Security in Europe during the Cold War period

Dr. Arūnas Molis22 April, 2014

Tallinn

European security

Content

Start and end of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War The USSR behavior during the Cold War Western security strategy

Start of the Cold War

1947 - Truman Doctrine and Marshal plan

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMbJdZfTkzU

End of the Cold War

The agreement signed by the leaders of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine at the Belovezh forest on 8 December 1991 declared the Soviet Union dissolved and CIS created

The parliaments of the three states ratified the agreement on 10-12 December 1991, and on 21 December the Alma Ata protocol was signed, pursuant to which another eight former soviet republics joined the CIS

Dominant security concerns

Cold War – two security systems with: threat of military aggression competition among main global players

After the Cold war – 1 security system with: ethno-religious nationalism economic stagnation civil wars environmental degradation autocratic rule

Origins of the Cold War Nuclear deterrence

Fear of self destruction, nuclear tensionsCrisis Year Length Threat Nuclear STRATEGIC WEAPONS

by U.S.A U.S.S.R

#1 IRAN I 1946 One day USA 40 0

#2 YUGOSLAVIA 1946 One day USA 40 0

#3 BERLIN I 1948 15 months USA 120 0

#4 KOREA 1950 36 months USA 400 ?

#5 VIETNAM I 1954 3 months USA 1200 ?

#6 CHINA I 1954 8 months USA 1200 ?

#7 SUEZ 1956 7 days USSR & USA 2100 60

#8 CHINA II 1958 2 months USA 3000 110

#9 BERLIN II 1959 4 months USA 3200 175

#10 BERLIN III 1961 4 months USA * 3600 * 240

#11 CUBA 1962 2 weeks USSR & USA * 3900 * 300

#12 VIETNAM II 1969 3 months USA * 4000 * 1400

#13 JORDAN 1970 2 weeks USA * 4000 * 1800

#14 ISRAEL 1973 19 days USA * 6800 * 2200

#15 IRAN II 1980 6 months USA * 10312 * 6846

#16 FIRST STRIKE 1983-85 24 months USA * *

Total Threat 1945-85 107 months of nuclear crisis* Nuclear Winter Threat

Origins of the Cold War

Arms race US – 13 trillions USD for defence,

except nuclear program

Ideological confrontation war for hearts and minds

Origins of the Cold War

Struggle for Europe Germany, Berlin Partition of Europe

Proxy wars for influence Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan,

Indochina, Middle East and Latin America

USSR: Creating a buffer of satellite states Success:

Baltic states reincorporated to USSR

Communist governments installed in East Germany, Albania, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia

Failure: Northern Iran wasn’t drawn

to the Soviet orbit; Greece could have become

one of the socialist states Sour relations with

Yugoslavia after restraints on Tito

Buffer of satellite states

Suppressions in Eastern Europe

1956 in Poland and Hungary

1968 in Czechoslovakia

Western (the US) strategy (1)

Containment (1947-1953): resist Soviet Union wherever it is possible Assistance to Greece and Turkey, Marshal plan War in Korea (1950–1953)

Massive retaliation (1953-1961): roll back of the communism Increase of nuclear warheads Berlin crisis (wall in 1961) Cuban missile crises (soviet deployment in 1962)

Western (the US) strategy (2)

Detante policy (1969-1979) Balance of power End of Vietnam war

Kirkpatrick doctrine Support to authoritarian leaders who resist to

Soviet Union expansion

Questions?