Selected General Bibliography

General Works

Augustinos, Gerasimos, ed. The National Idea in Eastern Europe: The Politics of Ethnic and CivicCommunity. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1996.

Bannon, Alfred J., and Achilles Edelenyi, eds. and comps. Documentary History of Eastern Europe.New York: Twayne, 1970.

Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. The Jews of the Balkans: The Judeo-Spanish Community,Fifteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

Bideleux, Robert, and Ian Jeffries. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. London:Routledge, 1998.

Brand, Charles M., ed. Icon and Minaret: Sources of Byzantine and Islamic Civilization. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969.

Carter, Francis W. An Historical Geography of the Balkans. London: Academic Press, 1977.Carter, Frank, and H. T. Norris. The Changing Shape of the Balkans. London: University College

Press, 1994.Castellan, Georges. History of the Balkans from Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin. Translated by

Nicholas Bradley. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1991.Clark, Victoria. Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo.

New York: St. Martin’s, 2000.Conte, Francis. The Slavs. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1995.Crampton, Richard J. Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century—And After. 2nd ed. London:

Routledge, 1997.Crampton, Richard J., and Benjamin Crampton. Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century.

London: Routledge, 1996.Cvijid, Christopher. Remaking the Balkans. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991.Djordjevid, Dimitrije, and Stephen Fischer-Galati. The Balkan Revolutionary Tradition. New

York: Columbia University Press, 1981.Dvornik, Francis. The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers

University Press, 1962.Fischer-Galati, Stephen, ed. Man, State, and Society in East European History. New York: Praeger,

1970.Glenny, Misha. The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999. London: Viking,

2000.Held, Joseph, ed. The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1992.Hösch, Edgar. The Balkans: A Short History from Greek Times to the Present Day. Translated by

Tania Alexander. New York: Crane, Russak, 1972.Hupchick, Dennis P. Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe. New York: St. Martin’s, 1995.———. Culture and History in Eastern Europe. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.Hupchick, Dennis P., and Harold E. Cox. The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Balkans.

New York: Palgrave, 2001.———. The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe. 2nd, revised and expanded ed.

New York: Palgrave, 2001.Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Jelavich, Charles, and Barbara Jelavich. The Balkans. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965.Kolarz, Walter. Myths and Realities in Eastern Europe. London: Lindsay Drummond, 1946.

450 THE BALKANS

Lampe, John, and Marvin R. Jackson. Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From ImperialBorderlands to Developing Nations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.

Longworth, Philip. The Making of Eastern Europe: From Prehistory to Postcommunism. 2nd ed.New York: St. Martin’s, 1997.

Magocsi, Paul R., and Geoffrey J. Matthews. Historical Atlas of East Central Europe. Seattle:University of Washington Press, 1993.

Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.Norris, Harry T. Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society between Europe and the Arab World.

Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.Okey, R. Eastern Europe 1740-1985: Feudalism to Communism. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University

of Minnesota Press, 1986.Palairet, Michael. The Balkan Economies, c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development. Cam-

bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Pavlowitch, Stevan K. A History of the Balkans, 1804-1945. London: Longman, 1999.Portal,Roger.The Slavs:ACultural andHistorical Survey of the Slavonic Peoples.New York:Harper

and Row, 1969.Ristelhueber, René. A History of the Balkan Peoples. Edited and translated by Sherman D. Spector.

New York: Twayne, 1971.Rupnik, Jacques. The Other Europe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1958.Stoianovich, Traian. Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994.Stokes, Gale. Three Eras of Political Change in Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press,

1996.Stokes, Gale, ed. From Stalinism to Pluralism: ADocumentaryHistory of Eastern Europe Since 1945.

2nd ed. New York: Oxford University, 1996.Sugar, Peter F., ed. Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Lanham, MD:

American University Press, 1995.Sugar, Peter F., and Ivo J. Lederer, eds. Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Seattle: University of

Washington Press, 1969.Todorov, Nikolai. The Balkan City, 1400-1900. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983.Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.Turnock, David. The Human Geography of Eastern Europe. London: Routledge, 1989.——— . The Making of Eastern Europe: From Earliest Times to 1815. London: Routledge, 1988.Walters, E. G.The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945. Syracuse,NY: Syracuse University Press,

1988.Winnifrith, T. J. The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People. New York: St. Martin’s, 1987.Wolff, Robert L. The Balkans in Our Time. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.

Albania

Costa,Nicholas J. Albania: A European Enigma. Boulder, CO: East EuropeanMonographs, 1995.Hutchings, Raymond. Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996.Jacques, Edwin E. The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Jefferson,

NC: McFarland, 1995.Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Albania. Washington, DC: US Government Printing

Office, 1971.Logoreci, Anton. The Albanians: Europe’s Forgotten Survivors. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1977.Marmullaku,Ramadan.Albania and theAlbanians.Translated byMargotMilosavljevid and Bosko

Milosavljevid. London: Hurst, 1975.Pollo, Stefanaq and Arben Puto. The History of Albania: From Its Origins to the Present Day.

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.Vickers, Miranda. Albania: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.Winnifrith, Tom. Perspectives on Albania. London: Warwick, 1992.

SELECTED GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 451

Bosnia-Hercegovina

Cuvalo, Ante. Historical Dictionary of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press,1997.

Donia, Robert J., and John V. A. Fine, Jr. Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1995.

Friedman, Francine. The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996.Lockwood, William G. European Muslims: Economy and Ethnicity in Western Bosnia. New York:

Academic Press, 1975.Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University Press, 1994.Pinson, Mark, ed. The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle

Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Middle EasternMonographs, 1996.

Bulgaria

Anastasoff, Christ. The Bulgarians: From Their Arrival in the Balkans to Modern Times, ThirteenCenturies of History. Hicksville, NY: Exposition, 1977.

Crampton, Richard J. A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.

——— . A Short History of Modern Bulgaria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Detrez,Raymond.Historical Dictionary of theRepublic of Bulgaria. Lanham,MD: Scarecrow Press,

1997.Eminov, Ali. Turkish and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria. New York: Routledge, 1997.Karpat, K. H., ed. The Turks of Bulgaria: The History, Culture and Political Fate of a Minority.

Istanbul: Isis, 1990.Lang, David M. The Bulgarians: From Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest. Boulder, CO:

Westview, 1976.Mishev, Dimitur. The Bulgarians in the Past: Pages from the Bulgarian Cultural History. Lausanne:

Central Bookstore of Nationalities, 1919.Pundeff, Marin V. Bulgaria in American Perspective: Political and Cultural Issues. Boulder, CO:

East European Monographs, 1994.Tamir, Vicki. Bulgaria and Her Jews: The History of a Dubious Symbiosis. New York: Sepher-

Hermon for Yeshiva University Press, 1979.Tzvetkov, Plamen. A History of the Balkans: A Regional Overview from a Bulgarian Perspective. 2

vols. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1993.

Byzantine Empire

Barker, Ernest, trans. and ed. Social and Political Thought in Byzantium from Justinian I to the LastPalaeologus: Passages from Byzantine Writers and Documents. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

Barker, John W. Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,1966.

Baynes, Norman H. The Byzantine Empire. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.Baynes, Norman H., and H. St. L. B. Moss, eds. Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman

Civilization. Oxford: Clarendon, 1961.Bréhier, Louis. The Life and Death of Byzantium. New York: North-Holland, 1977.Browning, Robert. The Byzantine Empire. Revised ed. Washington, DC: Catholic University of

America Press, 1992.Byron, Robert. The Byzantine Achievement: An Historical Perspective, A.D. 330-1453. Reprint ed.

London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4, in 2 pts. Edited by Joan M. Hussey. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1966.

452 THE BALKANS

Diehl, Charles. Byzantium:Greatness and Decline.Translated byNaomiWalford.New Brunswick,NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957.

Geanakoplos, Deno J., comp. and ed. Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen throughContemporary Eyes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Geanakoplos, Deno J. Interaction of the “Sibling” Byzantine and Western Cultures in the MiddleAges and Italian Renaissance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976.

Haussig, H. W. A History of Byzantine Civilization. Translated by Joan M. Hussey. New York:Praeger, 1971.

Hussey, Joan M. The Byzantine World. 3rd ed. London: Hutchinson, 1967.Kazhdan, Alexander P., et al, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1991.Lemerle, Paul. AHistory of Byzantium. Translated by AntonyMatthew. New York: Walker, 1964.Magoulias, Harry J. Byzantine Christianity: Emperor, Church and the West. Chicago, IL: Rand

McNally, 1970.Mango, Cyril. Byzantium, the Empire of New Rome. New York: Scribner, 1980.Norwich, John J. Byzantium. 3 vols. New York: Knopf, 1992-96.Obolensky, Dimitri. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. New York:

Praeger, 1971.——— . Byzantium and the Slavs. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1994.Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. Translated by Joan M. Hussey. New

Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957.Rice, Tamara T. Everyday Life in Byzantium. Reprint ed. New York: Dorset, 1987.Runciman, Steven. Byzantine Civilization. 2nd ed. Cleveland, OH: World, 1961.——— . The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Treadgold, Warren T. A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford

University Press, 1997.Vasiliev,A.A.History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453. 2 vols. 2nd Eng. ed.Madison: University

of Wisconsin Press, 1970.Vryonis, Speros, Jr. Byzantium and Europe. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1967.Whitting, Philip, ed. Byzantium: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, 1971.

Croatia

Carter, Francis W. Dubrovnik (Ragusa): A Classic City-State. London: Seminar Press, 1972.Eterovich, Francis H., and Christopher Spalatin, eds. Croatia: Land, People and Culture. 2 vols.

Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964-70.Goldstein, Ivo. Croatia: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000.Kadid, Ante. From Croatian Renaissance to Yugoslav Socialism. The Hague: Mouton, 1969.Knezevid, Anthony. The Croatian Nation: A Short History. Translated by Rudolph J. Hrascanec.

Philadelphia, PA: Croatian Catholic Union, 1990.Macan, Trpimir, and Josip Sentija. A Short History of Croatia. Zagreb: Most, 1992.Omrcanin, Ivo. Diplomatic and Political History of Croatia. Philadelphia, PA: Dorrance, 1972.Praga, Giuseppe. History of Dalmatia. Translated by Edward Steinberg. Pisa: Giardini, 1993.Preveden, Francis R. A History of the Croatian People. 2 vols. New York: Philosophical Society,

1955-62.Stallaerts, Robert, and Jeannine Laurens. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Croatia.

Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1995.Tanner, Marcus. Croatia: A Nation Forged in War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.

Greece

Byron, Robert. The Station (Athos: Treasures and Men). London: J. Lehmann, 1949.Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Crossland, John, and Diana Constance. Macedonian Greece. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.

SELECTED GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 453

Dakin, Douglas. The Unification of Greece, 1770-1923. London: E. Benn, 1972.Hasluck, Frederick W. Athos and Its Monasteries. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1924.Holden, David. Greece without Columns: The Making of Modern Greece. Philadelphia, PA: J. B.

Lippincott, 1972.Kourvetaris, Yorgos A., and Betty A. Dobratz. A Profile of Modern Greece in Search of Identity.

Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.Michael [Prince, of Greece] and Alan Palmer. The Royal House of Greece. London: Weidenfeld

and Nicolson, 1990.Miller, William. Greece. New York: Scribner, 1928.Mouzelis, Nicos P. Modern Greece: Facets of Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan, 1988.Toynbee, Arnold J. The Greeks and Their Heritage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.Van der Kiste, John. Kings of the Hellenes: The Greek Kings, 1863-1974. London: Alan Sutton,

1994.Veremis, Thanos. Greece’s Balkan Entanglement. Athens: ELIAMEP-YALCO, 1995.——— . The Military in Greek Politics. London: C. Hurst, 1997.Wace, Alan J. B., and Maurice S. Thompson. The Nomads of the Balkans: An Account of Life and

Customs Among the Vlachs of the Northern Pindus. London: Methuen, 1914.Woodhouse, Christopher M. Modern Greece: A Short History. 5th ed. London: Faber, 1991.

Macedonia

Brailsford, Henry N. Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen, 1906.Danforth, Loring M. Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.Georgieva, Valentina, and Sasha Konechni. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia.

Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1997.Mihailoff, Ivan. Macedonia: A Switzerland of the Balkans. Translated by Christ Anastasoff. St.

Louis, MO: Pearlstone, 1950.Poulton, Hugh. Who Are the Macedonians? 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.Pribichevich, Stoyan. Macedonia: Its People and History. University Park: Pennsylvania State

University Press, 1982.Shea, John.Macedonia andGreece:The Struggle to Define aNewNation. Jefferson,NC:McFarland,

1996.Wilkinson, H.R. Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia.

Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool, 1951.

Montenegro

Devine, Alexander. Montenegro in History, Politics and War. London: Unwin, 1918.Stevenson, Francis S. A History of Montenegro. Reprint ed. New York: Arno, 1971.Towle, George M. A Brief History of Montenegro. Boston, MA: J. R. Osgood, 1877.

Ottoman Empire

Alderson, Anthony D. The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Reprint ed. Westport, CT:Greenwood, 1982.

Brown, L. Carl. The Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Impact on the Balkans and the Middle East.Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1995.

Erdem, Y. Hakan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800-1909. New York: St.Martin’s, 1996.

Faroqhi, Suraiya. Approaching Ottoman History: An Introduction to the Sources. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1999.

454 THE BALKANS

Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Gibb, H. A. R., and Harold Bowen. Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of WesternCivilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East. Vol. 1. Islamic Society in the EighteenthCentury. 2 pts. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Goodwin, Jason. Lords of the Horizon: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Holt, 1999.Hasluck, Frederick W. Christianity and Islam under the Sultans. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1929.Inalcik, Halil, and Donald Quataert, eds. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire,

1300-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1980.Karpat, Kemal H. The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974.Kinross, [John P. D. B.] Lord. The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire.

New York: Morrow Quill, 1977.Kortepeter, Carl M. The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire. Istanbul: Isis, 1991.Lewis, Raphaela. Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey. London: B. T. Batsford, 1971.Mansel, Philip. Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453-1924. New York: St. Martin’s,

1996.McCarthy, Justin. The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923. New York: Longman,

1996.Miller, William. The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1936.Panaite, Viorel. The Ottoman Law of War and Peace. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs,

2000.Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2000.Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel K. Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 vols.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976-77.Vucinich, Wayne S. The Ottoman Empire: Its Record and Legacy. Reprint ed. Huntington, NY:

Krieger, 1979.Weiker, Walter F. Ottomans, Turks, and the Jewish Polity: A History of the Jews of Turkey. Lanham,

MD: University Press of America, 1992.Wheatcroft, Andrew. The Ottomans. New York: Viking, 1993.

Romania

Bria, Ion. Romania: Orthodox Identity at a Crossroads of Europe. Geneva: WCC Publications, 1995.Castellan, Georges. A History of the Romanians. Translated by Nicholas Bradley. Boulder, CO:

East European Monographs, 1989.Condurachi, Emil, and Constantin Daicoviciu. Romania. Translated by James Hogarth. Geneva:

Nagel, 1971.Fischer-Galati, Stephen A. Twentieth-Century Romania. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University

Press, 1991.Georgescu, Vlad. The Romanians: A History. Translated by Alexandra Bley-Vroman. Rev. ed.

Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991.Iancu, Carol. Jews in Romania, 1866-1919: From Exclusion to Emancipation. Translated by Carvel

de Bussy. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1996.Iorga, Nicolae. A History of Roumania: Land, People, Civilization. Translated by J. McCabe.

London: Unwin, 1925.Mackenzie, Andrew, ed. A Concise History of Romania. New York: St. Martin’s, 1984.Mackenzie, Andrew. The History of Transylvania. London: Unified Printers and Publishers, 1983.Otetea, Andrei, ed. A Concise History of Romania. London: R. Hale, 1985.Pop, Ioan A. Romanians and Romania: A Brief History. Boulder, CO: East EuropeanMonographs,

2000.

SELECTED GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 455

Seton-Watson, Robert W. A History of the Roumanians: From Roman Times to the Completion ofUnity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934.

Treptow, Kurt W., ed. A History of Romania. Iapi: Center for Romanian Studies, 1996.Treptow, Kurt W., and Marcel D. Popa. Historical Dictionary of Romania. Lanham, MD:

Scarecrow Press, 1996.

Serbia

Anzulovic, Branimir. Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide. New York: New York UniversityPress, 1999.

Dragnich, Alex N. Serbia’s Historical Heritage. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1994.Judah, Timothy. The Serbs: History, Myth, and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. New Haven, CT:

Yale University Press, 1997.Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History. New York: New York University Press, 1998.Petrovich, Michael B. A History of Modern Serbia, 1804-1918. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace

and Jovanovich, 1976.Temperley, Harold W. V. History of Serbia. Reprint ed. New York: H. Fertig, 1969.

Slovenia

Arnez, John A. Slovenia in European Affairs: Reflections on Slovenian Political History. New York:League of CSA, 1958.

Gow, James, and Cathie Carmichael. Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State and the New Europe.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina. Historical Dictionary of Slovenia. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996.Prunk, Janko. A Brief History of Slovenia: Historical Background of the Republic of Slovenia.

Translated by Wayne Tuttle and Majda Klander. Ljubljana: Zalozba Mihelac, 1994.

Yugoslavia

Auty, Phyllis. Yugoslavia. New York: Walker, 1965.Clissold, Stephen, ed. A Short History of Yugoslavia: From Early Times to 1966. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1966.Dedijer, Vladimir, et al.History of Yugoslavia.Translated by Kordija Kveder.New York:McGraw-

Hill, 1974.Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge: Cambridge

University, 1996.Palmer, A. W. Yugoslavia. London: Oxford University Press, 1964.Pavlowitch, Stevan K. The Improbable Survivor: Yugoslavia and Its Problems, 1918-1988.

Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1988.Singleton, Fred B. A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. New York: Cambridge University Press,

1985.——— . Twentieth-Century Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.Tomasevich, Jozo. Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Jugoslavia. Stanford, CA: Stanford

University Press, 1955.

Index

Abdülaziz (Ottoman sultan), 219, 245-46, 260-61Abdülhamid II (Ottoman sultan), 260-62, 305,

308-10, 312Abdülmecid I (Ottoman sultan), 218, 229, 231,

239-42, 245, 250Achaia, 71, 80, 81-82, 85-86. Also see Morea and

PeleponneseAckerman Convention (1828), 222Adrianople, 21, 37, 46, 55, 68, 71, 72, 108. Also see

EdirneAdriatic Sea, 2-4, 7, 22, 32, 40, 55, 58-59, 62, 71-

72, 75-77, 80, 83-84, 88, 93, 106, 110, 112,116, 119, 121, 147, 160-61, 199, 253-54, 258,280, 307, 323, 326, 329, 333, 350, 352, 354

Aegean Sea, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 22, 32, 40, 55, 71, 85,93, 121, 221, 267, 280, 297, 313, 321, 334,337, 358, 388, 397, 399-402

Aehrenthal, Alois, 310agrarian conditions (agrarians), 21, 23-24, 94, 101,

137-39, 149, 228, 232, 244, 288, 290-91, 294,327, 342-44, 346, 349, 352, 354, 359, 370-72,383-84, 389, 426

Agrarian Union (Bulgarian), 328, 334, 347, 353,371-72, 419

agriculture, 3-7, 9, 14, 22, 35, 78, 137, 159, 168,192, 215, 225, 258, 291, 294, 304, 308, 316-17, 346, 353-54, 383-84, 386, 401, 405, 408,410-11, 415, 417, 421-22, 441

Alba Iulia Union (1918), 329, 341-42Albania, 3-4, 8, 17, 32, 54, 72-73, 82, 86, 88, 93,

101, 109-10, 112-16, 118, 120-21, 147, 153-55, 174, 176, 179-80, 207, 258-60, 280, 313,323, 325, 328, 332-34, 343, 346, 349-53, 355,357-58, 367, 374-76, 378, 383-84, 388, 392,403-4, 407-12, 419-20, 422, 424-27, 440-41

Albanians, 8-9, 32, 86, 93, 111, 113-14, 117, 122,132, 144,154,163, 273, 288, 297, 302-6, 309,312-14, 323-25, 338, 350-52, 358, 374-76,407-11, 422, 426-27, 439, 441-42; Ghegs andTosks, 8, 303, 305-6; Kosovar, 325, 329, 426-27, 430, 432-33, 439-40, 442

Aleksandur, Ivan (Bulgarian tsar), 91-92, 108-9Alexander (Greek king), 324, 336Alexander I (Russian tsar), 207, 214, 220-21Alexander II (Russian tsar), 230, 262, 264-65, 281,

285Alia, Ramiz, 384, 440-41Allies (anti-Axis), 359, 370-71, 373-74, 376-79,

389

Americans, 244, 264, 276, 300, 315, 324, 330-31,339, 359, 370, 372, 376, 378-81, 391, 393-96,399-400, 403, 405, 407, 410, 430

Andrássy, Gyula, 256, 259Angelos, Alexios III, 68-69, 70, 72Angelos, Isaac II, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72Angelos, John I, 73, 86Anjevins, 81-82, 86-87Anjou, Charles I de, 81-82, 84, 86-87Anjou, Louis I de, 76, 77, 80, 108, 160Ankara, 113, 335-36; Treaty (1930), 345anti-Semitism, 11, 12, 147-48, 355Antonescu, Ion, 356, 359, 370Aprilov, Vasil, 210aristocrats (aristocracies), magnates, nobles (nobili-

ties/notables), 24, 36,43, 60, 63-65, 67-69, 71,75, 77-84, 87, 89, 90-91, 92, 107, 104-5, 109-10, 112, 114, 116, 126, 128, 140, 148, 152-54, 157-60, 159, 162, 175-76, 180, 190-93,196-98, 202-3, 205, 207, 210, 231, 275, 288,290-91, 295, 304, 342, 347,

Armenians, 51, 141, 147, 149, 223, 297, 312Aron, Peter, 121, 156artisans and craftsmen, 51, 119, 129, 140-42, 146,

149, 160, 162, 167-68, 173, 209-10, 420Asen, Ivan I, 67-68, 72, 78, 82, 84Asen, Ivan II, 72, 73, 84Asen, Petur, 67-68, 72, 78, 82, 84Asparuh (Bulgarian han), 33-34, 35, 38assimilation, 10, 11, 30, 31, 35, 37, 41, 44, 152-53,

297, 428Athens, 5, 31, 32, 71, 80-81, 85, 90, 112, 118, 120,

171, 223-25, 300-1, 345, 354, 358, 388-90,393-94, 396-97, 400-1

atrocities (depredations/massacres), 31, 55, 66, 69,71, 91, 176, 178-80, 213, 221, 239, 259, 263-65, 279, 302, 325, 335-36, 358, 373, 392, 433,440

Austria,199, 310, 319, 330-31, 333, 341, 357,412.Also see Austria-Hungary (Dual Monarchy)

Austria-Hungary (Dual Monarchy), 188, 199, 254-57, 259, 262, 264, 266, 273, 277, 279, 281-84, 293, 302-3, 306-7, 310-11, 313, 316, 319-20, 322-23, 325-29, 339. Also see Austria,Habsburg (Austrian) Empire, and Hungary

Avars, 8, 10, 21, 28-30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39Axis Alliance (powers), 352, 355-59, 369-71, 373,

375, 379, 388-89ayans, 176, 179-80, 213, 216, 221, 235-37, 289Baldwin I (Latin emperor), 71

INDEX 457

Baldwin II (Latin emperor), 73, 74, 84Balkan Campaign (1941), 357-59Balkan Conferences (1930-33), 345, 354Balkan Entente, 345-46, 349Balkan League, 313-14Balkan Mountains, 2, 4, 7, 22, 23, 31, 33, 34, 35,

36, 39, 42, 53, 66, 67, 68, 73, 110, 117, 265-66BalkanPeninsula (the Balkans),1-10,12-17,19-24,

