selecting a president part 1: primaries and...

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University of Virginia Center for Politics

SELECTING A PRESIDENT PART 1:

Primaries and Caucuses Purpose: The road to the White House in recent election cycles has become more time

consuming and more expensive than ever before. In the first of two lesson plans

highlighting the presidential selection process, students will explore the importance of

presidential primaries and party caucuses, and debate the pros and cons of each. This

lesson may be used as a stand alone plan or in conjunction with Selecting a President

Part 2: The Nominating Convention and the General Election.

Objectives: 1. Students will identify the stages of presidential selection.

2. Students will learn the difference between a primary and a caucus and the role of

each in the presidential nomination process.

3. Students will investigate methods of selecting presidential delegates, and analyze the

2012 primary and caucus schedule.

4. Students will identify the method of presidential selection employed by their state.

5. Students will analyze political cartoons.

Keywords: caucus closed primary delegate

front-loading general election nominating conventions

open primary primary Super Tuesday

Materials: 1. Student handout: What’s on your pizza?

2. Overhead or student handout: Road to the White House

3. Student handout: Presidential Primaries and Caucuses graphic organizer

4. Supplemental Resource: Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed,

Semi-Closed and “Top Two” (www.fairvote.org/congressional-and-presidential-primaries_open-

closed-semi-closed-and-top-two) 5. Teacher key: Presidential Primaries and Caucuses

6. Overhead: Methods of Selecting Delegates

7. Overhead or student handout: Political Cartoons: Presidential Primaries

8. Map: Methods of Selecting Presidential Delegates by State

9. Map: 2012 Open & Closed Primaries

10. Map: 2012 Primary & Caucus Dates

11. Student handout: 2012 Presidential Primary & Caucus Dates

12. Student handout: Presidential Primary & Caucus Trends in 2012

13. Overhead or student handout: Political Cartoons


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Procedures: 1. Warm-up: What’s on Your Pizza? – Distribute student handout What’s on your

pizza? Ask students to read and answer the questions together with a partner. Discuss

their responses with the class. Ensure that students understand the differences

between the two proposed choices for selecting a pizza.

2. The Stages of Presidential Selection – Pass out and/or project via overhead Road to

the White House. Briefly discuss the four stages involved in the presidential selection

process.

3. So, What are Caucuses and Primaries? – This portion of the lesson exposes

students to the different methods of selecting delegates.

a. Pass out the Presidential Primaries and Caucuses graphic organizer. Then project

via overhead Methods of Selecting Delegates.

b. A great resource to use can be found in Supplemental resource, Congressional

and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed and “Top Two”

c. Go over the important concepts: caucus, primary election, closed and open

primaries.

d. Ask students to brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

e. Project via overhead or pass out the two presidential primaries political cartoons,

and have students address the discussion questions in small groups.

4. The Road to the Presidential Nomination 2012 – Students will explore the methods

for selecting delegates as well as analyze the calendar/dates of the 2012 presidential

primaries and caucuses.

a. Distribute or project the map Methods of Selecting Presidential Delegates by

State. Have students analyze the map and respond to the following questions:

• Which type of nominating method is currently the most popular?

• Why are so few states holding caucuses?

b. Distribute or project the map 2012 Open & Closed Primaries. Students should

analyze the map and respond to the following questions:

• Which type of primary is most common?

• Do you see any geographic patterns in the states and their primary

choices? Any explanation?

c. Distribute the 2012 Presidential Primary & Caucus Dates handout and/or project

The Map of 2012 Primary & Caucus Dates. Break students into small groups to

discuss the questions in the student handout Presidential Primary & Caucus

Trends in 2012.

Hint: Visit the National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS) website and

download the NASS 2012 Presidential Primaries Guide. http://www.nass.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1240

5. Making Connections: What’s My State in 2012? – Using the 2012 Presidential

Primary & Caucus Dates student handout, the Methods of Selecting Presidential


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Delegates handout, and the 2012 Open & Closed Primaries maps, ask students to

determine the method of selecting presidential delegates for their state. See below for

a longer, more detailed activity.

a. Instruct students to go to the The Fast Track Campaign

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

srv/politics/interactives/campaign08/primaries/

b. In addition to the method of choosing delegates, have students identify the

following:

• How many delegates are at stake in the Democratic and Republican primaries

or caucuses?

• Who won the 2008 Democratic primary or caucus?

