Selection - Higher Education as Profession

1. Higher Education in Pakistan: Higher Education means education after school

and college. There are numerous best universities in Pakistan that offer higher level

education every year but despite all of this we are way behind from the world as concerned to education. 63 years of independence has been past but we are not able to find the right way of giving quality education. One of the major problems of

higher education in Pakistan is our political leaders that are not well educated. Education system in Pakistan is not good as it should be in this latest technology of

world therefore it is the reason plenty of Pakistani students are getting education in foreign developed countries. After the creation of Higher Education Commission in Pakistan the standard of education developed as compare to the past. Higher

Education Commission which is also known as HEC is playing vital role for the development of higher education.

Globalization has greatly influenced our thought process, culture and ideology. It has a huge impact on education. On one hand, globalization has made higher education

a web of knowledge through Information Technology and on the other; it has changed the structure of higher education through Neoliberal reforms. Due to higher

demands and global necessities, public structure of higher education is converting into private structure. With increased number of higher education candidates, the role of universities has been transformed into knowledge workers from knowledge

producers. Universities have been commoditized, which has also affected the moral structure of universities. Resultantly, it has impaired the interpersonal relationship

between students and teachers and turned it into a consumer-seller relationship. Universities are offering programs according to the demand of international or local economy producing knowledge workers for private business.

With the revolution in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), various

changes occurred in higher education. Although, digital broadcasting, web, e-mail and other fast and user friendly ICTs have promoted quality in higher education yet it brought many challenges for the developing countries. Rating of universities is done

according to the access of ICTs. Unlike developing countries as Pakistan, the majority of developed countries have access to ICTs. Therefore, Pakistan has

always been ranked lower in the list of countries with better higher education. These ICTs produce a global market in the teaching and training of knowledge workers. North America has become the largest global market in world. They have been able

to claim large share of international students who spend more than $11 billion on tuition and living expenditures. Moreover, 55 percent of foreign students come from

developing countries like Pakistan.

As a result of privatization in higher education, number of universities is increasing

day by day. But there is an imbalance in quantity and quality of higher education. Quantity is preferred over quality because o f lack of funds. In 1947, there was only

one university in Pakistan i.e. University of The Punjab, Lahore. Four years later, one university was set up in Peshawar and two in Karachi. During the regime of

Ayub Khan (1958-69), two professional engineering and agricultural universities opened. The most remarkable work in public higher education was done during the

Bhutto regime (1971-77). Seven universities in Sindh and southern Punjab, nine centers of excellence for promoting high quality research in different fields and

seven area study centers were opened. During this era controlling authority of higher education UGC (University Grand Commission) which is now reformed as Higher Education Commission (HEC) was established.

With invent of neoliberal policies, privatization in higher education appeared during

the Zia ul Haq regime (1977-86). Two private universities Aga Khan University and Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) were opened. Both produced a dual education system in Pakistan. From this era on, English medium schools were

established to serve elite class. By the Universities Act of 1974, autocratic powers were shifted from state to vice chancellors of the universities. With increased

demand in higher education, number of universities increased. Hence, foreign faculty was imported in order to maintain quality of higher education. As a result, 85 percent of university budget was spent on salaries and allowances whereas the

remaining budget was spent on research and other facilities. This caused low quality of higher education in Pakistan. To meet the crisis, tuition fees were increased. Even

self-financing in public universities increased from 25 to 50 percent. This made the higher education an exclusive commodity, limited to elite class only. It left no room for lower and middle class to meet or exceed the demands of the market since

degrees in higher studies were made mandatory to get a job.

In Pakistan, HEC is made responsible to meet international standards of higher education. Over several years, HEC has been playing a vital role in enhancing quality of Pakistan universities. During the 56 years period (1947-2003) not a single

university was ranked amongst top 600 world universities. Now two universities of Pakistan are amongst the top 500 universities globally. Seven Pakistan universities

are amongst top 250 universities of Asia. To promote higher education in Pakistan HEC financial budget has been increased up to 57.8 billion. It promotes research, thus Pakistan is contributing significantly in international publications. HEC has

awarded 5000 PhD and 3000 indigenous scholarships to enhance the quality of higher education in Pakistan. But still, there is a long way to go.