27-34, 36-40, 42-43, 46, 50-68, 71-72, 74-76,78, 80-83, 85-89, 91, 93-94, 99, 101, 104,106-22,124-35,137-39,141-53,156,161-64,167-68, 170, 172-74, 176, 178-82, 187-89,196-99, 201, 204, 206-9, 212, 215-17, 219-23, 229-30, 234-36, 239, 241-43, 246-47,249-57, 259, 262, 264, 266, 273-76, 279-81,285, 287-96, 302-3, 305-6, 308-13, 315-16,320, 322, 324-28, 330, 332-33, 337-38, 341-42, 344-47, 349, 351-59, 367-71, 373, 375-78, 380, 383-93, 400-1, 403-4, 408-11, 416,418-19, 421-24, 427, 429, 436, 440-43

BalkanWars (1912-13), 273, 287-88, 313-15, 319,321-23, 325, 334, 344, 351, 427

balkanization, 267, 296Banat, 147, 171, 323, 333, 341, 343bandits (banditry), 23, 61,176,178-80, 207-8, 213,

221, 223-24, 244. Also see haiduks and klephtsbanks (banking, finance), 165, 169, 180-81, 240-

41, 244, 246, 251, 285-86, 292-94, 308, 346,351-52, 384, 399, 405, 411, 417, 422-23

Basarab (Wallachian voievod), 79Basarab, Matei, 159bapibazuks, 263-64Basil I (Byzantine emperor), 43Basil II Boulgaroktonos, 54-56, 57, 58, 59, 62Battenberg, Aleksandur (Alexander) I, 285-87, 290Battle of: Belasitsa Pass (1014), 55; Klokotnitsa

(1230), 73; First Kosovo Polje (1389), 111,318-19, 404, 433, 439; Second Kosovo Polje(1448), 118; Kyustendil (1330), 91; Navarino(1827), 222, 237, 253; Ormenion (Cher-nomen) (1371), 110; Pleven (1877), 265;Rovine (1395), 112; Slivnitsa (1885), 286

Bayezid I the Thunderbolt (Ottoman sultan), 111-14, 127

Bayezid II (Ottoman sultan), 122, 128Bedreddin, Peyh, 114, 121Béla III (Hungarian king), 66, 67, 68Belgrade, 2, 6, 7, 22, 29, 39, 58, 61, 83-84, 88, 115-

16, 120-21, 123, 172, 180, 202, 213-15, 217-19, 257, 282-83, 308, 311, 317-20, 325, 329,357, 373-74, 404, 406, 412, 423; Pronounce-ment (1918), 329, 333, 339; Treaty (1739),172

Berchtold, Leopold, 319-20BerlinCongress (1878), 187, 266-67, 275, 279-81,

284-85, 287-88, 291-93, 295-96, 298, 302,305-6, 308, 311, 314, 316, 332, 394-95, 442

Bessarabia (Moldova), 11, 35, 85, 265-66, 279-80,283, 323, 327, 333-34, 341, 353, 356, 358-59,369, 371, 394, 413, 425, 438

Bibescu, Gheorghe, 228-29Bismarck, Otto von, 233, 266, 277, 280-81, 284,

316Bitola, 81, 297, 302, 315, 326BlackHand (“Union orDeath”) (Serbian), 317-19,

340Black Sea, 2, 4, 9, 25, 33, 35, 47, 55, 67, 74, 79, 86,

115, 117, 119, 122, 172, 181, 206-7, 225, 248-49, 251-52, 321, 411, 415

Bodin, Konstantin, 62-63, 65Bogdan I (Moldavian voievod), 79-80Bogomilism (Bogomils), 51-52, 76, 82, 147, 154Bolsheviks, 11, 327-28, 330, 334-35, 347, 380, 382Boris I (Bulgarian prince), 40-41, 42-45Boris II (Bulgarian tsar), 52-53Boris III (Bulgarian king), 328, 334, 347, 349, 355-

56, 359Bosnia, 4,49, 54, 56, 60, 66, 74, 75-78, 84, 99, 101,

106, 113-15, 121, 147, 153-55, 160-61, 172,176, 180-81, 198, 237, 246, 255-60, 262-63,307, 316-19, 325, 358, 431. Also see Bosnia-Hercegovina

Bosnia-Hercegovina, 4, 7, 8, 14, 17, 146, 262, 266,273, 280, 283, 307-8, 310-11, 315-20, 329,358, 373-74, 430-31, 439-40. Also see Bosniaand Hercegovina

Bosnian church, 76-78, 154Bosnians, 76, 89, 106, 111, 114, 132, 144, 154-55,

163, 180, 257, 316-17, 319, 329, 338, 340,357, 373, 431

Bosphorus Strait, 22, 24-25, 30, 64, 103, 119, 216,230, 247-49, 251. Also see Straits

Botev, Hristo, 263Branimir (Croatian prince), 48Brankovid, Djordje, 115, 117-18, 120-21Brankovid, Vuk, 111-12Bratianu, Ionel, 322-23, 329, 334Brienne, Walter de, 81, 90Britain (Great), 173, 193-94, 206, 214, 216, 222-

23, 225, 230-31, 238-39, 247-55, 259-60,262, 264-66, 279, 281, 287-89, 299, 311, 320-21, 324-25, 327, 330-31, 343, 346, 351, 357,359, 376, 378-81, 388, 390, 394-95, 399, 405

British (the), 180, 195, 224-26, 230, 253, 260, 262,264-66, 323-26, 330-32, 335-36, 346, 349,357, 359, 370, 372, 375, 378, 388-90, 392-93,395

Bucharest, 6, 209, 226-29, 231-32, 263, 326, 354,370, 404, 411, 414-15, 437-38; Treaty:(1812), 214; Treaty (1886), 286-87; Treaty(1913), 322; Treaty (1918), 328

Buchlau Meeting (1908), 310Budapest Convention (1877), 262, 264, 266Bukovina, 79, 323, 341, 343, 356, 371, 413, 425Bulgaria (Bulgar state), 2, 4, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 33-

57, 59, 60, 61, 66-69, 71-75, 78-79, 82-89, 91-

458 THE BALKANS

93, 99, 101, 108-10, 112-13, 117, 120, 146-47, 150, 153, 161, 179-80, 188, 215, 242-45,260, 263, 265-67, 273-74, 279-89, 291, 293,296-99, 301-2, 304, 311, 313-15, 321-22,324, 326-32, 334, 337, 344, 346-49, 353-59,371-72, 374, 378-79, 383-84, 388, 395, 403-4, 408, 411, 418-19, 422, 424-25, 427-31,436-37, 442

Bulgarian (“April”) Uprising (1876), 259, 262-64Bulgarian Church Question, 243-45, 263Bulgarian Exarchate, 245, 253, 262-63, 266, 285,

297-300, 315Bulgarians (Bulgars), 10-11, 16, 21, 33-47, 50-56,

58, 60, 61, 64, 66-69, 72, 73, 78, 83-84, 88-90, 92-93, 106-7, 110-11, 132, 134, 142, 144-45, 155-56, 163, 206, 208-10, 219, 223, 242-45, 250, 252, 259, 262-67, 281, 284-87, 289,296-303, 306, 311, 313-15, 322, 324-28, 334,341, 344, 346-49, 354, 358-59, 371, 413-14,422, 428-30, 436, 442

bureaucrats (bureaucracies) and functionaries, 35,50, 57, 60, 61, 68, 83, 114, 124-25, 127, 135,137, 145, 191, 217, 220, 224, 238-41, 246,260-61, 309-10, 353, 372, 384-85, 405-6,417-18, 421-22, 434

Byzantine (East Roman) Empire (Byzantium/theByzantines), 3, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19-24, 26-28,30-68, 69-74, 75-76, 79-82, 84-94, 99, 101-10, 112-17, 119-20, 125-26, 132, 135, 145,148, 157, 159-60, 178, 205, 209, 224, 250-51,289, 297, 307, 342, 346, 382-83, 393-94, 400,441

Cabrinovid, Nedeljko, 318capitulations, 136, 173, 240, 248-49, 253, 292, 321Capodistrias, John, 207, 220, 223Carol (Karl) I (Romanian prince/king), 233, 283-

84, 291, 322-23Carol II (Romanian king), 355-56Carpathian Mountains, 6, 9, 35, 78, 79, 80, 342Catalan Grand Company, 81, 90Catherine II the Great (Russian empress), 172-73Ceaupescu, Nicolae, 384, 413-15, 419, 422, 426,

437, 440Central Alliance (powers), 274, 281, 284, 288, 319-

28, 331, 334, 337central planning/planners (Communist), 367, 384-

85, 405, 416-18, 421-23, 433-34Cetinje, 122, 257-58cetniks, 372-73Chaka (Mongol-Tatar prince), 84-85Charles I (Habsburg emperor), 326-27China (Maoist), 381, 409-12, 422, 426Chinese (Sino)-Soviet split, 409, 412, 421, 425Christianity (Christendom), 10-11, 15-16, 25-27,

40-45, 47-49, 51, 57-59, 69, 77, 104, 108,114, 116, 132, 151-52, 220, 244, 303, 396,431; Armenian (Gregorian Monophysite),147; Orthodox, 10-11, 16, 19, 34, 37-38, 40,42-45, 49-50, 54, 56, 59-60, 62, 64-65, 67, 69-

72, 73-80, 82-88, 92-94, 106, 108, 110, 116,126, 140, 145-47, 149-50, 153-55, 157, 159,172, 176-79, 181-82, 199-200-4, 206-10,215-16, 218, 220-22, 224, 229-30, 234, 242-45, 250-53, 255-58, 263, 265-67, 275, 279,283-85, 288-91, 295-98, 302-4, 307, 317,333, 338, 340-41, 345-47, 349-51, 355, 358,369, 382-83, 393, 395-96, 400-1, 414; Protes-tant, 202, 242, 244, 300, 315, 414; RomanCatholic, 12, 15-16, 39, 42-43, 49-59, 60, 62,64-65, 69-71, 76-77, 80, 83-84, 86-87, 106,116, 134, 147, 149-51, 153-55, 160, 181, 199,201-3, 223-25, 229-30, 244, 254-55, 275,303, 307, 317, 325, 333, 341, 350, 358, 374,414; Uniate, 202-4, 307, 420

Christians, 11, 26, 40, 47, 58, 69, 99, 102, 104,106-7, 111, 113-15, 117-19, 122, 124, 126-38, 140-41, 145, 151-53, 155-56, 178, 213,219, 222, 229, 238-39, 246, 255, 257, 259,261, 264, 267, 279, 281, 284-85, 289, 299,303, 309-10, 317, 335, 428, 431, 442; “crypto-”, 151-52; Greek-rite, 145-47, 149-50; Slavic-rite, 145-47, 150, 177, 200, 206, 208, 242,252, 296-97

Christmas Revolution (1989), 437Church Slavic, 38, 44, 46, 60, 66, 78, 145-46, 150,

201-2, 206, 209, 296, 298, 304-6Churchill, Winston, 378-80çiftliks, 166-67, 169, 173, 175, 181civilization, 12, 13, 19, 54,194, 234, 279, 292, 316,

396, 431, 441, 443; Eastern European (Ortho-dox), 1, 12-13, 16, 17, 25-28, 49, 50, 52, 78-80, 234, 249, 265, 288, 316, 382-83, 392-93,396,441;Hellenic (Greco-Roman), 13-15,16,23, 25, 28, 32, 34, 194, 393, 396; Islamic, 1,12, 15-16, 99, 124, 130, 133, 288, 316, 393-94; WesternEuropean, 1, 12, 13, 65, 162, 316,388, 425, 431

cizye, 132, 137-39, 165, 167Codreanu, Corneliu, 355cold war, 367, 380-81, 392-93, 395, 401, 403, 406-

7, 415, 420, 424collectivization (collective farms), 383-84, 386,

405, 409-11, 415, 417, 420, 422, 427, 441Colonels (the) (Greek junta), 396-400Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 309-12,

320, 335Communist Information Bureau (Cominform),

374, 391, 403-8, 411, 424Communist International (Comintern), 374; First

(1864), 382, 428Communists (communism) (Soviet), 274, 330,

334, 347, 347-49, 354-55, 359, 367-68, 370-442. Also see Bolsheviks

Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich), 199, 204, 254,284, 307, 322, 342

