Sedimentary Sedimentary PetrologyPetrology

GEO 333GEO 333Lab (1)Lab (1)

IntroductionIntroduction

20092009

Mansour Al-Hashim

Objectives of Lab 1Objectives of Lab 1

SyllabusSyllabus Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives EquipmentEquipment IntroductionIntroduction Main Minerals of Sedimentary RocksMain Minerals of Sedimentary Rocks

Syllabus (1)Syllabus (1)

Instructor: Mansour Al-Hashim Instructor: Mansour Al-Hashim Office hours: Office hours:

Saturday through Wednesday 2-4 pmSaturday through Wednesday 2-4 pm Room: 1B58Room: 1B58 Email: malhashim@ksu.edu.saEmail: malhashim@ksu.edu.sa Course: Sedimentary Petrology Course: Sedimentary Petrology

(GEO 333)(GEO 333)

Syllabus (2)Syllabus (2)

Recommended texts:Recommended texts:

1) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks by Robert L. Folk,

1974. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin,

Texas, USA.

2) Sedimentary Petrology by Tucker, M.E., 2001,3rd

edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

3) Sedimentary Petrology by Blatt, H., 1992, 2nd

edition. Freeman Co., New York, USA.

Syllabus (3)Syllabus (3)

Recommended texts:Recommended texts:1)1) Origin of sedimentary rocks by Blatt, H., Origin of sedimentary rocks by Blatt, H.,

Middleton, G.V., and Murray, R., 1980,2Middleton, G.V., and Murray, R., 1980,2nd nd edition. edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 782 p.Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 782 p.

2)2) Sand and sandstone by Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Sand and sandstone by Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E.,

and Siever, R., 1987. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.and Siever, R., 1987. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Syllabus (4)Syllabus (4)

GradingGrading Laboratory exercises (4 pts.) Short quizzes (4 pts.) Attendance, participation, and effort

(2 pts.) First exam (10 pts.) Final exam (10 pts.) Note: for a detailed syllabus, see

attached Word file (not ready yet!)

Course Objectives (1)Course Objectives (1)

Knowing the basic concepts in the Knowing the basic concepts in the classification of sedimentary rocks. classification of sedimentary rocks.

Knowing the processes that erode, Knowing the processes that erode, transport, and deposit sediments. transport, and deposit sediments.

Observing physical characteristics of Observing physical characteristics of sedimentary rocks, especially sedimentary rocks, especially mineral composition and texture.mineral composition and texture.

Course Objectives (2)Course Objectives (2)

Understanding the main classifications Understanding the main classifications used in clastic sedimentology. used in clastic sedimentology.

Using some statistical methods and Using some statistical methods and quantitative techniques in sedimentology.quantitative techniques in sedimentology.

To be introduced to some nomenclatures To be introduced to some nomenclatures used to name sediments and sedimentary used to name sediments and sedimentary rocks. rocks.

EquipmentEquipment

Lab notebookLab notebook PencilsPencils CalculatorCalculator Hand lenses Grain size cards

IntroductionIntroduction Sedimentary processes of Sedimentary processes of weathering, transportation, and weathering, transportation, and deposition produce three products: deposition produce three products:

1.Quartz (Conglomerate and 1.Quartz (Conglomerate and Sandstone)Sandstone)

2. Clay (Shale and Mudstone) 2. Clay (Shale and Mudstone)

3. CaCO3. CaCO33 (Limestone and Dolomite) (Limestone and Dolomite)

Bowen’s Reaction Series

From csmres.jmu.eduFrom csmres.jmu.edu

Weathering Weathering

Except for quartz, all other rock-Except for quartz, all other rock-forming minerals either dissolve or forming minerals either dissolve or decompose to form new minerals.decompose to form new minerals.

Quartz does not weather Quartz does not weather (chemically). (chemically).

Orthoclase weathers to form clay.Orthoclase weathers to form clay. Ca plagioclase dissolves into solution Ca plagioclase dissolves into solution

to form CaCOto form CaCO33. .

From From csmres.jmu.educsmres.jmu.edu

Transportation and Sorting Transportation and Sorting

Weathering products are separated by Weathering products are separated by transportation. transportation.

The quartz settles quickly and form The quartz settles quickly and form rocks such as sandstone and siltstone.rocks such as sandstone and siltstone.

The clay stays in suspension until it The clay stays in suspension until it settles to form shale and mudstone. settles to form shale and mudstone.

The dissolved CaCOThe dissolved CaCO33 precipitates to precipitates to form limestone or dolomite.form limestone or dolomite.

Transportation and SortingTransportation and Sorting

From csmres.jmu.eduFrom csmres.jmu.edu

From From csmres.jmu.edu csmres.jmu.edu

The Main Minerals that Form The Main Minerals that Form Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

1. Quartz1. Quartz

1.1. Very common on the surface of the Earth.Very common on the surface of the Earth.

2.2. Glassy mineral. Conchoidal fracture. Glassy mineral. Conchoidal fracture.

Hardness=7. Hardness=7.

3.3. Strong crystals with no cleavage.Strong crystals with no cleavage.

4.4. A component of many igneous, A component of many igneous,

metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

5.5. Usually appears light gray in rocks. Usually appears light gray in rocks.

6.6. Similar in appearance to Na Plagioclase. Similar in appearance to Na Plagioclase.

QuartzQuartz

SiOSiO22

From csmres.jmu.eduFrom csmres.jmu.edu

From mindat.orgFrom mindat.org

The Main Minerals that Form The Main Minerals that Form Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

2. Clay2. Clay

1.1. Forms from the chemical weathering of Forms from the chemical weathering of feldspars (e.g. orthoclase). feldspars (e.g. orthoclase).

2.2. Extremely fine grained (less than 1/256 Extremely fine grained (less than 1/256 mm). mm).

3.3. Tends to be white or tan, especially if Tends to be white or tan, especially if pure.pure.

4.4. Refers to a group of minerals known as Refers to a group of minerals known as clay minerals.clay minerals.

ClayClay

ShaleShaleFrom From csmres.jmu.educsmres.jmu.edu

The Main Minerals that Form The Main Minerals that Form Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks

3. Calcite (3. Calcite (CaCOCaCO33))

1.1. TrigonalTrigonal..

2.2. Very common.Very common.

3.3. Wide variety of colors. Hardness=3.Wide variety of colors. Hardness=3.

4.4. Highly variable regarding forms and Highly variable regarding forms and colors. colors.

5.5. Characteristic properties include low Characteristic properties include low hardness and high reactivity with acids. hardness and high reactivity with acids.

From "From "chalixchalix" the Greek word for " the Greek word for lime.lime.

CalciteCalcite

From mindat.orgFrom mindat.org

From mindat.orgFrom mindat.org

CaCCaCOO33

Assignment (1)Assignment (1)

Sample No.Sample No. Weathering Weathering product (s)product (s)

Depositional Depositional environmentenvironment

References References Klein and Hurlbut, 1993. Manual of mineralogy. Klein and Hurlbut, 1993. Manual of mineralogy. Pettijohn et al., 1987. Sand and sandstone. Pettijohn et al., 1987. Sand and sandstone. csmres.jmu.educsmres.jmu.edu mindat.orgmindat.org

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