Privatization has turned education into knowledge economy. Only 5.1 percent of Pakistanis aged 17 to 23 were enrolled in 2011. It is paramount to improve the

quality of education in Pakistan ensuring more enrollments from the lower echelon of the society lest it becomes purely a commercial activity catering the needs of global

economy but deepening the chasm between ruling class and ruled.

2. Problems of Higher Education in Pakistan: There are many factors

responsible for problems of higher education in Pakistan and some foremost problems are discussed below:-

a. Academic Problems: All know very well that resources

regarding education are not enough in Pakistan but the problem is that we

are not taking benefits of available resources in other words resources are not being utilized properly due to lack of unskilled, dishonest and less

educated administration. The education in Pakistan has been distributed into different level and equality. Education is different for poor ones and different for richer ones. There is no proper monitoring system in Pakistan

to control the education system numerous educational institutions and universities opened now but the standard of education is not good at all.

b. Management Problems: One of the major responsible factors of

problems of higher education in Pakistan is management. Management

has been biggest problem of Pakistan since independence. Even our political leaders are less educated so they have no idea how to manage

the systems. Unskilled and inexperience staff is being recruited by avoiding the merit so how inexperience and unskilled man can run system properly.

c. Education Funding: In developed countries most of the part

of financial budget is spent on education but it doesn’t happen in Pakistan. Every year the field of education is being avoided there is no enough finance to insist the education system and Pakistan is not receiving foreign

aid for improvement of education.

d. Employment: Employment is also the leading issue of Pakistan

which causes problems for higher education. Students join business and due to non-availability of job opportunities leaving their study incomplete

as they think they don’t have scope and good earning places in multinational and government companies.

e. Inexpert Teachers: The teachers and lecturers teaching colleges

and universities are educated but they don’t have experience and skills at

the start of their professional career. It is little bit easy to get job in educational institutions in Pakistan therefore every educated youngster

would love to join teaching field despite lack of interest and experience.

f. Poverty Problems: Pakistan is not the countries of living rich

peoples, the poverty rate is Pakistan is very high so it is also the cause and one of the biggest problem of higher education in Pakistan because

after the matriculation of intermediate education parents force their children to earn livelihood along with education and student cannot pay attention to study and finally they leave to study for earnings.

g. Social Problems: There is no moral training is being given to the

staff and students in higher education department and as well as in

institutions. People in Pakistan are promoting western culture thus the culture of Pakistan and Islam is going to be finished.

2. Solutions of Higher Educational Problems in Pakistan: First of all it is the

responsibility of government of Pakistan to think something out of box for development of higher education. Education needs proper guidance and financial assistance. Government should open trainee institutions in which training will be given to the

teachers and professors. A good part of financial budget should be spent on education because it is education that makes country develop. Education should be the same for

every taste of people. These were all the major problems of Higher Education in Pakistan and even we cannot compare our educational system to undeveloped countries due to fewer standards. If we want the solution of higher educational problems

in Pakistan will have to do some something ourselves.

3. Different Professions and their Advantages: After completing F. Sc

there are numerous fields to join in Pakistan. Some of the most famous science fields

are listed below and briefly described separately: a. Engineering

b. Computer Studies c. Medical d. Commerce

In this section, we will briefly describe these fields and there different parts.

a. Engineering: Following are the different types of engineering:

i. Aeronautical ii. Biomedical

iii. Mechanical iv. Chemical v. Civil vi. Sustainability Design

vii. Electrical and Electronics viii. Systems ix. Biomechanical x. Photons xi. Computer Software xii. Computer Hardware

xiii. Nuclear xiv. Mineral xv. Agricultural

i. Aeronautical engineers and aerospace engineers design, manufacture

and operate aircraft, spacecraft, missiles and rockets. The newest fighter jets and

jumbo transport airline jets, as well as, the Space Shuttle owe their existence to these types of engineers. These engineering fields can trace their roots all the

way back to Leonardo da Vinci as well as Orville and Wilbur Wright, the Wright Brothers. ii. Biomedical engineers apply engineering principles and techniques to the

medical field. They combine the design and problem solving ski lls of engineering

with medical and biological sciences to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of individuals. By integrating physical, chemical, mathematical, and

computational sciences with engineering principles, biomedical engineers develop innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, and devices. These

innovations are used to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, to rehabilitate patients, and to improve health.