Constantine I (Greek king), 324, 336, 345Constantine I the Great (Roman/Byzantine

emperor), 23, 24, 25-26, 31

INDEX 459

Constantine II (Greek king), 396-97Constantine IV (Byzantine emperor), 33, 35Constantine V (Byzantine emperor), 36Constantine VI (Byzantine emperor), 36-37Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, 46-47Constantine IX Monomachos, 58, 61Constantinople, 23-24-30, 32-34, 36, 39, 41-42,

45-49, 52-53, 57-59, 64, 66-67, 69-74, 85-86,90, 92-94, 101, 103-4, 107-8, 112-14, 118-19,128, 133, 145, 147, 244, 250, 255. Also seeIstanbul

constitution(s), 192-93, 195, 210, 216, 218-20,224-26, 229, 231-32, 260-62, 264, 282, 284-85, 288-91, 294, 308, 310, 312, 339-42, 345,350-52, 371, 374, 376, 394, 396-98, 410-11,413, 416, 418-20, 429, 432-33, 435, 437-38

Corfu, 86, 206-7, 326-27, 339; Declaration (1917),327, 333, 338-39

Council ofMutualEconomicAssistance (Comecon), 381, 384-85, 408, 412-13, 424

Craiova Treaty (1940), 356Crete, 5, 8, 52, 71, 219, 311-12, 324, 357-58, 388Crimean War (1853-56), 218, 225, 230, 249-50,

253-56 262, 304Crnojevid, Arsenije III, 179, 200Crnojevid, Ivan, 121-22Croatia, 4-5, 12, 39, 48-49, 55, 56, 59-60, 65, 66,

74, 75-77, 101, 122, 147, 197-200, 246, 307-8, 311, 317, 325, 329, 339, 358, 373-74, 430,432, 439-40

Croatian-SlavonianMilitaryBorder (Krajina), 197,200-1, 333

Croats, 11-12, 13, 30, 38, 39, 40, 48, 59-60, 63, 75,154, 187, 197-202, 204, 209, 218, 254, 256-57, 275, 303, 306-8, 311, 317, 325, 327, 329,332, 338-41, 348, 355, 357-58, 373-74, 430-32, 439-40, 442

crusaders, 64-65, 68, 69-71, 113, 116-18Crusades, 57, 63-65, 68, 69, 76, 104, 106-7, 113,

116-17, 253; Fourth (1203-4), 20, 69-71, 75,80,119,160, 250;Nikopol (1396),113; Varna(1444), 116-18, 128

Cumans, 11, 62, 63, 67-68, 71, 78-79, 83-84Cuza, Alexandru, 231-33Cypriots, 395-97Cyprus, 266, 287, 394-97; Problem, 395-97Cyril (Constantine) and Methodios, 41-42, 43, 44Cyrillic alphabet, 15, 44, 45, 54, 78, 150, 202, 296,

393, 430Dacians, 23, 24, 35, 203-4Dalmatia, 4-5, 23, 30, 32, 38, 40, 48-49, 51, 55,

59, 60, 62, 66, 68, 70, 74-75, 77, 80, 82, 161,171-72, 197-98, 254, 256-57, 307, 322, 329,333, 339, 341, 350, 358, 430

Dalmatians, 136, 142, 161, 325, 329, 339Dandolo, Enrico, 69, 70DanubeRiver, 2-4, 6-7, 9-10, 29-30, 33-35, 46-47,

53, 55, 61-63, 67, 71, 75, 78-79, 82, 88, 93,109, 112-15, 117-22, 140, 172, 179, 200-1,

228, 230, 265, 283-84, 328, 333, 370-71, 411,414

Dardanelles Strait, 25, 72, 104, 108, 216, 230, 247-49, 251, 325. Also see Straits

Decanski, Stefan Uros III, 85, 89, 91Delcev, Goce, 300-2Delyan, Petur, 58, 66demographics, 3-6, 7-8, 10, 11, 12, 16-17, 35, 137,

139, 148, 179, 181, 212, 223, 239, 255, 257-58, 264-65, 297, 303, 316, 321, 344, 347, 350-51, 386, 389, 394-96, 399, 414, 426, 431-32

dervipes, 103, 106, 152-53, 155de-Stalinization, 367, 406-10, 412, 414, 417, 421-

23devpirme, 129-30, 132, 136, 139, 146, 152, 173-75Diagonal Highway (Via Militaris), 22, 64, 293Dimitrijevid, Dragutin (“Apis”), 318Dimitrov, Georgi, 372, 384, 427, 429Dinaric Alps, 2, 4, 5, 6-7, 23, 32, 75, 257Disraeli, Benjamin, 259-60, 264dissidents (anti-Communist), 428, 434, 436-37,

440Djilas, Milovan, 374, 406, 421-23Dobrotitsa (Dobrudzhan despot), 108-9Dobrudzha, 4, 12, 33, 35, 53, 56, 67, 108-9, 113-

14, 172-73, 179, 265-66, 280, 283, 301, 315,321, 326, 328, 334, 346, 356, 371-72

Dracul, Vlad II, 115, 117-18Dracula, Vlad III, 120, 122, 156Dragutin, Stefan, 87-89Draskovid, Janko, 198Drava River, 2, 4-6, 49, 59Dravos Agreement (1988), 402Drzislav, Stjepan, 55, 59Dubrovnik, 30, 76, 77, 115, 136, 142, 155-56, 160-

63, 198, 257Durrës, 22, 31, 40, 54-56, 58-59, 62, 64, 66, 81,

86, 350Dusan, Stefan Uros IV, 76, 85, 91-94, 101, 109,

255, 297Eastern Question, 216, 247-50, 253-54, 280, 289Eastern Rumelia, 267, 280, 285-87, 298Edirne, 108, 110, 113, 117, 215, 265, 314-15, 336-

37;Treaty (1829), 215, 222, 226-27, 252. Alsosee Adrianople

education and schools, 66, 83, 146, 149-50, 162,169, 191, 194, 198-201, 203, 205, 207, 209-10, 217, 220, 223-24, 225-26, 228, 232, 237-41, 243-44, 246, 260, 276-77, 280, 282, 286,288-89, 292, 294-95, 298, 300-1, 303-4, 305,307-9, 312, 317, 342-43, 345-46, 347-48,352, 385-87, 393, 397, 401, 406, 417, 420-21,425, 427, 431, 442

émigrés (emigration),108,148, 200, 212, 220, 228,252, 256, 304, 309-10, 350-51, 401, 415, 427-28, 431, 436

Entente Alliance (powers), 281, 283, 288, 320-27,332-38, 347, 350, 354

Enver Papa, 310, 321

460 THE BALKANS

Epiros, 54, 58, 62, 72-73, 80-81, 85-87, 91-93,101, 109, 116, 180, 223-24, 258, 280, 287-88,304-5, 312, 314, 323-24, 333-34, 343, 357-58, 375-76, 388, 392, 410, 426

ethnic cleansing, 440, 442ethnicity (ethnic culture), 1, 7, 8-12, 17, 30, 32, 33,

35, 44, 45, 50, 84, 119, 134, 140, 144, 150,182, 187, 189, 194-96, 199-200, 202-3, 205,208-10, 215, 243, 245, 249-50, 252, 256, 259-60, 262, 275-80, 285, 288-89, 295, 297-98,301-2, 305, 307, 309, 317, 322, 328, 332, 334,340-41, 344, 351, 355, 369, 375, 390-91, 395,399, 401-2, 408, 413-15, 419, 424, 427-28,430-31, 438

ethnography, 7-12, 194, 196, 202, 275-76, 337,425

Europe (Europeans), 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 24,25, 30, 36, 41, 51, 90, 99, 102, 104-8, 114-17,119, 122, 125, 128-31, 136, 138, 148, 151,153, 162, 164-65, 170-71, 178, 193, 202, 207-8, 210, 214, 217, 228, 235, 237-38, 240-41,246, 247-49, 251-56, 261, 263, 267, 275, 277,281, 283-84, 292, 294, 299-300, 302-3, 306,308-10, 316, 320, 330-31, 337, 343, 346-47,350, 354-55, 368, 372, 378, 380-81, 386, 401,403, 406-7, 409-11, 424-25, 434-36; Central,65, 99, 120, 155, 206, 219, 230, 254, 256,370-71, 378, 380-81; Central-Eastern, 12,181, 327, 380; Eastern (the East), 1, 12, 14, 17,26, 27, 34, 45, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 82, 200, 234,338, 356-57, 378-82, 388, 424, 434; Western(the West), 8, 13, 14, 16, 20, 27, 57, 58, 63,64, 69, 71, 72, 80, 83-84, 86, 99, 107-8, 116-19, 130, 134-36, 141, 148, 156, 161-65, 167-68, 170-71, 174, 181-82, 187, 189-95, 198-201, 203, 205-7, 210, 215, 217, 219-20, 222,225-26, 228, 232, 234-40, 244, 249-53, 260-61, 264, 266-67, 276-80, 282-83, 286-90,292-94, 296, 303-5, 308-10, 312, 316-17,330-32, 338, 345, 353-54, 367, 374, 376, 379-83, 388, 392-94, 396-97, 399-400, 403-10,416, 420, 430-31, 433-34, 438, 442

European Community/Union (EC/U), 388, 399-401, 440, 442

External Macedonian Revolutionary Organization(EMRO), 301, 313

fascists and neofascists, 12, 340-41, 346, 354-56,358, 369, 371, 373-76, 428

Ferdinand I (Bulgarian prince/king), 287, 291, 299,302, 311, 314, 321, 328

Ferdinand I (Romanian king), 323, 327, 342feudalism (and pseudo-), 13, 64, 71, 80, 106, 126,

138, 170, 190-91, 342, 413fiefs (Ottoman), 126, 137, 165-67, 181; timars,

126, 152; zeamets, 126, 167Florence Catholic church council and union (1439),

106, 116-17Fourteen Points, 327, 330, 335

France, 15, 36, 51, 62, 69, 72, 107, 172-73, 193-95, 197-98, 207, 210, 219, 222-23, 227-32,238-39, 247-48, 253-55, 264, 277, 281, 283,288-89, 311, 320-21, 323-24, 327, 330-31,336, 341, 343, 345, 380-81, 423

Francis Ferdinand, 311, 316, 318-20, 322Francis Joseph, 230, 257, 311, 318-19Frank, Josip, 307Franks, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 48, 74, 80-82;Kingdom

of, 40, 41. Also see Holy Roman EmpireFrashëri, Abdul, 305Frashëri, Midhat, 375French (the), 80, 87, 113, 117, 180, 193, 195, 198,

207, 210, 213-14, 219, 224-25, 227, 230, 232,244, 251-53, 276, 281, 322-24, 326, 328, 330-32, 335, 346, 349, 351, 411, 430, 438

front coalitions/governments (Communist), 370-72, 374-76, 403-4, 411

Gaj, Ljudevit, 198Gallipoli, 94, 104, 107, 125, 322, 324-25Garasanin, Ilija, 218gazis, 102-3Genoa, 70, 74, 86-87, 89, 108, 116George I (William George) (Greek king), 226, 288,

291, 311George II (Greek king), 336, 345, 388-90, 393Germans, 7, 9, 12, 15, 21, 22, 28, 29, 41, 42, 107,

117, 195, 199-200, 202, 230, 252, 254, 281,283, 288-89, 320-21, 323-28, 341-42, 346,349, 355-58, 369, 373, 375, 381-82, 389, 393;Bavarians, 224-25; Saxons, 77, 202, 332, 341-42

Germany, 256, 266, 278, 280-81, 283-84, 286,311, 319-21, 324, 326-27, 330-32, 337-38,346, 349, 352, 354-58, 370-72, 375, 378, 388,408, 414, 428, 440

Getaldid, Marin, 162Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 384, 411-13Ghica, Alexandru, 227-28Gladstone, William, 259, 264Glagolitic alphabet, 41-42, 43-44, 60, 65Gligorov, Kiro, 440Golden Horde, 84-86Gorbachev, Mihail, 368, 434-38, 440Gorchakov, Alexander, 259Great Idea (Greek), 223-25, 244-45, 297, 324, 334,