• Who won the 2008 Republican primary or caucus?

• Who do you think will win the Republican Party’s 2012 primary or caucus in

your state? (If the primary or caucus was already held, students should

identify the winner).

6. Wrap-Up: Analyzing Political Cartoons – Project the political cartoons via

overhead or PowerPoint, and ask students to analyze each cartoon.

a. Describe what’s going on in the political cartoon (Who? What? When? Where?)

b. Identify any symbols (ex: an elephant to represent the Republican Party)

portrayed in the cartoon and analyze what they represent.

c. What is the artist’s message in the cartoon? What do you think is its purpose?

d. Do you agree or disagree with the cartoonist's message? Explain your answer.

e. What does this cartoon tell us about presidential selection in general, and

primaries and/or caucuses in particular?


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Student handout

What’s On Your Pizza?

I. Scenario - Have you ever been with a large group of people trying to order a pizza? The process usually creates

a difficult situation, as individuals want very different things. Imagine your teacher has just told you that she or he

is going to order a pizza for your entire class; however, your teacher presents your class with only two options for

how you will go about choosing what you want on your pizza.

Option 1: You have the choice between a pizza with cheese, a pizza with pepperoni or a pizza with

pineapple. There is no discussion on this matter, just a simple vote. Each member of the class will cast one

vote.

OR

Option 2: You have the opportunity to discuss with your classmates what toppings you would choose for the

pizzas and come to some sort of agreement on your own.

Questions for Discussion:

1. Which option would you choose, the first or second? Why?

2. What are the advantages for each? Disadvantages?

II. Presidential Selection: The “Big Picture” – Similarly, political parties in individual states must decide how

they want to choose the delegates who will cast votes at the party’s nominating convention. There are relatively

few federal rules, and basically each state and its party leadership decide. There is no national primary, and each

state runs the selection process a little differently. State party organizations choose some form of a primary or

caucus to select delegates to the nominating convention. Every state and its own Republican or Democratic state

committees chooses.

1. The Iowa GOP and Democratic state party committees choose to select delegates by caucus (party

meeting); New Hampshire chooses party delegates in a Democratic and Republican Primary. What

are the advantages and disadvantages of allowing states to choose their own method of presidential

selection?

2. If you were a presidential candidate, would you like the presidential selection system as it currently

exists? Why or why not?


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Overhead/student handout

The Presidential Selection Process

Step 1: Caucuses and Primaries

January- June 2012

Step 2: Nominating Conventions

National Democratic Convention

September 3-6

Charlotte, NC

Republican National Convention

August 27-30

Tampa Bay, FL

Step 3: General Election

Tuesday, November 5, 2012

Step 4: Electoral College Vote

December 2012


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Student Resource

Congressional and Presidential Primaries: Open, Closed, Semi-Closed, and "Top Two"

This is a quick overview of congressional primaries as they are currently held throughout the United

States. The following information details the types of primaries – open, closed, semi-closed, and "Top

Two" – followed by a listing of each state's current system. It is important to note that many states, and

many parties within each state, are continually changing the method by which they conduct their

primaries. Furthermore, for a more thorough understanding of each state's system, it is essential to read

the comments contained in the chart.

In light of the upcoming Presidential Election in 2012, we have also updated the chart to include

information regarding the type of presidential primary or caucus held in each state.

The information below is a work in progress and is as up-to-date as possible; however, if any of the

information below has changed, please email us at [email protected] and we would be happy to update.

Open primary:

Voters of any affiliation may vote for the candidate of whatever party they choose. Some of these open

primary states may not have party registration at all; however open primary states do prohibit voters in

X primary from going on to participate in Y's primary or runoff. Yet, this prohibition can be difficult to

enforce.

The crucial issue in open primary states is "crossover" voting, which can contribute to the victory of a

nominee closer to the center or radically further away. It most often involves members of Party Y (either

in an area dominated by Party X or when Party Y's nominee is a foregone conclusion) voting for the

Party X candidate whose views are the most reconciliable with their own. Though this brings the race

closer to the center, Democratic and Republican party establishments generally dislike open primaries.

Occasionally, there are concerns about sabotage, or "party crashing," which involves voting for the most

polarizing candidate in the other party's primary to bolster the chances that it will nominate someone

"unelectable" to general election voters in November. An example is Republicans voting for Hillary

Clinton in the 2008 presidential primary.