iii. Mechanical engineers design, build and test machines, engines and

other mechanical devices.

iv. Chemical engineers design equipment and processes for large-scale

chemical manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing products and treating byproducts, and supervise production. Chemical engineers also work in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as

those producing energy, electronics, food, pet food, clothing, and paper. They also work in health care, biotechnology, and business services.

v. Civil engineers plan, design, construct and maintain structures – such as

buildings, roads, bridges and dams – that meet human needs.

vi. Sustainable "green" design engineers comply with the principles of

economic, social, and ecological sustainability in their design of physical objects. These objects may range from small items for everyday use to large bui ldings, cities, and even the earth's physical surface. Sustainable design is closely

aligned to environmental design and is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering,

graphic design, industrial design, interior design, and fashion design. The field of sustainable design is also referred to as green design, eco-design, or design for environment.

vii. Electrical and electronics engineers design, develop, test and

supervise the manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment such as: Broadcast and communications systems, Electric motors, machinery controls, and lighting and wiring in buildings, automobiles, aircraft, and radar and

navigation systems, Power generating, controlling and transmission devices used by electric utilities

viii. Systems engineers draw from many engineering fields and backgrounds

to combine emerging technologies to create new ideas and materials. Systems

engineering techniques are used in complex projects: from spacecrafts to chip design, from robotics to creating large software products to building bridges.

Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include modeling and simulation, requirements analysis, and scheduling to manage large, complex projects. ix. Biomechanical engineers look at how engineering can be applied to the

human body. Understanding the mechanics of how we walk and run, sit and

stand, and bend and flex is used to design products that feel comfortable, provide safety, and enhance human performance. Backpack and clothing design,

child safety car seats, and running shoes are just some of the products that biomechanical engineers use their knowledge and creativity to design and test.

x. Photonics is the science of generating, controlling, and detecting photons

especially in the visible light spectrum. Photonics engineers use this science to understand and make use of the emission, transmission, amplification, detection, modulation, and switching of light. Photonics as a field really began in 1960 with

the invention of the laser, and followed in the 1970s with the development of optical fibers as a medium for transmitting information using light beams. These

inventions provided the infrastructure for the Internet. xi. Computer software engineers apply the quickly evolving principles and

techniques of computer science, engineering and mathematical analysis to the design, development, testing and evaluation of software and software systems.

xii. Computer hardware engineers’ researches, design, develops and test

computer hardware and supervise its manufacture and installation. Hardware

includes computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems and related equipment such as keyboards, modems and printers.

xiii. Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments and

systems needed to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Nuclear

engineers are:

a. Operate nuclear power plants b. Work with the disposal of nuclear waste c. Develop nuclear power sources for spacecraft

Use radioactive materials for industrial and medical uses, such as equipment to

diagnose and treat medical problems xiv. Mineral engineers include mining, metallurgical and petroleum engineers,

who are focused on extracting minerals from the ground and converting them to pure forms.

xv. Agricultural engineers apply engineering technology and biological

science to agriculture, and design agricultural machinery and equipment. Some

specialties include:

a. Power systems and machinery design b. Structures and the environment c. Food and bioprocess engineering

d. Agricultural engineers also develop ways to conserve soil and water, and to improve the processing of agricultural products.

b. Computer Studies: Those who are analytical, good at problem solving and have

the ability to pay attention to detail might enjoy a computer science career. This is a promising field with employment outlook ranging from average to much faster than

average over the next several years.

i. Computer and Information Systems Manager

ii. Computer System Analyst iii. Computer Software Engineer

iv. Computer Hardware Engineer v. Computer Programmer vi. Computer Support Specialist

vii. Network System Analyst viii. System Developer

ix. Web Developer x. Web Master

i. Computer and information systems managers oversee the computer activities of organizations or companies. They implement technology that can

help these entities meet their goals. While some employers hire job candidates with a bachelor's degree, many prefer those with a master's degree in business administration (MBA). Computer and information systems managers' median

annual earnings were $113,720 in 2009.