343Great Power(s), 8, 172-73, 187, 214, 216-20, 223,

227, 229-32, 234, 237, 239, 241, 247-48, 250-56, 259-62, 264, 266-67, 273, 275, 279-81,283-89, 293, 296, 300, 302, 304-6, 309-10,312-14, 319-21, 323, 330, 332, 343, 346, 369

Great Schism (1054), 58-59, 64, 69, 106, 250Greece, 2-3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 17, 31, 37, 55, 61-62, 72,

74, 80-82, 86, 106, 109, 112, 115, 118, 120,147, 149, 179-80, 188, 207, 219, 222-26, 237,249, 266, 273-74, 279-81, 287-89, 291, 297,299, 301-2, 304-5, 311-15, 321, 323-24, 327,332-37, 343-46, 348-49, 353, 355-59, 367-68,

INDEX 461

372, 376, 378-81, 388-402, 405, 410, 426,429, 441-42

GreekCivilWar (1946-49), 367, 390-94, 398, 400-1, 404, 426, 429

Greek National Democratic League (EDES), 389Greek National Liberation Front/National Popular

Party of Liberation (EAM/ELAS), 389-90Greek Revolution (1821-30), 180, 187, 215, 221-

23, 225, 237, 239, 243, 247, 249, 304, 312Greek United Democratic Left (EDA), 394-96Greeks, 8-9, 14, 23, 32, 42-44, 46, 51, 58, 71, 80-

82, 85, 88, 93, 112, 128-29, 134, 142, 144-49,163, 172, 178, 180-82, 205-10, 212, 215-16,219-26, 237, 242-45, 252, 257, 263, 266-67,280, 284-85, 287-89, 297-301, 303-4, 311-15,321, 323-24, 334-37, 343-46, 348, 350, 353,357-59, 378, 388-402, 404, 407, 410-11, 426,429, 441-42; Slavophone, 40, 46, 344, 348,390. Also see Phanariotes

Grivas, George, 395-96group identity, 8, 32, 44, 45, 132, 134-35, 144-45,

148-49, 187, 189-90, 193-98, 200, 205, 208-9, 211, 215, 226, 235, 252, 260-61, 276-79,298, 303, 305, 307, 309, 312, 317, 340, 358,392, 400, 422, 424-25, 431

Groza, Petru, 370-71, 384, 411Guilds and esnafs, 103, 106, 141-42, 146, 160, 168Gundulid, Ivan, 162Gypsies, 7, 12, 147, 297Habsburg (Austrain) Empire (the Habsburgs), 3,

12, 99, 157-58, 171-72, 178-79, 181-82, 188,193-200-2, 204, 207-8, 210, 212-14, 217-19,221, 225, 230-31, 233, 246-47, 251-57, 259,262, 266-67, 275-78, 281, 283-84, 286-87,303, 306-8, 310, 316-23, 325-29, 331, 333-34, 339, 341-43, 357. Also seeAustria-Hungary(Dual Monarchy)

haiduks, 178-79harem, 106, 110, 174-75Hatti Hümayun: of Gülhane (1839), 239-40, 250;

of 1856, 241-42, 250Hellenization, 9, 32, 37, 82, 182, 221, 243-44, 297,

300, 344Helsinki Final Act (1975), 434Herakleios (Byzantine emperor), 29, 30, 31Hercegovina, 4, 54, 101, 121, 155, 201-2, 255-60,

262-63, 280. Also see Hum and ZahumljeHercegovinians, 257, 306heretics (heresies), 28, 50, 51, 62, 69, 76, 82, 106,

108, 147, 154-55. Also see Bogomilism andThree Language Heresy

Hesychism, 92, 108Hilandar Monastery, 83, 209Hilendarski, Paisii, 209-10, 243Hitler, Adolf, 355-59, 372, 388Holy Roman Empire, 38, 41, 70, 107, 148, 190.

Also see Franks, kingdom ofHoxha, Enver, 367, 375-76, 384,404,407-11,426,

440

Hrebeljanovid, Lazar, 110-11Hum (Zahumlje), 54, 56, 58, 66, 76, 77, 82, 89Hungarians (Magyars), 7, 9, 12, 16, 41, 46, 49, 52,

53, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 75-80, 83-84,88-89, 91, 94, 107-9, 111, 113, 115-18, 120-21, 123, 154, 160, 196-200, 202-4, 217, 254,256, 284, 307, 319, 322, 329, 332, 334, 338,341-43, 353-54, 357-58, 407, 412, 414-15,425-26, 430, 432, 437-38

Hungary, 6, 61, 65, 68, 74, 75-82, 86, 88, 99, 107,112-15, 118-19, 121-23, 138, 171, 196-200,202, 204, 217-18, 328-31, 333-34, 337, 340-41, 343, 356-58, 373, 407-9, 411-13, 425-26,436-38. Also see Austria-Hungary (Dual Mon-archy)

Hunyadi, János, 116-18, 120Iapi, 173, 228, 231-32, 326Ignatiev, Nicholas, 245, 253, 260Iliescu, Ion, 438Ilinden Uprising (1903), 302Illyrian Movement (Croatian), 198-99, 306Illyrian Provinces, 197-98, 316Illyrians, 8, 9, 23, 24, 32, 33, 199, 305immigrants (immigration), 301-2, 344-45, 348-49,

353, 355industialism (industrialization, industrialists), 169-

70, 191, 194, 225, 240, 277-79, 281, 292-93,345, 352-54, 374, 381-86, 408, 410, 412, 417-18, 422, 426, 434, 437

industries and crafts, 13, 77, 129, 135, 141, 160,167, 169, 225, 292-93, 308, 316, 346, 353,374, 376, 384-85, 394, 399, 406, 408, 411,417-21, 428, 434-35, 438

inflation, 164, 169, 173, 204, 389, 397, 399, 423-24, 438

Innocent III (pope), 69, 70, 71, 76Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

(IMRO), 299-302, 309, 313, 340, 344, 348-49, 355, 372, 430, 440

Ioannidis, Dimitrios, 397Ioannina, 116, 180, 221Ionian Islands, 8, 180, 226, 253, 358Irene (Byzantine empress), 36-37Iron Guard (Legion of the Archangel Michael)

(Romanian), 355-56, 370irredentism (revisionism), 337, 343, 351, 355-56Islam, 13, 15, 31, 36, 99, 102-4, 114, 122, 124-25,

127, 130-36, 139-40, 142, 144-45, 148-49,151-56, 169, 205, 208, 235, 238-39, 241-42,250, 254-55, 260-61, 279, 288-89, 303, 314,317, 338, 427-28, 431, 442

Istanbul, 7, 119, 133, 147-49, 155-56, 159, 172,175-78, 181, 207-8, 215, 219, 224, 231, 235-36, 242, 244-45, 250, 253, 255, 260, 264-65,285, 300, 310, 314, 334-36, 344, 354, 395;Conference (1876), 260-62. Also see Constan-tinople

Istria, 12, 23, 197, 307, 322, 333, 350, 374Isvolsky, Alexander, 310

462 THE BALKANS

Italians, 7, 12, 107, 162, 195, 199-200, 225, 274,280, 304-6, 313, 322-23, 325-26, 328-29,335-36, 341, 350, 352, 357-58, 388, 408, 411

Italy, 15, 22-24, 28, 33, 43, 51, 57-58, 62, 86, 116,121-22, 155, 203, 219, 225, 228, 231, 281,284, 304, 312-13, 325-26, 329-30, 333, 335340, 343, 345, 350-52, 354-58, 374-75, 388,405, 410

Ivailo (Bulgarian tsar), 84Izetbegovid, Alija, 440Jagiello, Wladislaw I, 116-17Janissaries, 105-6, 125, 127-29, 131, 140, 157, 170-

71, 173-78, 181, 202, 213-14, 217, 235-37Jelacid, Josip, 199Jews, 7, 11, 42, 108, 132-35, 141-42, 147-49, 155,

284, 289, 297, 355-56, 358-59, 375, 389Judaism, 114, 132Justinian I the Great (Byzantine emperor), 24, 26-

28, 119Justinian II (Byzantine emperor), 35-36, 47kadis, 125, 131, 133, 141, 166, 174Kálmán I (Hungarian king), 65Kaloyan (Bulgarian tsar), 67, 68, 71-72, 73, 83Kantakouzenos, John VI, 92-94Karadjordjevid, Aleksandr I, 217-18Karadjordjevid, Aleksandr II (I), 329, 333, 339-41Karadjordjevid, Pavel, 341, 357Karadjordjevid, Petr I, 283, 291, 308, 311, 317-18,

325, 329Karadjordjevid, Petr II, 341, 357, 372-74Karadzid, Vuk, 201-2, 306Karamanlis, Constantine, 394-96, 398-400, 402Karavelov, Lyuben, 263Kardelj, Edvard, 406Kavala, 315, 321, 324, 358Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 309, 325, 335-37, 343Khrushchev, Nikita, 367, 406-10, 412, 421Kievan Rus’, 52, 54, 150Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, 329, 332-

34, 338-40, 343-45, 348, 350-51, 353. Also seeYugoslavia

klephts, 178Knin, 59, 439-40Kogalniceanu, Mihail, 232Kolokotronis, Theodore, 222Komnenos, Alexios I, 62-64Komnenos, Manuel I, 66, 69, 76, 82Komnenos, Theodore Angelos Doukas, 72-73Kopitar, Bartolomej (Jernej), 202, 276Koraïs, Adamantios, 207Korosec, Anton, 327, 329Kosovo, 63, 83, 93, 111, 115, 118, 179, 280, 297,

304-5, 313-14, 323, 328-29, 333, 339, 350-51, 358, 374-75, 426, 432-33, 439-40, 442

Kotromanid, Stjepan, 76-77Koundouriotis, George, 222Krajina (Serbian enclave), 439-40Kresimir III (Croatian king), 59

Kresimir IV, Petr, 60Krizanid, Juraj, 198Krum (Bulgar han), 38-39, 40, 47Kuber (Bulgar han), 33, 34, 35Kubrat (Bulgar han), 33, 34Kulin (Bosnian ban), 76Kupi, Abaz, 375Kyuchuk Kainardzha Treaty (1774), 172, 230, 253landholding and distribution/reform, 11, 23-24,

68, 71, 78, 89, 94, 126, 136-39, 153, 155, 157-58, 165-66, 169, 173-74, 178-79, 181-82,192, 197, 220, 223, 225, 227, 232-33, 246,255, 257, 288, 290-92, 317, 323, 340, 343-45,347, 350-55, 370, 386

language(s): vernacular and administrative, 8-9, 14,15-16, 23, 32, 40-43, 66, 78, 89, 93, 134, 144,146, 149-50, 162, 178, 182, 187, 194, 196-98,200, 202, 204-7, 209-10, 226-27, 238, 243-44, 246, 258, 275, 297-98, 301, 303-7, 317,342, 344-46, 348, 351-52, 427-28, 430; liter-ary and devotional, 15-16, 27, 34, 37, 42, 46,60, 67, 145, 149, 162, 198, 201-2, 205-7, 209,224, 238, 244, 258, 304, 430-32. Also seeChurch Slavic

Laskaris, John IV, 73-74Laskaris, Theodore I, 71, 72Laskaris, Theodore II, 73Latin Empire, 71-74, 82, 86Latins, 23, 69-74, 80-82, 84-87, 106, 369Lausanne Treaty (1923), 330, 336-37, 343-44Lazarevid, Stefan, 111-15, 150League of Nations, 330, 332, 335, 337, 343-44,

347-48Lekapena, Maria, 50Lekapenos, Romanos I, 47, 48, 50Lenin, Vladimir, 327, 330, 335, 347, 380, 382-83,

385, 435Leopold I (Habsburg emperor), 172, 200, 202-3Levski, Vasil, 263Little Entente, 343Ljubljana, 6, 333London, 222, 264, 357, 388; Conference (1912),

314, 323; Convention (1877), 264; Protocol(1830), 222-23, 249;Treaty (1915), 322, 329,335

Lukanov, Andrei, 437Lupu, Vasile, 159Luxemburg, Sigismund I of, 112-13, 115Lyon Catholic church council and union, 86-88Macedonia, 5, 7-9, 17, 22-23, 32-34, 37, 39-40, 44,