Closed primary:

Only voters registered with a given party can vote in the primary. Parties may have the option to invite

unaffiliated voters to participate. Typically, however, independent voters are left out of the process

entirely unless they choose to sacrifice their freedom of association for the opportunity to have their say

in who represents them. Closed primaries may also exacerbate the radicalization that often occurs at the

primary stage, when candidates must cater to the "base," yet the "fringe" of the party are typically more

motivated to turn out.

In a few states, independent voters may register with a party on Election Day. However, they must

remain registered with that party until they change their affiliation again. A couple of states even allow

voters registered with one party to switch their registration at the polls to vote in another party's primary.

In these rare instances, a closed primary can more closely resemble open or semi-closed primaries than

the closed primaries of other states.

Semi-closed primary:

Independents may choose which party primary to vote in, but voters registered with a party may only

vote in that party's primary. The middle ground between the exclusion of independents in a closed


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primary and the free-for-all of open primaries, the semi-closed, primary mostly eliminates the concern

about members registered to other parties "raiding" another's election.

Of course people who align with Party X may theoretically still vote in Party Y's primary if they just

register as independent, but it appears most voters do not think that way. Moreover, the potential for

sabotage through tactical party registration is also present in the strictest of closed primaries.

Top Two/ non-partisan primary:

This method puts all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, on the same ballot. The top two vote-

getters then face off in the general election. This type of system is used in California, Louisiana, and

Washington, as well as in Nebraska for non-partisan election such as for the state's legislature.

Note on terminology: “Top Two” primaries are often referred to as “open primaries,” but that

terminology has long been used in reference to the type of party primaries in which all voters may

choose in which party’s primary to participate. By contrast, the "Top Two" system eliminates party

primaries altogether. It is more accurately described as “nonpartisan primaries.” It would be more

precise and less confusing to at least call them “nonpartisan open primaries.”

The following is a running list of states by types of party primary, updated January 2012:

State Closed Open Semi-

Close

d

Source Remarks Primary

or

Caucus

Alabama X Ala. Code

§ 17-13- 7

Primary

Alaska R D Alaska

Stat. §§

15.25.014,

15.25.060

Parties select who may vote in their primaries. To vote

in the GOP primary, a voter must be registered as a

Republican 30 days before Election Day.

Caucus

Arizona X Ariz. Att'y

Gen. Op.

No. I99-

025 (R99-

049)

Arizona uses a "Presidential Preference" system instead

of a traditional primary system. Voters must be

registered for a party in order to receive a ballot.

Primary

Arkansas X Ark. Code

Ann. § § 7-

7-306- 308

Primary

California N/A N/A N/A Proposition

14; CA

S.B. 28

California uses the "Top Two" Plan. On June 8, 2010

voters passed Prop. 14 to create a nonpartisan blanket

primary system in which all candidates are listed on the

same primary ballot and the top two vote recipients

face off in the general election.

Primary

Connecticut X

Primary

Colorado X Colo. Rev.

Stat. § 1-7-

201

Caucus

District of

Columbia

X D.C. Code

Ann. § 1-

1001.09(g)(

1); 1-

1001.05(b)(

Closed primary for D.C. elected officials such as

Delegate, Mayor, Chairman, members of Council, and

Board of Education.

Primary


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1)

Delaware X Del. Code

Ann. §

3110

Primary

Florida X Fla. Stat.

Ann. §

101.021

Georgia D R

Primary

Hawaii X Haw. Rev.

Stat § 12-

31

No party affiliation at registration. Caucus

Idaho R D Idaho Code

Ann. § 34-

904A

Until 2011, all Idaho primaries were open. After the

GOP obtained a declaratory judgment that mandating

open primaries violated freedom of association and was

thus unconstitutional in Idaho Republican Party v.

Ysura, the legislature passed a bill allowing parties to

choose which type of primary they use. Democrats

have chosen a semi-closed primary; unaffiliated voters

may register a party at the polls on election day, but

they are bound to that party affiliation at the next

election.

Caucus

Illinois X 10 Ill.

Comp. Stat.

5/7-43, -45

Voters declare their party affiliation at the polling place

to a judge who must then announce it "in a distinct tone

of voice, sufficiently loud to be heard by all persons in

the polling place." If there is no "challenge," the voter

is given the primary ballot for his or her declared party.