ii. Computer systems analysts assist their employers with the efficient and effective use of computer technology. Many employers prefer to hire job candidates who have bachelor's degrees and for more complex jobs, some

require a master's degree. In 2009 computer systems analysts earned a median annual salary of $77,080.

iii. Computer software engineers design, test, construct and maintain computer programs to meet users' needs. They specialize in either software

applications or software systems. Most employers prefer job candidates with a bachelor's degree in computer science. In 2009, computer systems software

engineers earned a median annual salary of $93,470, while computer applications software engineers earned a median annual salary of $87,480.

iv. Computer hardware engineers’ research, design, develops, test and oversee the manufacture and installation of computer chips, circuit boards and

computer systems. They also work with computer peripherals. To work as a computer hardware engineer one must earn a bachelor's degree. In addition, to work directly with the public, one must have a license. Computer hardware

engineers earned a median annual salary of $98,820 in 2009.

v. Computers would be merely pieces of plastic without the computer programmers who write the programs that enable them to perform their functions.

One must earn a bachelor's degree, usually in computer science, to work as a computer programmer. Computer programmers earned a median annual salary

of $70,940 in 2009. vi. Computer support specialists help companies' customers or staff solves

computer-related problems. They may help with difficulties computer users are having with software programs, operating systems, computers or peripherals. While some employers will only hire computer support professionals who have

bachelor's degrees in computer science, the level of education required in this field varies. They earned a median annual salary of $44,300 (median wage of

$21.30 per hour) in 2009. vii. Network systems analysts analyze, design, test and evaluate network

systems including local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs). Generally, a bachelor's degree in computer and information systems is required to work in this

field. Network system analysts earned a median annual salary of $73,250 in 2009.

viii. Systems software developers create operations software that makes computers and other devices run. Applications software developers design and

produce software and games that make them useful. While a bachelor's degree isn't a strict requirement for this career, earning one can help you prepare for it. In 2011 systems software developers earned a median annual salary of $96,600

and applications software developers earned $89,280 per year. Median hourly wages were, respectively, $46.44 and $42.92.

Medical Sciences_

There are many branches of Medical Sciences; some of them are listed below:

i. Etiology: The word is most commonly used in medical and

philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, geography, spatial analysis, medicine,

theology, and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena. An etiological myth is a myth intended to explain a name or create a mythic history

for a place or family. ii. Bioengineering: is the application of concepts and methods of biology

(and secondarily of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science) to solve real-world problems related to the life sciences or the application thereof,

using engineering's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical

sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes, biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly developing body of

knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of living organisms.

An especially important application is the analysis and cost-effective solution of

problems related to human health, but the field is much more general than that. For example, biomimetics is a branch of biological engineering which strives to

find ways in which the structures and functions of living organisms can be used as models for the design and engineering of materials and machines. Systems biology, on the other hand, seeks to utilize the engineer's familiarity with complex

artificial systems, and perhaps the concepts used in "reverse engineering", to facilitate the difficult process of recognition of the structure, function, and precise

method of operation of complex biological systems. iii. Biomedicine: is a branch of medical science that applies biological

and other natural-science principles to clinical practice. Biomedicine is related to the ability of humans to cope with environmental stress. The branch especially

applies to biology and physiology. Biomedicine also can relate to many other categories in health and biological related fields.

It includes many biomedical disciplines and areas of specialty that typically contain the "bio-" prefix such as:

molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, cell biology, embryology, nanobiotechnology, biological engineering, laboratory medical biology, cytogenetics, genetics, gene therapy, bioinformatics, biostatistics,

systems biology, microbiology, virology, parasitology, physiology, pathology, toxicology, and many others that generally concern life sciences as applied to

medicine. Medical biology is the cornerstone of modern health care and laboratory diagnostics. It concerns a wide range of scientific and technological approaches: from an in vitro diagnostics[4][5] to the in vitro fertilisation,[6] from

the molecular mechanisms of a cystic fibrosis to the population dynamics of the HIV virus, from the understanding molecular interactions to the study of the

carcinogenesis,from a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to the gene therapy. Medical biology based on molecular biology combines all issues of developing molecular medicine into large-scale structural and functional

relationships of the human genome, transcriptome, proteome, physiome and metabolome with the particular point of view of devising new technologies for

prediction, diagnosis and therapy. Biomedicine involves the study of (patho-) physiological processes with methods from biology, chemistry and physics. Approaches range from understanding molecular interactions to the study of the

consequences at the in vivo level. These processes are studied with the particular point of view of devising new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.