46, 50, 53-56, 58, 60-62, 68-69, 71-74, 81, 85,88, 90-93, 101, 109-12, 115, 180, 207, 223,242, 245, 265-67, 273, 280, 282, 284, 286,296-302, 304, 306, 308-15, 318-19, 321-23,326, 328-29, 333, 339, 346-50, 356-59, 371,374, 388, 390-92, 402, 426, 429-31, 437, 439-40, 442

Macedonian Question, 297-302, 427

INDEX 463

Macedonians, 45, 111, 134, 144, 273, 297-302,306, 326, 332, 338, 340-41, 348-49, 353, 355,358, 390-92, 401, 427-31, 442

Macek, Vladko, 357MacGahan, Januarius A., 264Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan), 180, 215-16, 222-

23, 236-38Makarios III (Cypriot metropolitan/president),

395-97Malinov, Aleksandur, 328Maniu, Iuliu, 354manufacturing, 5,160-61,169, 225, 240, 249, 283,

292, 294, 384, 418, 422, 434Maoism, 409-10, 417, 420, 422, 426-27Maritsa River, 2, 3, 22, 109, 337Marko (Kralj) (Serbian prince), 109-12Markos (Vafiadis), 390Marshall Plan (1948), 380-81, 403Marx, Karl, 381-83, 385, 413Marxism (-Leninism), 330, 368, 381-86, 405, 408-

10, 412, 414, 417-20, 423-25, 434Masina, Draga, 283Maurice (Byzantine emperor), 29Mavrocordat, Nicholae, 182Mavrokordatos, Alexander, 222Mediterranean Sea, 1, 2, 3, 11, 14, 25, 74, 94, 115,

118, 125, 142, 148, 161, 165, 171, 173, 181,206, 216, 221-22, 225, 239, 247-50, 253-54,265, 280, 287, 324-25, 378, 388, 395

Mehmed I (Ottoman sultan), 114-15, 127Mehmed II the Conqueror (Ottoman sultan), 117-

23, 128, 130, 133, 145, 147-48, 154Mehmed V (Ottoman sultan), 310, 335Mehmed Ali, 237, 253mercenaries, 24, 61, 62, 63, 64, 87, 89, 94merchants and traders, 59, 119, 129, 136, 141-43,

146-47, 155, 160, 162-63, 167-69, 181-82,206-7, 209-10, 213, 217, 220, 223, 225, 242-44, 249-50, 252, 263, 297, 301, 376, 394

Metaxas, John, 345-46, 357, 388-89, 396Michael III (Byzantine emperor), 41, 42, 43Micu (Klain), Ion Inocentiu, 203middle class(es) (bourgeoisie),168-69,191-93,196,

205, 209-10, 213-14, 217, 225, 229, 243-44,262-63, 275-76, 282, 288-92, 295, 298, 322,347, 350, 376, 393, 419, 424

Midhat Papa, Ahmed Pefik, 244-46, 261, 308, 310Mihai I (Romanian king), 356, 359, 369-71, 437Mihai the Brave (Wallachian voievod), 158Mihailovid, Dragoljub (Draza), 359, 372-74Mihajlo (Zetan prince), 58-59, 62Miladinov brothers (Konstantin and Dimitur), 298millet,133-36,139,144-52,155,177-78,181, 200,

205, 208, 211, 239, 241-42, 244-45, 249, 257,260-62, 279, 289, 297-98, 303, 317, 431, 442;Armenian (GregorianMonophysite)Christian,134, 147, 155, 242; Jewish, 133-34, 147-48,242; Orthodox Christian, 133-34, 142, 145-47, 149-50, 176-78, 181, 205-9, 220-21, 224,

242-45, 257, 297-98; Protestant, 242; RomanArmenian, 242; Roman Catholic, 242, 254

Milosevid, Slobodan, 384, 438-40Milutin, Stefan Uros II, 85, 88-90mining (mines, miners), 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 76, 77, 88,

115, 120, 140, 161, 163, 167, 209, 294, 308,316, 384, 438

minorities, 9, 12, 17, 256, 278, 284, 295, 310, 332,337, 341-44, 355, 367, 414-15, 419-21, 425-28, 432-33, 437, 439, 442

Mircea the Old (Wallachian voievod), 112-15, 156Mladenov, Petur, 436Mœsia, 29, 33, 34, 35, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 67Moldavia, 6, 9, 75, 78, 79-80, 101, 114, 121-22,

156-60, 172, 182-83, 207, 210, 221, 226-29,231-32, 251, 326, 413, 415

monasteries (monasticism), 44-45, 46, 50-51, 52,68, 76, 79, 82-83, 94, 119, 146, 149-50, 152,154, 159, 177, 201, 203, 209, 215, 224, 232,252, 291, 351, 420

Monemvasia, 81, 85, 90Mongol-Tatars (Mongols), 12, 73, 75, 78, 79, 84-

85, 101, 113-14, 250Montenegrins, 110, 144, 257-59, 262, 265-66,

281, 289, 303, 305, 314, 323, 326, 329, 338,408, 432

Montenegro, 6-7, 8, 17, 54, 109, 121-22, 188, 219,255, 257-60, 265-66, 273, 281, 289, 304-5,311, 313-14, 320, 325-26, 329, 339, 358, 373-74, 430, 439-40. Also see Zeta

Montferrat, Boniface di, 69-70, 71, 72Morava River, 2, 7, 22, 23, 88Moravia (Great), 40, 41-42, 43, 60Morea, 81-82, 90, 93, 101, 107-8, 112, 115, 117-

20, 171-72, 180. Also see Achaia andPeloponnese

Moscow, 378, 381, 391, 435;Note (1944), 378-80,389

MountAthos, 52, 82-83, 86, 92, 150, 201, 207, 209Mrnjavcevid, Vukasin, 109-10Murad I (Ottoman sultan), 108-11, 127Murad II (Ottoman sultan), 114-18, 121, 128Muraviev, Konstantin, 371Mürzseg Program (1903), 302, 310Musa (Ottoman prince), 113-14Muslims, 30, 32, 57, 69, 103, 114, 118-19, 122,

124, 127-36, 140-42, 144-45, 149, 151-57,169, 173, 180-81, 208, 210-11, 221-22, 237,239, 241-42, 246, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263-65,279, 284, 289, 297, 303-4, 312, 317, 321, 329,332, 338, 340-41, 344, 350, 357-58, 402, 427-28, 431, 436, 439-40, 442

Mussolini, Benito, 346, 352, 354, 356-57Mustafa IV (Ottoman sultan), 235-36Mystikos, Nicholas, 46-47Mystras, 81-82, 85, 120Napoleon I (Bonaparte), 161, 180, 197, 206-7,

213-14, 235, 242, 248, 251, 253, 316Napoleon III (Louis Bonaparte), 195, 229-31, 277

464 THE BALKANS

Napoleonic wars (1799-1815), 180, 193-94, 197,220, 248, 252-54

Narodna Odbrana, 317-19nation, 9, 134, 189-90, 192-97, 202-5, 210, 275-

79, 330, 431, 433, 439nation-state(s), 13, 187-88, 273-74, 276-77, 279-

81, 293, 296-97, 307, 309-10, 312, 315, 317,322-23, 330-32, 337-38, 342, 392, 408, 425,433, 439

national (governing) assemblies and parliaments,226-27, 232, 261, 284-86, 324, 327, 329, 335,339-41, 345, 350, 370-72,400,406,436,441.Also see parliament(s), skupstina (Serbiannational assembly) and subranie (Bulgariannational assembly)

National Salvation Front (NSF) (Romanian), 437-38

National Society (Greek), 301nationalism, 8, 13, 187, 189-90, 193-97, 200, 205,

208, 219, 234, 239, 247, 249-50, 252-53, 255,258, 276, 278, 299, 301, 303-4, 306, 308, 315,330-32, 334, 337, 377, 392-94, 399, 411-14,419, 422, 424-26, 429-33, 435, 438-39, 442;civic, 189, 193-94, 196, 210, 218, 220, 276-78, 310-11, 324, 327-39, 341, 345, 352, 354-56, 368, 371-73, 376;Romantic (ethno-), 187,189, 195-98, 200-3, 205-12, 220, 227-29,239, 242-44, 246-47, 250, 252, 254, 260-61,273, 275-77, 279-80, 303-4, 309, 317, 340,348, 358, 367, 388, 399, 408, 414, 424, 427,429-33, 435, 439, 443; nation-state, 273, 277-80, 289, 295-96, 302, 316, 330-31, 416, 442

nationalists (nationalist movements), 8, 11, 53, 65,130, 144, 151, 179, 188, 196-204, 206-10,212, 214, 216-21, 223-29, 242-45, 248, 250,252, 254-59, 262-63, 266-67, 273, 275-77,279-88, 294, 296-302, 304-15, 317, 319, 321-23, 328-29, 334-36, 339-44, 347-48, 350-51,353-57, 359, 367, 369, 372-73, 377, 386, 388,390, 392-93, 395, 397, 399-402, 405, 412-14,423, 427-33, 436, 439-40, 442-43

nationality (-ies), 196, 261, 306, 328, 332, 348,373, 429, 431, 433

Nazami Cedid, 235Nazis (National Socialists), 12, 274, 278, 338, 349,

356, 359, 370-71Nedid, Milan, 358Nemanja, Stefan I, 66, 68, 82-84Nemanja, Stefan II, 71, 83-84Nicæa, 71-74, 80, 83; Council (325), 25-26, 116Nicæans, 71, 73, 74, 80-81Nicholas I (pope), 43Nicholas I (Russian tsar), 226, 228, 230, 234, 253Nikephoros I (Byzantine emperor), 37, 39, 47Nikopol, 35, 112-13Nis, 22, 23, 66, 83, 110-11, 114, 117, 325; Decla-

ration (1914), 325Noli, Fan, 350-51Normans, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70

North AtlanticTreatyOrganization (NATO), 381,388, 392, 394-98, 400-2, 433, 442

Novi Pazar (and Sandjak), 62, 266, 279-80, 282,313

Obradovid, Dositej (Dimitrije), 201Obrenovid, Aleksandr, 282-83, 291, 308, 317Obrenovid, Mihajlo, 217-19, 255-56, 291Obrenovid, Milan, 256-57, 281-82, 291Obrenovid, Milos, 214-18, 223Odessa, 181, 207, 210, 220, 328Oguzes, 11, 62, 79Ohrid, 22, 40, 44, 53, 58, 59, 67, 91Ohridski, Kliment, 44, 46Omurtag (Bulgar han), 39, 40Organic Regulations (Romanian), 227-28Orhan I (Ottoman emir/sultan), 94, 103, 107-8,

127Osman I (Ottoman emir), 102Osman II (Ottoman sultan), 162, 175Otto (Othon) I (Greek king), 223-26Ottoman Empire (the Ottomans/Osmanli), 2, 3, 8,

11-13, 20, 100, 119-46, 148-82, 187-88, 197,200-2, 204-8, 210-31, 234-67, 273, 275-76,279-92, 294, 296-99, 301-6, 308-15, 320-25,328, 330-32, 334-37, 342-43, 347, 350, 369,372, 393-94, 413, 428, 431, 433, 441-42

Pacta Conventa (1102), 65Palaiologos, Andronicus II, 88-91Palaiologos, Andronicus III, 90-92Palaiologos, Constantine XI, 119Palaiologos, John V, 92-94, 108, 110Palaiologos, John VIII, 106, 116-17Palaiologos, Manuel II, 112-13Palaiologos, Michael VIII, 73-74, 80-81, 84-87, 89Pangalos, Theodore, 345Panhellenic SocialistMovement (PASOK) (Greek),

400-2Pannonia (PannonianPlain), 6-7, 29-30, 33, 38-39,

46, 49, 52-53, 200, 333Panslavs (Panslavism), 218, 252, 255-56, 258, 262,

265, 276, 306papacy (pope[s]), 42, 50, 58-60, 62-63, 65, 69-70,

72-73, 76, 83, 86, 107, 116, 120, 122, 155,158, 190

Papadopoulos, George, 397Papagos, Alexander, 392, 394-95Papandreou, Andreas, 396, 400-1Papandreou, George, 389, 396Paris, 207, 227-28, 309, 329; Convention (1858),

