section 4 non-road mobile sources non-road mobile sources

SECTION 4 NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES Non-road mobile sources include recreational vehicles, construction equipment, farm equipment, aircraft, railroad locomotives, etc. The types of sources, which were considered for this inventory, were identified from EPA documents.5 The non-road mobile source categories, which were included in this inventory, are listed in Table 4-1. Emissions from all non-road mobile sources addressed in this inventory were calculated using level-of-activity emission factors. For a number of sources, an estimate of vehicle population was required to complete these calculations. Local data were used when available, as with the Aircraft and Railroad emissions; however, for the majority of the other non-road gasoline, compressed natural gas (CNG), diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles/equipment, Washoe County utilized the EPA NONROAD 2002 Model to obtain the data. Table 4-1 shows the methodology and emission factors used for each source category. Local activity data for these sources were obtained, when available, from local agencies. Table 4-2 lists the sources of the activity/commodity data, which were used to estimate emissions. Once annual emissions were calculated, the peak CO season emissions were determined. If available, an activity distribution representative of local conditions was estimated. The emissions from most non-road mobile sources were apportioned to the peak CO season using the seasonal data calculated from the NONROAD 2002 Model. As previously mentioned, Washoe County's CO season is during the winter season, specifically the months of November, December and January. The Seasonal Adjustment Factor (SAF) was then calculated using the equations presented in Section 3. Table 4-3 summarizes the SAF and the number of activity days used for each source category. The table also indicates whether the SAF listed was calculated from published or estimated seasonal activity breakdowns. Non-road mobile sources accounted for approximately 132.3 tons of PM10 and 121.8 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Peak season emissions from these sources totaled 577 lbs of PM10 and 531 tons of PM2.5 per day. PM emissions by category are summarized in Table 4-4. Figures 4-1 and 4-2 present the relative contribution of each source category to the non-road mobile total. The remainder of this section will describe in greater detail the methods used to calculate the emissions. Supporting documentation is provided in Appendix C.

Washoe County – 2002 PM Inventory 4-1

TABLE 4-1 Non-Road Mobile Source Categories

Source Category Emission Methodologya Emission Factor Source Aircraft Military Aircraft 1A VOL. IV Commercial Aircraft 1A VOL. IV Civil Aircraft 1A VOL. IV Air Taxis 1A VOL. IV Non-Road Gasoline Vehicles Agricultural Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Airport Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Commercial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Construction and Mining Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Industrial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) 1B NONROAD Model Lawn and Garden Equipment (Residential) 1B NONROAD Model Pleasure Craft 1B NONROAD Model Railroad Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Recreational Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Non-Road CNG Engines Agricultural Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Commercial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Construction and Mining Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Industrial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Non-Road Diesel Vehicles Agricultural Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Airport Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Commercial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Construction and Mining Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Industrial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) 1B NONROAD Model Pleasure Craft 1B NONROAD Model Railroad Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Recreational Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Non-Road LPG Engines Agricultural Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Airport Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Commercial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Construction and Mining Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Industrial Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) 1B NONROAD Model Railroad Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Recreational Equipment 1B NONROAD Model Railroads Diesel 1A VOL. IV a: Level-of-activity emission factors A: Local vehicle population data B: Draft EPA NONROAD 2002 Model built-in factors The abbreviations used above refer to the following reference documents: VOL. IV: “Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation Volume IV: Mobile Sources”, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, EPA-450/4-81-026d, October 1991 Draft Revision.9 NONROAD Model: EPA preferred method, draft, December 2002.


TABLE 4-2 Activity / Commodity Data Sources

Source Category Activity Data Source Aircraft Washoe County Airport Authority Stead Airport Agricultural Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Airport Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Commercial Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Construction and Mining Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Industrial Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) NONROAD Model built-in factor Lawn and Garden Equipment (Residential) NONROAD Model built-in factor Pleasure Craft NONROAD Model built-in factor Railroad Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Recreational Equipment NONROAD Model built-in factor Railroads Union Pacific Railway System

TABLE 4-3 Estimation Procedures for Non-Road Mobile Sources

SOURCE CATEGORY Seasonal Activity

Source SAF Weekly Activity

(days/week)

Aircraf Military Aircraft Commercial Aircraft Civil Aircraft Air Taxis

CALC CALC CALC CALC

0.96 1.01 1.08 1.03

7 7 7 7

Railroads Diesel

CALC

1.0

7


TABLE 4-4 Non-Road Mobile Source PM Emissions Summary

PM10 PM2.5 PM10 NAA Washoe County PM10 NAA Washoe County

Source Category Annual

(tpy)

Peak Season (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)


Annual (tpy)


Annual (tpy)