iv. Cardiology: The term cardiology is derived from the Greek words

“cardia,” which refers to the heart and “logy” meaning “study of.” Cardiology is a

branch of medicine that concerns diseases and disorders of the heart, which may range from congenital defects through to acquired heart diseases such as

coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure. Physicians who specialize in cardiology are called cardiologists and they are responsible for the medical

management of various heart diseases. Cardiac surgeons are the specialist physicians who perform surgical procedures to correct heart disorders.

v. Chiropody: The practice of Chiropody is the assessment of the foot and

the treatment and prevention of diseases or disorders of the foot by therapeutic, surgical, orthotic and palliative means. Chiropody is practiced by qualified, regulated practitioners who have undergone goverment established and

recognized programs and examinations. Only those who are registered by the Ontario College Of Chiropodist are licensed to practice as Chiropodists or

Podiatrists. If you need the professional services of a chiropodists, check the directory under "Find a Chiropodist" in the public section and select the location that you require.

vi. Cytology: Diagnosing diseases by looking at single cells and small

clusters of cells is called cytology or cytopathology. It has become an important part of cancer diagnosis over the past few decades. Compared with tissue biopsy, a cytology specimen usually:

Is easier to get

Causes less discomfort to the patient

Is less likely to result in serious complications

Costs less The disadvantage is that, in some cases, a tissue biopsy result is more accurate,

though in many cases the cytology fluid may be just as accurate. Sometimes an excisional biopsy (removing the entire tumor) is the only treatment needed to

remove a cancer. In other cases, a cancer might be better treated by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and surgery might be done after these treatments. For those types of cancer, a cytology sample, endoscopic biopsy,

core needle biopsy, or incisional biopsy might be a better choice. As you can see, choices of tests are not simple – the doctors consider many factors about

the specific type of cancer that’s suspected and what organ is affected. Cytology tests may be used in 2 ways – for diagnosis or for screening.

A diagnostic test is only used for people who have signs, symptoms, or some other reason to suspect that a particular disease (like cancer) may be present. A

diagnostic test finds out if a disease is present and, if so, it precisely and accurately classifies the disease.

A screening test is used to find people who might have a certain disease even before they develop symptoms. A screening test is expected to find nearly all

people who are likely to have the disease, but a screening test does not always prove that the disease is present. Often, a diagnostic test is used if a screening test is positive (that is, if something is found on the screening test). Some

cytology tests, such as the Pap test are mainly used for screening while others can accurately identify cancers (see “Scrape or brush cytology” below). When

cytology shows cancer, often a biopsy is also done to be sure of any abnormal finding before treatment is started.

vii. Dentistry: Dentistry is the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment

of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, particularly the teeth, and to an extent related conditions in the maxillofacial (jaws and face) area. Dentistry can be considered a branch of medicine as a whole, although it is also

concerned with cosmesis. Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by

dental registration bodies varies according to location. Examples include:

i. Dental public health - The study of epidemiology and social health

policies relevant to oral health. ii. Endodontics (also called endodontology) - Root canal therapy and

study of diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues. iii. Oral and maxillofacial pathology - The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.

iv. Oral and maxillofacial radiology - The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.

v. Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) - Extractions, implants, and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face. vi. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics - The straightening of

teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth. vii. Periodontology (also called periodontics) - The study and treatment

of diseases of the periodontium (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants. viii. Pediatric dentistry (also called pedodontics) - Dentistry for children.

ix. Prosthodontics (also called prosthetic dentistry) - Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists further their training

in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", which is the discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial structures, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc.

x. Oral medicine - The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases.

xi. Special needs dentistry (also called special care dentistry) - Dentistry for those with developmental and acquired disabilities. xii. Oral Biology - Research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology.

viii. Dietetics: Dietetics is the science of applying knowledge in food and

nutrition to improving and maintaining good health. The concentration prepares students to complete a dietetic internship and take the registration exam to be a registered dietitian.