231;Treaty (1856), 218, 230-31, 241, 254-55;Treaty (1947), 371-72, 374, 376, 380

partisans (Communist) and resistance movements,359, 367, 369, 371-78, 386, 389, 404-5, 407,428-30

Pasid, Nikola, 282, 307, 318, 322, 329, 339-40pastoralism (pastoralists), 5, 6, 8, 32, 35, 78, 104,

202, 227, 258, 289, 304Pasvanoglu Osman Papa, 180, 207, 209, 213-14Patras, 37, 120, 221

INDEX 465

patriarchates and patriarchs: Constantinople(Greek), 26, 40, 42-43, 53, 59, 67, 70, 79-80,86, 92, 133, 145-46, 148, 160, 176-78, 181,206, 216, 224, 229, 242-45, 297-98, 303-4,306, 344; Istanbul (Armenian/GregorianMonophysite), 134, 147-48, 155; Nicæa, 73,83; Ohrid (Bulgarian), 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58,67, 83, 145-46, 177-78, 206, 209, 296; Ped(Serbian), 93, 110, 146, 150, 177-79, 200,206, 208, 351; Turnovo (Bulgarian), 67-68,71, 73, 108, 146, 150. Also see Rome/Vatican

Paul I (Greek king), 393, 396Pavelid, Ante, 340, 358peasants (peasantry), 11, 51, 63-64, 67-68, 78, 84,

92, 94, 103-4, 114, 137-39, 146, 149, 152-53,157-61, 166-68, 170, 173, 176, 178, 181, 183,193-94, 202-3, 208, 210, 215-16, 220-21,225-27, 229, 232-33, 243-44, 246, 255-57,263, 288-92, 294-95, 297, 317, 323, 343, 345,347, 353-55, 370, 377, 386, 405, 420, 440

Pechenegs, 11, 46, 47, 52, 61, 63, 79Peleponnese, 2, 5, 8, 30, 37, 54, 71, 74, 80-82, 85,

90-91, 93, 108, 112, 117, 207, 221-23, 357.Also see Achaia and Morea

Peter I the Great (Russian tsar), 172, 182, 234, 251-52, 420

Petkov, Nikola, 372Petrovid, Danilo I, 258Petrovid, Djordje (Karadjordje), 213-15Petrovid, Nikola (Nikita) I, 257-58, 326Petrovid-Njegos, Petr II, 258Petur I (Bulgarian tsar), 50-52Phanariotes, 148-49, 160, 181-83, 205-8, 210, 220-

23, 226, 342, 413Pherraios (Velestinlis), Rhigas, 207Philharmonic Society (Romanian), 227-28Philike hetairia, 207, 220-21, 226Phokas, Nikephoros II, 52Photios (Greek patriarch), 43Pig War (1906-11), 283, 311Pindos Mountains, 2, 5, 22, 72, 80Pirin Mountains, 315, 348Pliska, 34, 44, 45Ploiepti, 356, 359Plovdiv, 31, 68, 86, 286Poland (and Poles), 11, 16, 79-80, 107, 121, 138,

148, 157-58, 171-72, 228, 248, 341, 355, 378,407-8, 411, 436

Pomaks, 156, 244, 427population exchanges, 337, 344-45Posveta, 317Potsdam Conference (1945), 379-80Pozarevac Treaty (1718), 172Praxis Group (Communist Yugoslav), 423Preslav, 45, 46, 52, 53, 68Prilep, 109-11Princip, Gavril, 318-19Prizren, 305; Republic (1921), 351Prohor Pocinjski (St.) Monastery, 428-29

pronoia, 64, 67, 89, 105, 126Prussia (and Prussians), 172, 193-94, 197, 219,

230-31, 237, 251-52, 254, 277Prut River, 2, 6, 10, 11, 80, 369Radid, Stjepan, 340, 354Radoslavov, Vasil, 321, 328railroads, 240, 282, 285-87, 293, 308, 316, 320,

350Rajid, Jovan, 201Rapallo Treaty (1920), 333Raska, 54, 58, 65, 66, 75, 82-83RedArmy (Soviet), 359, 367, 369-72, 376, 378-81,

407Red Guards (Albanian), 409reforms (and reformers), 31, 63, 89, 228-29, 232-

47, 249-50, 254-55, 257, 260-61, 290, 303,308-9, 312, 327, 333, 340-43, 350, 352-53,359, 370, 401, 406, 414, 417, 421-23, 434-35,437-38, 440

refugees, 24, 40, 179, 200, 210, 257, 298, 321, 325,347, 349, 351, 427, 442

Reichstadt Agreement (1876), 259, 262, 266Repid Papa, Mustafa, 238, 246Revolutions of 1848-49, 187, 195-96, 199, 204,

212, 217, 228-29, 252, 254, 256, 276-77, 304,306

Rhodope Mountains, 2, 4, 69, 155-56, 427Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact (1939), 356Rijeka, 333, 335Rilski, Ivan, 51Ristid, Jovan, 256-58, 282Robert College, 264Roman Empire (Western Empire), 3, 9, 13, 14-15,

19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 34, 203, 250Romania, 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 188, 219, 227-29, 232-

33, 263-66, 273-74, 280, 283-84, 288-91,293, 295, 301, 314-15, 321-23, 326-29, 332-34, 341-43, 352, 355-59, 369-71, 378-79,383-84, 386, 403-4, 408, 410-15, 418-20,422, 424-26, 437-38

Romanian (Danubian) Principalities, 78, 99, 122,157-60, 172-73, 176, 182-83, 204, 206-7,210, 215, 221-23, 226-27, 230-32, 369. Alsosee Moldavia and Wallachia

Romanians, 9, 45, 75, 78, 117, 134, 144, 156-57,159, 182, 187, 205-6, 210, 221, 226-33, 265,275, 279-80, 282-84, 289, 291, 295, 301, 314-15, 322, 326-29, 341-43, 353-54, 356, 359,369-70, 411-15, 425; Transylvanian, 116,202-4, 210, 212, 230, 284, 322, 328-29, 334,341-42, 437-38, 441

RomanticMovement (Romanticism), 194-95, 202,222, 256, 275-76, 279, 369

Rome/Vatican, 26, 28, 42, 49, 72, 122, 154, 203,208, 341, 397, 414

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 378-79Russia, 3, 11, 13, 27, 49, 67, 150, 157, 171-73, 181-

82, 187, 193-95, 200-1, 206-8, 210, 212, 214-25, 227-30, 232, 234, 237, 239, 244-45, 247-

466 THE BALKANS

60, 262, 276-77, 279, 281-87, 289, 298, 302,310-11, 313-15, 320-21, 323, 325-28, 330,335, 341, 356, 369, 382-83, 385, 394, 413,420, 424. Also see Kievan Rus’ and SovietUnion (USSR; the Soviets)

Russians, 7, 12, 16, 45, 68, 172, 180-82, 201, 209-10, 220, 224, 226-31, 248-50, 252-55, 258,265, 267, 276, 281, 283-85, 287, 308, 311,313, 317, 320, 322, 326-27, 339-41, 353-54,356, 369-70, 372, 376, 382-83, 403, 412-13,430, 442

Russo-Turkish wars, 251; of 1806-7, 214; of 1809,214; of 1828-29, 215, 237, 289; of 1877-78,262-67, 284, 308

Ruthenians, 12, 79, 341Safarík, Pavel, 276Samuil (Bulgarian tsar), 53-56, 58San Stefano Treaty (1878), 265-67, 280-81, 284,

286, 304-5, 315, 326Sandanski, Jane, 300-2Sarajevo, 4, 125, 155, 181, 273, 316, 318-19, 330,

404Sava (Rastko) (Serbian saint), 82-83Sava River, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 179Scholarios, Gennadios, 145Schuyler, Eugene, 264Pekvet Papa, Mahmud, 310Selim I the Grim (Ottoman sultan), 122-23, 128,

133, 155Selim III (Ottoman sultan), 180, 213-14, 235-36,

258Seljuks, 58, 63-64, 92, 101-3, 105, 116, 126, 135Serbia, 6-8, 12, 17, 39-40, 47-50, 54, 56, 60, 65,

71, 74-76, 79, 82-94, 99, 101, 108-12, 115,117-18, 120-21, 146-47, 150, 160-61, 172,174, 179-80, 188, 213, 215-19, 223, 230, 237,246, 254-60, 263, 265-66, 273, 279-83, 286,289, 291, 293, 297-99, 301-2, 304, 308, 311,313-22, 325-29, 333, 339-40, 351, 358, 372-74, 427, 430, 432-33, 438-40. Also see Raskaand Zeta

SerbianRevolutions (1804-1830), 180, 187, 201-2,213-15, 239, 247, 252

Serbo-Croat coalition (Habsburg), 311, 317, 319,325, 327

Serbs, 30, 38-40, 45, 47-50, 57, 62-64, 66, 69, 76-77, 82, 84, 90-94, 106, 109-14, 117-18, 120,132, 134, 142, 144-45, 154, 179, 200-2, 206,208-9, 212-19, 245, 250, 255, 257-59, 262,265, 267, 279-83, 286, 289, 292, 296-301,303-4, 306-8, 311, 313-15, 322-29, 333, 338-41, 348, 351, 353-54, 357-59, 372, 375, 408,427, 429-33, 439-40, 442; Habsburg militaryborder Serbs, 200-2, 208, 213-14, 217-18,252, 254, 316-20

serfs (serfdom), 24, 68, 94, 138, 157, 159, 161, 181,210, 232

Periat, 105, 125, 130-33, 141, 149Serres, 72, 109, 112

Shatorov, Sharlo, 428Shishman, Ivan, 108-12Shishman, Mihail, 88-89, 91Shkodër, 58, 304, 314Sicilian Vespers (1282), 82, 87Sicily, 28, 62, 70, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 90, 304Silistra, 35, 53, 56, 180, 283Simeon I (Bulgarian tsar), 45-47, 48, 49, 50Simeon II (Bulgarian king), 371-72Simonis (Byzantine princess), 88-89sipahilik,126, 129, 136-37, 143, 153, 165-67, 173-

75, 178sipahis, 125-26, 128, 137, 140, 152, 165-66, 173,

176, 178, 181, 213Skanderbeg (George Kastriotis), 116-18, 120-21,

304Skopje, 5, 55, 56, 58, 63, 88-89, 93, 430skupstina, 215-19slaves (slavery) (Ottoman), 105-6, 124, 127-30,

167, 173-75Slavonia, 4, 5, 33, 39, 49, 59, 60, 61, 66, 147, 198,

200-1, 252, 307, 329, 339, 358, 430, 439-40Slavophiles (Russian), 252-53, 256, 258, 383Slavs, 8-9, 15, 19, 21, 28-39, 44-45, 50, 58, 60, 72,

75, 81, 83, 162-63, 198-99, 201-2, 208, 210,216, 219, 242, 249-50, 252-53, 255-56, 265,283, 289, 297-98, 300, 306, 308-9, 326, 328,333, 340, 344, 348, 358, 369-70, 383, 390-93,396, 400-2, 408, 427-28, 430-32, 434, 439,442; South, 7, 9, 10, 30, 198, 201, 218, 256-59, 306-7, 311, 317, 325, 327, 329, 333, 338-39, 429

Slovenes, 13, 197, 199-200, 202, 276, 306, 325,327, 329, 332-33, 338-39, 357, 373, 430, 432

Slovenia, 6, 12, 38, 197-98, 307, 325, 329, 333,339, 358, 374, 430, 439-40

Smederevo, 115, 120socialismand socialists, 302, 352-53, 359, 367, 375,

380, 384-85, 389-90, 392, 396, 400-1, 403,405-6, 412-13, 417, 422, 425, 436-37, 439,441

Society of Liberty (Turkish), 309Society of St. Sava (Serbian), 301Sofia, 4, 22, 31, 54, 55, 66, 110, 114, 117, 125,

284-85, 287, 299-301, 348-49, 359, 436Sokollu ((Sokolovid), Mehmed, 146Soviet Union (USSR; the Soviets), 278, 336, 351,