Aircraft

Commercial 2.1 11 2.1 11 2.1 11 2.1 11Air Taxi 0.4 2 0.4 2 0.4 2 0.4 2Military 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2 1Civil 1.0 5 2.1 11 0.9 5 2.1 11

Subtotal 3.7 19 4.8 26 3.5 19 4.7 25Non-Road Gasoline Engines

Agricultural Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Airport Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Commercial Equipment 2.6 14 3.3 18 2.4 13 3.0 16Construction and Mining Equipment 2.0 8 2.5 10 1.8 7 2.3 9Industrial Equipment 0.1 0 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.1 0Lawn and Garden Equipment (Com) 23.7 109 29.6 136 21.8 100 27.2 125Lawn and Garden Equipment (Res) 4.1 18 5.1 22 3.7 17 4.7 21Logging Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Pleasure Craft 0.0 0 49.3 131 0.0 0 45.4 121Railroad Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Recreational Equipment 0.4 1 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.4 1

Subtotal 32.8 150 90.3 319 30.2 138 83.1 294Non-Road CNG Engines

Agricultural Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Commercial Equipment 0.0 0 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.1 0Construction and Mining Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Industrial Equipment 0.0 0 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.1 0

Subtotal 0.1 0 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.1 1Non-Road Diesel Engines

Agricultural Equipment 2.5 7 3.1 9 2.3 6 2.8 8Airport Equipment 1.9 11 2.4 13 1.8 10 2.2 12Commercial Equipment 10.5 58 13.2 72 9.7 53 12.1 66Construction and Mining Equipment 59.7 234 74.6 292 54.9 215 68.6 269Industrial Equipment 6.9 38 8.7 48 6.4 35 8.0 44Lawn and Garden Equipment (Com) 6.8 20 8.5 26 6.2 19 7.8 24Logging Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Pleasure Craft 0.5 1 0.6 2 0.4 1 0.6 1Railroad Equipment 0.4 2 0.5 3 0.4 2 0.5 3Recreational Equipment 0.3 1 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.3 1

Subtotal 89.5 372 111.9 465 82.4 343 102.9 428


TABLE 4-4 (continued) Non-Road Mobile Source PM Emissions Summary


Source Category Annual

(tpy)


Annual (tpy)


Annual (tpy)


Annual (tpy)


Non-Road LPG Engines

Agricultural Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Airport Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Commercial Equipment 0.1 0 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.1 1Construction and Mining Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Industrial Equipment 0.6 3 0.7 4 0.6 3 0.7 4Lawn and Garden Equipment (Com) 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Railroad Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0Recreational Equipment 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0

Subtotal 0.7 4 0.9 5 0.7 4 0.9 5Railroad

Railroad 5.5 30 24.5 135 5.0 27 22.0 121Subtotal 5.5 30 24.5 135 5.0 27 22.0 121

Total (Mobile Sources: Non-Road) 132.3 577 232.5 950 121.8 531 213.7 873


FIGURE 4-12002 PM10 Annual Emissions

PM10 Non-Attainment AreaNon-Road Mobile

Railroads0.2%

Vehicles/Equip - LPG0.0%

Vehicles/Equip - Diesel2.6%

Vehicles/Equip - CNG0.0%

Vehicles/Equip - Gasoline1.0%

Aircraft0.1%

Non-Road3.9%

On-Road3.8%

Industrial Processes28.1%Fuel Combustion

8.9%

Miscellaneous Area Sources55.3%


FIGURE 4-22002 PM2.5 Annual Emissions

PM10 Non-Attainment AreaNon-Road Mobile

Railroads0.5%

Vehicles/Equip - LPG0.1%

Vehicles/Equip - Diesel7.8%

Vehicles/Equip - CNG0.0%

Vehicles/Equip - Gasoline2.9%

Aircraft0.3%

Non-Road11.5%

Industrial Processes31.5%

On-Road11.1%

Fuel Combustion28.6%

Miscellaneous Area Sources17.3%


AIRCRAFT PM10 NAA annual emissions for this source were 3.7 tons of PM10 and 3.5 tons of PM2.5. Emissions were subdivided into four classes: Military Aircraft Commercial Aircraft Civil Aircraft Air Taxis Emissions from aircraft are the direct result of the amount of fuel consumed during aircraft activity. Landing/takeoff (LTO) cycles are the common measure of aircraft activity and consist of all normal flight and ground operation modes including, approach, taxi in, idle, taxi out, takeoff and climbout. The LTO data reported by Washoe County Airport Authority for 2002 are presented in Table 4-5. These data reflect activity at both Reno-Tahoe Airport and Stead Airport. There are no other airports in the Washoe County except for some small private landing strips. Annual emissions by aircraft class are detailed in Table 4-5. Aircraft engines within a specific class, such as commercial aircraft, can have significantly different emission characteristics. The spreadsheets and airport information used to determine emissions are contained in Appendix O.