The dietetics concentration addresses today’s complex nutrition and

health issues found across this world to enhance the quality of life for people and communities.

After completing an undergraduate degree, students must complete an accredited dietetic internship to be able to take the registration exam.

Placement into dietetic internships is greater than the national average.

To obtain the credential of Registered Dietitian, students must pass a

national exam. Graduates of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at the University of Illinois consistently pass the R.D. exam with

rates that are higher than the national average.

The program combines coursework from both the physical and social-science areas, preparing students to address the complexity of today’s

nutrition and health issues.

The coursework is challenging. Students will share classes with students

in chemistry, molecular and cellular biology, food science, hospitality management and business.

Job opportunities are very diverse and include these sectors: clinical,

community and public health, consulting-private practice, food/nutrition business industry, food service, management, research and education,

sports and wellness nutrition, and jobs for those without RD certification. ix. Epidemiology:

the scientific study of infectious diseases and their causes x. General practice

the work of a doctor who treats people for a wide range of medical problems, rath

er than concentrating on a specific type of medical problem xi. Genetics

the study of how the individual features and behavior of living things are passed on through their genes

xii. Geriatrics

the medical study, treatment, and care of old people and their diseases

xiii. Gerontology

the scientific study of old age xiv. GP

General practice xv. Gynecology

the type of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of medical conditions and diseases that affect women and the irreproductive organs

xvi. Hematology

The scientific study of blood xvii. Immunology

the study of how diseases can be prevented and how the immune system works xviii. Medicine

the study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries

xix. Neurology

the study of your nervous system and the diseases that affect it. A doctor who is

an expert in this subject is called a neurologist. xx. Neuroscience

the scientific study of the nervous system xxiv. Nutrition

the science of food and its effect on health and growth

xxv. Obstetrics

the part of medicine that deals with pregnant women and childbirth

c. COMMERCE: After passing 12th commerce we often get confused that

what to do and what not to be and often overloaded with information with career advice from friends, teachers and relatives. Let us start step by step to know how you can find the best commerce degree after 12th. After 12th commerce we have a lot of options in

selecting a degree courses as per our needs and field of interest. Here is the list of top 5 commerce degree after 12th:-

1. Bachelor of Commerce or B.Com:- The Bachelor of Commerce is an

undergraduate university authorized college three years study course of

commerce subject for obtaining a degree after passing 10+2. This degree will help you in establishing a career in Accounting Finance, Operations, Taxation

and other related fields as per your courses choice. B.Com degree generally gives the knowledge to students about Accounting of goods, types of account Ledgers, profit and loss, how to maintain different accounts, taxation, different

laws and procedures of Accounting and calculations of different taxes and many more.

Bachelor of Commerce degree may be a stepping stone in best career options after 12th for further higher studies professional degrees like M.Com (Master of Commerce), CS (Company Secretary), CA (Chartered Accountant), CFA

(Chartered Financial Analyst) and CWA (Cost and work Accountant), and many more.

2. Bachelor of Commerce (Honors) or B.Com (Honors):- Generally, the main

problem for a lot of aspiring students after 12th who wants to make a career in

commerce is which commerce degree course they shall choose for study? What is the best career choice for study either Bachelor of Commerce (honors) or

Bachelor of Commerce (General) degree, which degree study courses is a better choice of career in commerce? And which one will boost their professional career

in future? Bachelor of Commerce (honors) is a 3 years, full time classroom course designed to inculcate whole business acumen in students, covering

approximately 40 subjects in each semester over six semesters. The student has to study a total of 41 subjects including the subject of specialization along

with project work in last semester. The academic study level in Bachelor of Commerce (Honors) is always higher than the normal B.Com study. Just like Engineering student has to specialize on choices subject in Final year, A