356-59, 367, 369-75, 378-86, 389-92, 395,399, 401, 403-9, 411-19, 421-22, 424-26,428-29, 433-36, 438. Also see Russia

Sporazum (1939), 357Sremski Karlovci, 200-1, 208; Treaty (1699), 171,

200Stalin, Joseph, 367, 372-74, 378-83, 391, 403-6,

408, 411, 416, 421, 423-25, 427, 429Stalinism, 367, 382, 384-85, 408, 410, 412, 414-

16, 421-22, 424Stamboliiski, Aleksandur, 328, 334, 347-49, 353-

54

INDEX 467

Stambolov, Stefan, 286-87, 291, 299, 302Starcevid, Ante, 307Ptefan the Great (Moldavian voievod), 121-22, 157Stepinac, Alois, 374Stone, Ellen, 300Straits, 74, 117, 247, 251, 254, 264-66, 310, 321,

325, 335-37. Also see Bosphorus Strait andDardanelles Strait

Stratsimir, Ivan, 108-9, 111-13Strossmayer, Josip, 199, 256, 306-7, 339Sturdza, Mihai, 227-28subranie, 285-86Suceava, 80, 122Süleyman I theMagnificent (Ottoman sultan), 123-

24, 128, 146, 164, 174Supplex libellus Valachorum (1790) (Romanian),

204Svetoslav, Teodor (Bulgarian tsar), 85, 89Svishtov, 172; Treaty (1791), 213Svyatoslav (Kievan prince), 52-53Székelys, 202, 332, 341Taigetos Mountains, 2, 5, 81Talvj, Therese Albertine Louise von, 276Tanzimat (and group), 238-42, 244-47, 249-50,

254, 260, 290, 303, 308, 310Tatarescu, Gheorghe, 370taxes (taxation) and tariffs (duties), 24, 31, 51, 56,

58, 60, 67, 89, 105, 125-27, 134, 136-39, 142-43, 146, 153, 156, 157, 159, 165-68, 173, 175-78, 181, 183, 191, 198, 204, 213, 215, 219,232, 238, 239-41, 246, 249, 255, 261, 289,293-94, 353, 376, 386, 410, 423, 435; Otto-man discriminatory, 132-33, 137, 151, 153,246, 261, 346-47, 349

tax farmers (farms, farming),137,165-67,176,181,239-42, 246, 255

Tepedenli Ali Papa, 180, 221terrorists and terrorism, 299-300, 309, 317-18, 340,

348, 372, 375, 380, 401, 431Terter, Georgi I, 84-85Tervel (Bulgar han), 35-36, 47themes, 31, 35, 37, 61Thessaloniki, 11, 22-23, 31, 32, 35, 37, 41, 52, 54,

66, 67, 71-73, 80-81, 85, 88, 90-94, 108, 110,113-15, 148, 181, 265, 297, 300, 309, 313-14,323-28, 354, 357, 388

Thessaly, 5, 37, 54, 55, 60, 62, 71, 72, 74, 80, 85-87, 90-91, 93, 101, 109, 112, 207, 223-24,280, 287-88

Third Rome Theory (Russian), 250-52Thrace, 4-5, 9, 11, 22, 29, 31, 36-37, 39-40, 46-47,

50-51, 53-54, 61-62, 67-69, 71-74, 81, 85-86,89-94, 101, 107-9, 111, 119, 155, 179, 245,265, 267, 280, 300, 313-15, 321, 324, 334-37,343-44, 346-47, 349, 358, 371, 388, 401-2

Thracians, 9, 23, 33, 35Three Language Heresy, 42Timipoara, 437-38Timurlenk (Tamerlane) (Mongol-Tatar han), 113

Tiranë, 4, 350-51, 375, 411, 441; First Treaty(1926), 351; Second Treaty (1927), 352

Tito (Broz), Josip, 359, 367, 369, 372-76, 378, 384,390-91, 395, 403-8, 410-12, 419, 421, 423,427-33, 438-39

Tito-Stalin split (1948), 391, 404-6, 408, 411, 425,427, 429

Titoism, 417, 421-23Tökés, László, 437Tomasevid, Stefan, 121Tomislav (Croatian king), 48-49Topal Osman Papa, 246, 255Toptani, Esat, 323, 350trade and commerce, 5, 11, 21-23, 31, 35-36, 39,

46, 51, 59, 62, 74, 76-77, 86, 88, 90, 103, 114-15, 118-19, 122, 129, 133, 136, 138, 140-42,148-49, 155, 159-65, 168-69, 173, 181, 205,207-8, 210, 220 223, 227, 240-41, 243, 248-49, 253-54, 278, 282-83, 290, 292-93, 346-47, 352, 355-56, 384, 393, 410-12, 415, 423,426; mercantile, 13, 148, 155, 169-70, 191,249

Transnistria, 358Transylvania, 6, 9, 12, 39, 53, 78, 79, 115-16, 158,

171, 182, 202-4, 210, 226, 322-23, 326, 328-29, 332-34, 341-43, 352, 356, 371, 413-15,420, 425-26, 437-38

Transylvanian Question, 341, 343, 356, 425Travnik, 155, 181Trieste, 374, 405Trpimirovid, Zvonimir, 60, 65Truman Doctrine, 380, 390Truman, Harry S., 379-80, 390Trumbid, Ante, 325, 339Tsaldaris, Constantine, 390, 394Tudjman, Franjo, 439-40Turkey, 3, 7, 337, 343-46, 368, 380-81, 388, 395-

97, 399-402, 405, 427-28Turks, 7, 9-11, 13, 15, 19, 25, 28-30, 33-34, 41,

46, 57, 61, 64, 81, 87, 89-90, 92, 94, 99-118,127-29, 151, 153, 208, 212, 219, 259, 279,285, 297, 309, 335-37, 341, 343, 345, 395-96,399-402, 427-28, 436-37, 439, 442

Turnovo, 67-68, 71, 73, 78, 84, 109-10, 112, 284-85

Tvrtko I (Bosnian ban), 77, 111Tvrtkovid, Tvrtko II, 114-15Tzimiskes, John I, 52-53Ugljesa, Jovan, 109-10Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) (Bulgarian),

436-37United Nations (UN), 374, 396, 440, 442United States (U.S.; America), 277-78, 300, 324,

327, 330-32, 335, 350, 355, 359, 376, 378-81,390-92, 397, 399-403, 405, 407, 410-11, 415,433-34

Urban II (pope), 63urban life and dwellers (urbanization), 23, 31, 51,

77, 92, 101, 103, 139-43, 146-47, 153-55,

468 THE BALKANS

167-68, 170, 178, 191, 205, 208, 215, 227-28, 289-90, 292, 353, 385-86, 394, 411, 414

Uros I, Stefan, 84, 86-87Uros V, Stefan, 93-94, 109-10Ustase, 340-41, 348, 355, 358, 373, 431, 439vakifs, 139, 155, 166-67, 291valis, 173-74, 176Vardar-Morava Highway, 23, 40, 88, 110, 112Vardar River, 2, 5, 7, 23, 110, 112, 430Varna, 35, 117Vatatzes, John III, 72, 73Venelin, Iuri, 276Venetians, 55, 59, 62, 63, 69, 70, 72, 74, 81, 85,

87, 90, 94, 114-15, 117, 119-21, 136, 160, 171-72, 254

Venice, 59, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 86, 88, 94, 107, 113-16, 118-19, 121-22, 155, 158, 160-61, 171, 208

Venizelos, Elevtherios, 288, 291, 311, 324, 327, 334-36, 345, 389, 394

Versailles (Paris) Treaties (1919-20), 273, 316, 329-35, 337-38, 343, 346, 350, 354-55, 357, 379; Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919), 330, 334, 344, 346, 348-49; Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), 330; Sèvres (1920), 330, 335-37, 343; Trianon (1920), 330, 333-34, 341-43, 356; Versailles (1919), 330

Via Egnatia, 22, 64, 86, 110Victor Emmanuel III (Italian king), 352, 355-56Victoria (British queen), 231, 259Vidin, 35, 55, 88-89, 108-9, 111-13, 180, 207Vienna, 99, 123, 171-72, 197, 199, 202-3, 207,

233, 235, 287, 318-19; Congress (1814-15), 194-95, 210, 247-48, 251, 277; Second Award (1940), 356

vilayet, 244-46; Danube, 244-45, 261; Law (1864), 245-46

village communes, 139-40, 213, 215-16, 383Villehardouin, William de, 80-81, 85Vlad I (Wallachian voievod), 113Vladimir I (Kievan prince), 54Vladimirescu, Tudor, 226Vladislav, Ivan, 56Vlahs, 9, 32, 60, 67, 78-79, 297, 301Vlaicu, Vladislav I, 79, 108Vlastimir (Serbian prince), 39, 47Vojislav, Stefan, 57, 58Vojvodina, 7, 12, 147, 179, 200, 213, 252, 307,

329, 333, 358, 374, 430, 432, 439Voulgaris, Evgenios, 206-7Vrachanski, Sofronii (Stoiko Vladislavov), 209-10,

243Vratsa, 209-10Vukan (Raskan prince), 63, 65Vukcid, Stefan, 121Wallachia, 6, 9, 33, 35, 53, 67, 75, 78-80, 101, 108,

110, 112-15, 117-18, 120-22, 156, 158-60,

172, 180, 182-83, 209-10, 226-29, 231-32, 415

Warsaw Pact, 381, 401, 403, 407, 409, 414, 424westerners, 13, 27, 63, 69, 70, 72, 82, 86, 90, 107,

116, 120, 144, 169, 171, 173, 179, 181, 209, 234, 252, 260, 312, 315, 382, 393, 403

westernization, 235, 237-38, 243, 250, 252-53, 260-61, 290, 292-94, 309-10, 312, 335, 342, 353

Westernizers (Russian), 252-53, 383White Hand (Serbian), 340William II (German kaiser), 281, 319, 324Wilson, Woodrow, 327, 330-31, 333, 379workers (working class, proletariat), 382, 384, 386,

405-6, 416-17, 419, 421-23; agricultural, 410; industrial, 372, 405, 415, 420, 424, 433

World War I (1914-18), 267, 273, 308, 315, 316, 320-29, 337, 340, 344, 349-50, 354-55, 427

World War II (1939-45), 12, 274, 337, 341, 351-52, 356-59, 367, 371-72, 376-81, 388-90, 395, 400, 403, 407, 424, 426-31

Yalta Conference (1945), 378-79; Declaration (1945), 378-80

Young Bosnia, 317-18Young Ottomans, 260-61, 308Young Turk Revolution (1908), 273, 308, 310-11Young Turks, 309-10, 312-13, 320-21, 335Ypsilantis, Alexander, 220-21, 226Yugoslav Group, 327, 329, 339Yugoslav London Committee, 325, 327-29, 339Yugoslavia, 2, 6, 17, 274, 307, 311, 340-41, 345,

348-49, 351-52, 357-59, 367, 371-76, 378-79, 381, 383-84, 386, 388, 390, 395, 402-10, 418-19, 422-27, 429-33, 438-40, 442. Also seeKingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

Yugoslavism, 198-200, 218, 256, 302-3, 306-8, 311, 316-18, 339, 432

Yugoslavs (South Slavs), 306-7, 311, 319, 327-29, 333, 339, 349, 359, 369, 375, 391, 404-8, 411, 421, 423, 425-28, 430-31, 433-34, 439-40. Also see Slavs, South

Zadar, 70, 333Zagreb, 4, 197-99, 256, 329, 340, 374Zakhariadis, Nikos, 391Zealots, 92-93Zedong, Mao, 381, 409-10Zervas, Napoleon, 359, 389Zeta, 54, 56-57, 58-59, 62-63, 65-66, 76, 82-83,

109Zhelev, Zhelyu, 436-37Zhivkov, Todor, 384, 422, 425, 428-29, 436Zhivkova, Lyudmila, 422, 429zimmis, 132-33, 135, 137-38, 140-45, 147-49, 151,

153, 155, 160-61, 169-70, 174, 178, 181, 205, 208, 211

Zog (Zogolli/Zogu, Ahmed) I, 350-53, 375