TABLE 4-5 2002 Aircraft Activity Data and Emissions


Aircraft Type LTOsAnnual

(tpy) Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Commercial 29,895 2.1 11 2.1 11 2.1 11 2.1 11Air Taxi 1,355 0.4 2 0.4 2 0.4 2 0.4 2Military 2,323 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2 1Civil 82,910a 1.0 5 2.1 11 0.9 5 2.1 11 3.7 19 4.8 26 3.5 19 4.7 25

a Includes 44,000 Civil aircraft LTOs at the Stead Airport, which is located outside the PM10 NAA.

Typical daily peak season emissions (lbs/day) are also presented in Table 4-5. The peak season emissions for this source were determined using the seasonal adjustment factors and the number of activity days listed in Table 4-3. Total peak season PM emissions in the PM10 NAA were 3.7 tons of PM10 and 3.5 tons of PM2.5.


MISCELLANEOUS VEHICLES / EQUIPMENT Non-road motor vehicles and equipment accounted for 171.7 tons of PM10 and 158.1 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Table 4-4 details the annual and seasonal PM emissions for this category. Annual and seasonal emissions for non-road vehicles were calculated using the EPA NONROAD 2002 Model. The NONROAD 2002 Model considered 80 different types of equipment. Washoe County considered all the same categories as those inventories except for Logging Equipment (Chainsaws >4 HP) because there is no commercial logging within the PM10 NAA. In addition, Appendix C lists the equipment considered in this inventory for 2-stroke Gasoline Equipment, 4-stroke Gasoline Equipment, CNG Equipment, Diesel Equipment and LPG Equipment, along with the Area and Mobile Source (AMS) Source Classification Code (SCC). Unless otherwise noted the PM10 NAA emissions were assumed to be 80% of the countywide total emissions. Non-Road Gasoline Engines Non-road gasoline engines accounted for 32.8 tons of PM10 and 30.2 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. These emissions were subdivided into ten classes: Agricultural Equipment Airport Equipment Commercial Equipment Construction and Mining Equipment Industrial Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) Lawn and Garden Equipment (Residential) Pleasure Craft

Railroad Equipment Recreational Equipment

The emissions of each of the non-road gasoline source classes are described in more detail below. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: agricultural equipment Farming activity using gasoline-powered equipment was estimated to produce 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Emissions for the PM10 NAA are estimated to be 20% of the County total because most of the agricultural activity is outside of the NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: airport equipment Airport Equipment was estimated to produce 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA.


Non-Road Gasoline Engines: commercial equipment In 2002, this source category produced 2.6 tons of PM10 and 2.4 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: construction and mining equipment Gasoline-fueled construction and mining equipment emitted 2.0 tons of PM10 and 1.8 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Emissions for the NAA were estimated at 50% because much of the construction and mining activities occurred outside of the NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: industrial equipment In 2002, this source category produced 0.1 tons of PM10 and 0.1 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: lawn and garden equipment (commercial) Emissions from commercial lawn and garden equipment in 2002 were 23.7 tons of PM10 and 21.8 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Lawn and garden equipment is the second largest subdivision of the non-road gasoline engine category. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: lawn and garden equipment (residential) Emissions from residential lawn and garden equipment in 2002 were 4.1 tons of PM10 and 3.7 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: pleasure craft There are two major lakes in Washoe County where pleasure craft are used: Pyramid Lake and Lake Tahoe. Because the PM10 NAA does not contain a major lake, PM emissions from this source category in the NAA are estimated to be 0 tons. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: railroad equipment Railroad Equipment produced 0.4 tons of PM10 and 0.4 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Gasoline Engines: recreational equipment Recreational equipment emissions were estimated at 0.3 tons of PM10 and 0.3 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. This source class was further subdivided into six groups: off-road motorcycles, minibikes, ATVs, golf carts, snowmobiles and specialty vehicles. The emissions for the NAA were assumed to be 80% of the total county emissions, less snowmobile emissions. It was assumed that the snowmobile activity in the NAA is zero. The data for all recreational vehicles and the total annual emissions are listed in Appendix x.


Non-Road CNG Engines Non-road CNG engines 0.1 tons of PM10 and 0.1 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. These emissions were subdivided into four classes: Agricultural Equipment Commercial Equipment Construction and Mining Equipment

Industrial Equipment Non-Road CNG Engines: agricultural equipment There was no farming activity within Washoe County using CNG-powered equipment in 2002. Non-Road CNG Engines: commercial equipment Commercial Equipment produced 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 tons in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road CNG Engines: construction and mining equipment There was no construction and mining activity within Washoe County using CNG-powered equipment in 2002. Non-Road CNG Engines: industrial equipment Industrial Equipment produced 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA.


