Seeing Cells

• Many cells are too small to see with the naked eye

• Different microscopes and staining techniques are used

• SEM – 3D surface details• TEM – 2D thin section• How can you isolate

cells? Fluorescent Tag

What characteristics would be needed in order to have a good fluorescent tag?

Cell Fractionation

What is happening during this process?

Prokaryotes• Include Domain Bacteria

and Archaea• Lacks a nucleus and

membrane-bound organelles

• Most reproduce asexually and can live in harsh conditions

• What are some advantages to being a prokaryote?

• How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

Cell Size

What does this mean?

How does it apply to Biology?

Key Point: Cells and organisms utilize a high surface to volume ratio in order to fit a large number of components into a limited amount of space

Eukaryotic Cells

What are some differences between these two cells?Why does a plant cell have different organelles?

Why does a plant cell have a large central vacuole, a cell wall, and chloroplasts? (Remember: Structure relates to function)

Plasma Membrane

• Selectively permeable• Composed of 3 types

of organic compounds• Why is this important

for the cell?• What is the role of

each of the organic compound in the membrane?

Nucleus

• Control center of the cell that contains genetic material

• Produces mRNA that aids in transcription

• What is the purpose of the nuclear pores?

• Chromatin contains DNA and proteins inside of chromosomes

• Nucleolus – produces rRNA and aids in cell division

ChromosomesShawty got them apple bottom genes with the D-N-A (N-A)

Nucleotides twisted that way

They start to fold (they start to fold)

Next thing you know

Shawty got chro-mo-so-o-o-o-o-omes

Ribosomes

• Assist in protein synthesis with translation

• rRNA binds tRNA and mRNA

• Free or bound• How do the functions

of free ribosomes and bound ribosomes differ?

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Smooth ER• Synthesizes lipids• Breaks down

carbohydrates• Detoxifies drugs and

poisons• Stores calcium

Rough ER• Releases

transport vesicles containing protein

• “membrane factory for the cell”

• Where do the vesicles travel to?

Golgi Apparatus

• Modifies carbohydrates and membrane phospholipids

• What does the Golgi produce in plant cells and why might this be important?

• What is a good analogy for the Golgi? Why?

Lysosomes

• What is the purpose of lysosomes?

• Why are they ineffective without their vesicles?

• What would happen if your cells did not have these organelles?

Lysosomes along with the Golgi and ER help compose the endomembrane system

Mitochondria

• ATP factories that carry out cellular respiration

• Inner membrane has cristae (infoldings)

• Matrix is area inside of inner membrane

• Why are there so many infoldings of many organelles (i.e. Golgi, ER, mitochondria)?

• Have their own DNA that is only passed on from the mother. Why?

Chloroplasts

• Carry out photosynthesis with the pigment chlorophyll

• Why are the grana stacked?

• Are these only found in plant cells?

Peroxisomes

• Transfers H+ to form hydrogen peroxide

• What will this help do to the pH of the cell?

• Break down fatty acids and help detoxify poisons

• Not part of the endomembrane system