are used to form bones and muscles.
• Some transport substances into or out of cells.Some transport substances into or out of cells.
• Some help to fight diseases.Some help to fight diseases.