Primary

Indiana X Ind. Code

§§ 3-10- 1-

6, 1-9

Classified as a "modified open" primary." A voter must

have voted in the last general election for a majority of

the nominees of the party holding the primary, or if that

voter did not vote in the last general election, that voter

must vote for a majority of the nominees of that party

who is holding the primary. However, there is really no

way to enforce this, and cross-over occurs often. The

same modified open primary is used for the

presidential primary.

Primary

Iowa X Voters may change party on the day of the primary

election.

Caucus

Kansas R D Kan. Stat.

Ann. §§

25-3301

Federal courts declared KS law unconstitutional and

now the parties decide who will vote in their primaries.

In 2012, Republicans will hold closed primaries;

however, they will allow unaffiliated voters to register

Republican on election day. Democrats will allow both

affiliated and unaffiliated voters to vote.

Caucus

Kentucky X Ky. Rev.

Stat. Ann.

§ 116.055

Primary

Louisiana X Act 570 The congressional primaries changed from a closed

system to an open system with the passage of Act 570,

effective January 1, 2011

Primary

Maine X Me. Rev.

Stat. Ann.

tit. 21, §§

111, 340

Caucus

Maryland X Md. Code

Ann., Elec.

Law §§ 3-

303, 8-202

Parties may choose to hold open primaries, but must

notify the State Board of Elections 6 months prior.

Primary


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Massachuse

tts

X Mass. Gen.

Laws ch.53

§37

Primary

Michigan X Mich.

Comp.

Laws §

168.575;

Public Act

163

Voters do not have to declare a political party to vote;

but must vote for all one party once they enter the

voting booth.

Primary

Minnesota X Minn. Stat.

§ 204D.08

Caucus

Mississippi X Miss. Code

23015-575

No registration by party affiliation. However, in order

to participate in the primary a voter must support the

nominations made in the primary.

Open

Missouri X Mo. Rev.

Stat

115.399

The Republican party of Missouri holds an Open

Caucus followed by a closed primary.

Semi-

Closed

Montana X Mont.

Code Ann.

§ 13-10-

301

No party registration in MT. Each voter has the choice

which ballot to use on Election Day.

Primary

Nebraska X Neb. Rev.

Stat. § 32-

702

Partisan primaries are closed, meaning congressional

primaries are closed; however unaffiliated voters may

vote for a candidate of a particular party.

Primary

Nevada X Nev. Rev.

Stat. §§

293.287,

293.518

Caucus

New

Hampshire

X N.H. Rev.

Stat. Ann §

659:14

Closed primaries in effect; but the statute allows for

semi-closed primary if that party's rules allow for it.

Primary

New Jersey X N.J. Stat.

Ann. §

19:31-13.2

Primary

New

Mexico

X N.M. Stat.

§1-12-7.2

Parties may choose to allow for semi-closed elections

if they make a change to their party rules; however, as

of now, the primaries remain closed.

Primary

New York X N.Y. Elec.

Law § 5-

304

Primary

North

Carolina

X N.C. Gen.

Stat. §§

163-59, -

119

State law provides for closed primaries, but both

parties have opened them up to unaffiliated voters, who

may choose on Election Day.

Primary

North

Dakota

R D N.D. Cent.

Code, § 40-

21-06

No party registration. Caucus

Ohio X Ohio Rev.

Code Ann.

§ 3513.19

Voters' right to vote in the primary may be challenged

on the basis that they are not affiliated with the party

for whom they are voting in the primary.

Primary

Oklahoma X Okla. Stat.

§26-1-104

Primary

Oregon X Or. Rev.

Stat. §§

247.203,

254.365

Primary


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Pennsylvan

ia

X 25 Pa. Stat.

Ann. §

2812

Primary

Rhode

Island

X R.I. Gen.

Laws §§

17-9.1-23

An unaffiliated voter for the past 90 days may

designate his or her party affiliation on election day by

voting for that party in the primary.

Primary

South

Carolina

X S.C.Code

Ann. §§ 7-

11-10

A U.S. District Court judge ruled in Greenville County

Republican Party Executive Committee v. South

Carolina, that South Carolina's open primary is

constitutional.

Primary

South

Dakota

R D S.D.

Codified

Laws § 12-

6-26

Parties may choose to allow for semi-closed elections.

Democrats have opened up their primaries to allow

unaffiliated voters to vote.