Non-Road Diesel Engines Non-road diesel engines produced 89.5 tons of PM10 and 82.4 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. This was the largest PM contributor to the non-road mobile source category. These emissions were subdivided into nine classes: Agricultural Equipment Airport Equipment Commercial Equipment Construction and Mining Equipment Industrial Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) Pleasure Craft Railroad Equipment Recreational Equipment Non-Road Diesel Engines: agricultural equipment Emissions from this source category were 2.5 tons of PM10 and 2.3 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Twenty percent of the county emissions for agricultural activity were assumed to occur within the NAA. Non-Road Diesel Engines: airport equipment Airport equipment was estimated to 1.9 tons of PM10 and 1.8 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Diesel Engines: commercial equipment In 2002, this source category produced 10.5 tons of PM10 and 9.7 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Diesel Engines: construction and mining equipment PM emissions from diesel-fueled construction and mining equipment accounted for 59.7 tons of PM10 and 54.9 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. This was the largest PM classification within the non-road diesel engine category. Non-Road Diesel Engines: industrial equipment Emissions from diesel-fueled industrial equipment totaled 6.9 tons of PM10 and 6.4 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Diesel Engines: lawn and garden equipment (commercial) Emissions from diesel lawn and garden equipment in 2002 were 6.8 tons of PM10 and 6.2 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road Diesel Engines: pleasure craft There are two major lakes in Washoe County where pleasure craft are used: Pyramid Lake and Lake Tahoe. Since the NAA does not contain a major lake, PM emissions from this source category in the NAA are estimated to be 0 tons. Non-Road Diesel Engines: railroad equipment Railroad Equipment produced 0.4 tons of PM10 and 0.4 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA.


Non-Road Diesel Engines: recreational equipment Emissions in the PM10 NAA from recreational equipment were estimated at 0.3 tons of PM10 and 0.3 tons of PM2.5. This source class was further subdivided into six groups: off-road motorcycles, minibikes, ATVs, golf carts, snowmobiles and specialty vehicles. The emissions for the NAA were assumed to be 80% of the total county emissions, less snowmobile emissions. It was assumed that the snowmobile activity in the NAA is zero.


Non-Road LPG Engines Non-road LPG engines produced approximately 0.7 tons of PM10 and 0.7 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. These emissions were subdivided into eight classes: Agricultural Equipment Airport Equipment Commercial Equipment Construction and Mining Equipment Industrial Equipment Lawn and Garden Equipment (Commercial) Railroad Equipment Recreational Equipment Non-Road LPG Engines: agricultural equipment In 2002, there were no agricultural activities utilizing LPG engines in the PM10 NAA or Washoe County. Non-Road LPG Engines: airport equipment Airport Equipment was estimated to produce 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road LPG Engines: commercial equipment In 2002, this source category produced approximately 0.1 tons of PM10 and 0.1 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road LPG Engines: construction and mining equipment PM emissions LPG-fueled construction and mining equipment accounted for 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road LPG Engines: industrial equipment Emissions from LPG-fueled industrial equipment totaled 0.6 tons of PM10 and 0.6 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road LPG Engines: lawn and garden equipment (commercial) Emissions from LPG lawn and garden equipment in 2002 were estimated at 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. Non-Road LPG Engines: railroad equipment There was no LPG-fueled railroad equipment in use in the NAA and Washoe County in 2002. Non-Road LPG Engines: recreational equipment Recreational equipment emissions were estimated at 0.0 tons of PM10 and 0.0 tons of PM2.5 within the PM10 NAA. This source class was further subdivided into six groups: off-road motorcycles, minibikes, ATVs, golf carts, snowmobiles and specialty vehicles. The emissions for the NAA were assumed to be 80% of the total county emissions, less snowmobile emissions. It was assumed that the snowmobile activity in the NAA is zero.


RAILROADS Railroad operations generated 5.5 tons of PM10 and 5.0 tons of PM2.5 in the PM10 NAA. The activity data reported for diesel locomotives and emission calculations are contained in Appendix B. PM emissions are summarized in Table 4-6. The peak season emissions for this source were determined using a uniform seasonal adjustment factor and number of activity days listed in Table 4-3. Total peak season PM emissions in the PM10 NAA were 30 lbs of PM10 and 27 lbs of PM2.5 per day.

TABLE 4-6 2002 Diesel Railroad Locomotive PM Emissions


Annual

(tpy) Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Annual (tpy)

Seasonal (lbs/day)

Railroad 5.5 30 24.5 135 5.0 27 22.0 121


section 4 non-road mobile sources non-road mobile sources

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