seismic
TRANSCRIPT
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Jaime Almeida
Practical Applicationsand Novel EOR Methods
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 2
Typical IOR/EOR Project Workflow
Project Management Screening for EOR methods.
Screening based in reservoir properties Predictive models Dynamic simulation
Laboratory investigation Wettability, Relative permeability Swelling test, MMP, MEC SWTT (Single Well Tracer Test) Sor Rock-Fluid compatibility test
Pilot test Pilot design Pilot implementation Pilot Monitoring Reservoir and EOR parameter calibration.
Field Plan implementation Full field simulation after model calibration with pilot test. Economic analysis
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 3
Project Life Cycle (Front-End Loading)
Initialization (Pre-FEL)
Visualization
Conceptualization
Definition
Execution
Operation
FrontFront--End Loading (FEL)End Loading (FEL)
Value Identification Value Realization
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 4
FEL applied to an EOR projectScenario analysis and Design Optimization, South America (National Oil Company) using DMS
1800 MMSTB oilfield under decline, Evaluate 4 potential scenarios for enhanced recovery and compare with base case. Optimize design parameters for water alternating gas scenario.
SITUATION
CHALLENGE
TOOLS
VALUE ADDED BY DMS
Identify an optimal recovery scenario based on an economic objective function (NPV). Rapidly optimize the design parameters for the WAG scenario using distributed computation (for DMS) with a combined spreadsheet model.
Fast determination optimal recovery scenario based on NPV using distributed computation.
Optimized WAG ratio, cycle length, injection rate, number of cycles.
DMS ( with distributed computing)
VIP
EXCEL (proprietary economics)
SPOTFIRE ( Data visualization package)
WAG OptimizationScenario Analysis
Optimum design
Best scenario
NPV Vs. RF
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Screening criteria for EOR Methods
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Steam/Polymer/Surfactant
Surfactant/Polymer/CO2
CO2/Polymer/Hydrocarbon/Surf. CO2/Hydrocarbon
Nitrogen/Hydrocarbon
Polymer degradation limit
Thermal limit
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
APID
e
p
t
h
(
m
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Steam
Polymer
CO2
HydrocarbonN2
Combustion
Hot Water
Miscellar/PolymerSurfactant
Waterflooding
Screening for IOR/EOR methods
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Steam/Polymer/Surfactant
Surfactant/Polymer/CO2
CO2/Polymer/Hydrocarbon/Surf. CO2/Hydrocarbon
Nitrogen/Hydrocarbon
Polymer degradation limit
Thermal limit
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1000
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API
D
e
p
t
h
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m
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Steam
Polymer
CO2
HydrocarbonN2
Combustion
Hot WaterMiscellar/Polymer
Surfactant
Waterflooding
What is missing?Reservoir heterogeneity
Relative permeability/rock wettability
Reservoir geometry
Minimum Miscible Pressure (MMP)
Minimum Miscible Enrichment (MME)
Screening for IOR/EOR methods
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Screening for IOR/EOR methods
Predictive models DOE Predictive models
Steamflood, In-situ Combustion, Polymer, Chemical Flood, CO2 Miscible Flood, Infill, Single-Well Chemical Tracer
CO2 Prophet and other commercial software SINTEF Petroleum Research CO2 predictive model (2007). EOR RATE MODEL (2008) (*)
Correlations Computer methods of Screening MAESTRO SelectEOR (ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL) (2009)
(*) Source: Danish Energy Agency
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0.0
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SW
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Wettability effect in Sor
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SW
K
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/
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R
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W
Residual Oil Saturation
Sorw=100-90=10%
Target for EOR after Waterflooding
Strong water wet system
Residual Oil Saturation
Sorw=100-70=30%
Target for EOR after Waterflooding
What is the target oil for EOR?
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Conformance Control Solutions DUAL FLOW HORIZONTAL WELL DESIGN
Well Oil (QL= 1,000 bbl/day)
0
100,000
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Apr/2004
May/200
5Jul/2
006Aug
/2007Sep/
2008Nov/
2009Dec/
2010Feb/
2012Mar/
2013Apr/2
014
Time (m/y)
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Qw = 0 bbl/dQw = 500 bbl/dQw = 1000 bbl/dQw = 1500 bbl/dQw = 2000 bbl/dQw = 2500 bbl/dQw = 3000 bbl/d
Temperature 65 to 160 oC
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Lpk
Nc
=
Importance of capillary number in defining EOR
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1.00E-08 1.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00
Nc
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/
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Dombroski & BrownellFosterTaberDu PreyGupta
Wetting
Nonwetting
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Effect on reducing interfacial tension
Source: Bardon & Longeron SPE 7609
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wro
orw
kk
owM
==
Effect of mobility ratio in Sweep efficiency
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Laboratory investigation Wettability, Relative permeability Swelling test, MMP, MME SWTT (Single Well Tracer Test) for Sor estimation Rock-Fluid compatibility test
Slim tube test
Rising Bubble method
Vanishing interfacial tension
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 16
MMP CorrelationsPure CO2
YearHolm and Josendal 1974 T MWC5+Cronquist 1977 T MWC5+ C1Yellin and Metcalfe 1980 TJohnson and Pollin 1981 T MWC7+Glaso 1985 T MWC7+ C2-C6Alston 1985 T C1N2 C2-C4,CO2Yuan et al. 2004 T MWC7+ C2-C6Shokir 2007 T MWC5+ C1N2 C2-C4,H2S,CO2
CO2 with ImpuritiesYear
Johnson and Pollin 1981 Gas compositionSebastian et al 1985 Gas compositionYuan et al. 2004 T MWC7+ C2-C6 Gas compositionShokir 2007 T MWC7+ C2-C6 Gas composition
N2 and lean gas YearFiroozabadi and Aziz 1986 T MWC7+ C2-C5
Hydrocarbon gas YearKuo 1985 T MWC5+
Parameters
Parameters
Gas composition
Parameters
Parameters
Estimation based on EOS calculations (T, compositions oil and gas).