Primary

Tennessee X Tenn. Code

Ann. § 2-7-

115

Voters must affiliate with a party, but may choose to

affiliate with that party on the election day. In

Tennessee, voters are not registered with party

affiliations.

Primary

Texas X Tex Elec.

Code Ann.

§ 172.086

No registration by party; voters are not held to

affiliation of past election. Each year, voters have a

clean slate and must choose on primary day whether to

vote by a party affiliation or as unaffiliated; voters are

held to that affiliation in the runoff. For the presidential

primary, it is the same system as of December 19,

2011.

Primary

Utah R D Utah Code

Ann. §§

20A-2-

107.5

Parties may choose to open up the primary. Currently,

Republicans have a closed primary while Democrats

have opened up the primary.

Primary

Vermont X Vt. Stat.

Ann. tit.

17, § 2363

No registration by party. For presidential primary,

voters must declare which ballots they want.

Primary

Virginia X Va. Code

Ann. §

24.2-530

The Republican party has instituted a rule requiring

voters to sign a loyalty oath in order to vote in the

Republican presidential primary.

Primary

Washington N/A N/A N/A Wash. Rev.

Code §

29A.52.112

,

29A.36.171

Similar to California's Top Two system.

R: Closed

Caucus

West

Virginia

X W. Va.

Code § 3-

5- 4

Technically a closed system, but all parties allow any

voter who is not registered with an official party to

request their ballot for the Primary Election.

Primary

Wisconsin X Wis. Stat. §

6.80 Voters may vote for only one party, but do not have to

be affiliated with any party before coming into vote on

Election Day.

Primary

Wyoming X Wyo. Stat.

Ann. § 22-

5-212

A voter can change his or her party affiliation on

election day.

Caucus


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Selection

Type Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Caucus .

Primary

Closed

Primary

Open

Primary

Student handout


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Selection

Type Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Caucus

Closed meeting of party

members in each state.

Delegates select the

party’s choice for

presidential candidate.

Currently, six states,

including Nevada in

2008, offer party

caucuses selecting

presidential nominees.

• Only hard core party faithful

who have the biggest stake

in the outcome participate

• Cheaper than primary

elections ex: no polling or

ballot cost.

• Brings early exposure to

candidates and issues.

• Still democratic as party

members do vote; tradition

of the New England town

meeting.

• Relatively undemocratic

because most voters,

particularly independents

excluded.

• Elitist as only the party elite get

to participate

• Very small number of people

choose that state’s party

nominee.

• Campaigning in Iowa, because

it’s the first caucus, very

expensive.

Primary

A special election in

which voters select

candidates to be the

party’s nominee for

president in the general

election.

• More democratic as

“average” registered voters

chose that state’s delegates

to the party convention.

• Less elitist than caucuses.

• Brings early exposure to

candidates and issues.

• Relatively expensive with

regard to campaign and

governmental administrative

costs

• Voting public generally doesn’t

pay much attention to primary

elections because they are so far

from general election.

• Voter turnout often very low in

primary elections.

Closed

Primary

Voters may vote in a

party's primary only if

they are registered

members of that party

• Relatively democratic as

voters from that party go to

the polls.

• Only loyal members of that

party get to vote for the

party’s presidential nominee.

• Prevents the other party

from trying to influence the

election (Ex: Dems can’t try

to vote in the GOP primary

for the candidate most likely

to lose the general election)

• Completely shuts out

independent voters

• Eliminates genuine crossover

voting

• Requires voters to declare their

party affiliation when they

register to vote

Open

Primary

A registered voter may

vote in any party

primary regardless of

his or her own party

affiliation

• Every registered voter

regardless of party can vote

• Most democratic method for

choosing presidential

nominees

• Does not necessitate voters

declaring a party affiliation

when they register to vote

• Political parties lose much of

their control over who is

nominated.

• Opens the door for potential

foul play from the opposing

party

• Voters who are not particularly

invested in the political party

get to select the delegates from

that state.

Teacher key


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Overhead

Methods of Selecting Delegates

� Caucus – Closed meeting of party members in each state in which delegates select the party’s choice for presidential candidate

� Primary Election – special election in

which voters select candidates to be the party’s nominee for president in the general election.

Types of Primary Elections

� Closed Primary – Voters may vote in a party's primary only if they are registered members of that party

� Open Primary - A registered voter

may vote in any party primary regardless of his or her own party affiliation.


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Overhead/Student handout

Run for President- Hajo De Reijger, 1/05/2012- www.caglecartoons.com


1. Describe what’s going on in the political cartoon. (Who? What? When? Where?)

2. Identify any symbols (ex: an elephant to represent the Republican Party) portrayed in the

cartoon and analyze what they represent.

3. What do you think is the artist’s message about the presidential primaries in 2012?

4. Do you agree or disagree with the cartoonist's message? Explain your answer.

Political Cartoon #1 – Presidential Primaries


15

Overhead/student handout

www.conservativecartoons.com

Political Cartoon #2 – Presidential Primaries





7. What type of primary is the cartoon depicting?

8. What do you think is the artist’s message about the presidential primaries?



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Map


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2012 Presidential Primary & Caucus Dates

Student handout

January (Republican in red)

3 Iowa Caucus

10 New Hampshire Primary

21 South Carolina Primary

31 Florida Primary

February

4 Nevada caucus

4-11 Maine caucus

7 Colorado and Minnesota Caucus

Missouri Primary

28 Arizona Primary

Michigan Primary

March

3 Washington Caucus

6 Alaska Caucus, Georgia Primary, Idaho Caucus

Massachusetts Primary, North Dakota Caucus, Ohio Primary

Oklahoma Primary, Tennessee Primary, Vermont Primary, Virginia Primary

6-10 Wyoming Caucus

10 Kansas Caucus

U.S. Virgin Islands Caucus

13 Alabama Primary, Hawaii Caucus, Mississippi Primary

17 Missouri GOP Caucus

20 Illinois Primary

24 Louisiana Primary

April

3 District of Columbia Primary, Maryland Primary, Wisconsin Primary, Texas Primary

24 Connecticut Primary, Delaware Primary, New York Primary, Pennsylvania Primary, Rhode Island Primary

May

8 Indiana Primary, North Carolina Primary, West Virginia Primary

15 Nebraska Primary, Oregon Primary

22 Arkansas Primary, Kentucky Primary

June

5

California Primary, Montana Primary, New Jersey Primary, New Mexico Primary, South Dakota Primary

26 Utah Primary


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Student handout

Presidential Primary & Caucus Trends in 2012 Discussion Questions

Directions – As you refer to the 2012 Presidential Primary and Caucus Dates handout, discuss the

questions below.

1. Process: The New Hampshire primary on January 10 marks the first statewide primary election.

Though Iowa and New Hampshire have relatively few delegates in the Republican or Democratic

nominating conventions compared to say California or New York, these two states receive

tremendous attention from candidates as well as vast media coverage.

a. Brainstorm reasons why Iowa and New Hampshire appear to draw a disproportionate amount of

attention from candidates and the media.

b. Is that a good thing or a bad thing? Both? Neither?

2. On “Super Tuesday” (March 6, 2012), as many as 10 states will hold presidential primaries or

caucuses. Some say that Super Tuesday provides what amounts to a National Primary.

a. What do you think are the practical and political implications to states holding primaries or

caucuses AFTER February?

b. Brainstorm several advantages and disadvantages of having so many states holding

primaries/caucuses on Super Tuesday.

3. Front-loading refers to “the phenomenon of states moving their primary or caucus dates forward to

try to increase their influence in the nominating” (http://www.gwu.edu/~action/frontload.html). In

recent years, primary and caucus dates have moved up earlier and earlier. Consider the facts below:

1. A few decades ago, the Iowa caucus was held on February 19, and the New Hampshire

primary on February 27.

2. In 2008, Super Tuesday was held in early February. In 2012, Super Tuesday will be

held on March 6th

. What does this tell you about the validity of front loading?

Identify several intended, as well as unintended, consequences of “front-loading.”

4. What generalizations can you make about the 2012 primary and caucus schedule?


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Overhead

Political Cartoon #1

Daryl Cagle, www.caglecartoons.com




3. What is the artist’s message in the cartoon? What do you think is its purpose?


5. What does this cartoon tell us about presidential selection in general, and primaries and/or

caucuses in particular?


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Overhead


Daryl Cagle- www.caglecartoons.com









22

Overhead


Jeff Parker- www.caglecartoons.com









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Overhead


http://www.usnews.com/usnews/php/galleries/image.php/356/10/10.jpg








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