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Shokir method
Linear regression MethodsAlternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) Algorithms
JPSE, 58 (2007) 173-185
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0 2000 4000 6000X
-15100
-15000
-14900
-14800
-14700
-14600
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-14400
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E
L
E
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AQS0.550.50.450.40.350.30.250.20.15
Run: wf-5sowsWaterflood (5-spot, original well spacing)Model 2 (24 Layer 3D)
WCE
WLWWater SaturationGrid Plane j=6
WRW
t = yr 2003.55 yrs Waterflooding
API = 16o
API = 8o
API = 4o
j=1
j=6
j=1k=12
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500
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2000
Y
AQS0.550.50.450.40.350.30.250.20.15
Run: wf-5sowsWaterflood (5-spot, original well spacing)Model 2 (24 Layer 3D)
WLW
Water Saturation
WRW
t = yr 2003.55 yrs Waterflooding
WCEGrid Plane K=12
J=1
Pilot project design
Reservoir parametersDepth 4421 mThickness 213 mPorosity 8 - 12 %Permeability 10-150 mDOil Gravity 26 APITemperature 146 CInitial pressure 791 BARBubble point pressure 267 BARMMP 499 BARRes. Pressure 506 BAR
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Cross section study results
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030YEAR
0.15
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0.35
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0.55
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0.65
O
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0.65
5-spot-owsoriginal well spacing 5spt with infill
9-spot with infill
gas inj5-spt if9-spt if
5-spt ows wf
9-spt if wf
9-spt if wag
5-spt if wf
5-spt if wag
gas inj5-spt ows
5-spt ows wag
WaterfloodGas Injection1:1 WAG
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r, ft
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v
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0 100 200 300 400 500
-14800
-14700
-14600
-14500
-14400
InjectWaterat10,400psi Initial60dayswaterinjection GasSaturation
31m 50m 75m 150mRUNwbprf360halfcycle
r, ft
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0 100 200 300 400 500
-14800
-14700
-14600
-14500
-14400 AQSAT0.60.550.50.450.40.350.30.25
InjectWaterat10,400psi
Sw=Swi=.14
WaterSaturation31m 50m 75m 150m
.2cut-off
r,ft
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v
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0 100 200 300 400 500
-14800
-14700
-14600
-14500
-14400
PRESSURE900089008800870086008500840083008200810080007900780077007600750074007300720071007000
InjectWaterat10,400psi
Pressure(psi)31m 50m 75m 150m
presentation/wbprf3-xs.lay
r,ft
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0 100 200 300 400 500
-14800
-14700
-14600
-14500
-14400 HCSAT0.80.750.70.650.60.550.50.450.40.350.30.250.20.15
InjectWaterat10,400psi
So=Sorw=.34 So=Soi=.86
OilSaturation31m 50m 75m 150m
Pilot test monitoring
InjectorProduction Profile Log (PLT)
Down Hole P and T measurements
Water chemical tracer
Gas Chemical tracer
Observation wellProduction Profile Log (PLT)
Down Hole P and T measurements
Saturation logs
Tracers
Fluorbenzoic acid (Water)
Perfluorcarbon Hydrocarbon (Gas)
WAG Pilot Project Design
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Monitoring
The Weyburn Monitoring Project
3D- 3component and 3D-9 component geophysical survey
Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) from surface to horizontal well
Cross-well seismic between parallel
Horizontal wells
Single horizontal well seismic
Source: K. Brown et al, Role of Enhanced Oil Recovery in carbon Dioxide Sequestration the Weyburn Monitoring Project, a case Study
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Novel EOR Technology
Integration of CO2 storage and EOR
Toe to heel air injection THAI (CAPRI)
Solvent Vapour Extraction (SVX)
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Source: Gulraiz Khan, M.Sc. Dissertation 2009.
Integration of CO2 storage and EOR
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Integration of CO2 storage and EOR
Source: DOE/NETL Feb 2008
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 25
THAI is a new combustion process
Toe to heel air injection (THAI) is a new method of extracting oil from heavy oil deposits which may have significant advantages over existing methods. The method was developed by Malcolm Greaves of the University of Bath and has been patented by Petrobank.
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2009 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 26
Solvent Vapour Extraction (SVX)
Source: Petroleum Technology Research Centre (PTRC) JIVE Program
JIVE said: For every billion barrels of oil produced by SVX instead of SAGD:
85 millions tones of CO2 prevented form entering the atmosfere
400 millions barrels of fresh water saved
1.65 trillion cubit feet of natural gas not burned
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Practical Applicationsand Novel EOR Methods Typical IOR/EOR Project WorkflowScreening criteria for EOR MethodsScreening for IOR/EOR methodsImportance of capillary number in defining EOREffect on reducing interfacial tensionEffect of mobility ratio in Sweep efficiency Laboratory investigationMMP CorrelationsShokir methodCross section study resultsMonitoringNovel EOR TechnologySolvent Vapour Extraction (SVX)