Bachelor of Commerce student also has to specialize in either subjects of Marketing Management, Accounting and Financial Management, International

Trade and Finance, E-Commerce, Banking and Human Resource Management. The main difference according to deep analysis between Bachelor of Commerce

(honors) and Bachelor of Commerce(General) degree is, B.COM (hons) is more academically elevated and industry oriented program where’s B.Com general or

normal degree course you are introduced with various study subjects and its gives you only an overview of the study subjects. In Bachelor of Commerce (hons) the study subjects are more detailed in nature and at par with current

international standard. There shall be entrance exams for admission in B.Com (hons) degree course and merit percentage for admission in different colleges

may be higher as compare to normal or general B.Com degree course. In Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) study, a student has to need to refer lots of different books and study materials to know the latest new developments in the

study subject with help of various learning resources at College or University Campus, on the other hand main emphasis often centered on text books in

B.Com (General). Employment probability is higher for Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) as the demand for this degree professional is higher compare to normal B.Com.

3. B.Com (Accts and Finance) or Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting and

Finance) Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting and Finance is a 3 years degree

course after 12th commerce. There are lots of bright Finance Careers opportunities in Accounts and Finance field after completion of this degree. A

Graduate after completion of this degree initially can join a job as a trainee or accountant. There are other job opportunities in Accounting firms, corporations,

Govt organizations, public sectors, market research and budget planning. Bachelor of Commerce in Accounting and Finance is degree designed to develop

an understanding of Financial Accounting, Management Accounting and Taxation and it consists of 39 subjects and 2 project training subject in final year.

This B.Com degree provides students practical and comprehensive training by way of Projects, Interaction, Presentations, industrial visits and lectures by professional of expertise field. The main motto of this degree course is to

imparting broader financial knowledge to students by which they can manage business modeling, manage projects and latest developments in business

management.

4. B.Com (Banking and Insurance) or Bachelor of Commerce in Banking and Insurance): Bachelor of Commerce in Banking and Insurance is an

undergraduate 3 years commerce course is an academic and as well as professional degree which cover the concept of Accounting, Banking, Insurance

Law, Banking Law, International Banking, Insurance Regula tions and Insurance risk covers etc. Generally, in this B. Com degree course primary focus on systematic study of specialized subjects and topics covered under Banking &

Insurance Industry. Bachelor of commerce in Banking and Insurance covers 38 subjects as well as 2 projects on banking and insurance, each containing 100

marks and to be submitted in final year. After successful completion degree course of Bachelor of Commerce (Accts &

Finance) students can opt for either higher studies in finance careers of different field of M.Com, MBA, CFA, and CS or can apply for job vacancies in Auditing,

Accountancy, Banking, Finance, Insurance in both private as well as Govt Sector. 5. B.Com (Financial Markets) or Bachelor of Commerce in Financial Markets Bachelor of Commerce in Financial Markets is a 3 years undergraduate

degree course in Financial Services. Financial market means Finance, Investments, Stock Markets, Capital, Mutual Funds and typically defined by the expert as basic regulation on trading, costs and fees, transparent pricing and

different market forces who determining the prices of securities that traded and Mutual Fund. Bachelor of Commerce in Financial Markets degree studies the

field of Debt and Equity Market, Financial Assets, Institutions and Markets, Financial Management and Foreign Exchange Market. The syllabus of this degree courses is 6 semesters duration and covers 41 subjects.

The B.Com (Financial Markets) degree course is beneficial for those students

who are interested in finance careers and wants to move into areas for higher study such as Banking, CA, CS, Consultancy, Computer Accounting, Finance, ICWA, M.Com, MBA etc. After successful completion of this degree course there

is job probability as Trainee Associate, Finance Officer, Finance Controller, Financial Planning consultant, Risk Manager, Money Market Dealer, Financial

Market Advisory, and Insurance Manager etc.

SCOPE a. ENGINEERING_ Detail Study:-

Engineering might be one of the broadest fields that you can come across with. It is broad in a sense that there are a lot of disciplines associated with the concept itself.

Before going any further, let us have a quick definition of what engineering is all about. Engineering is an applied science wherein principles of mathematics and science are

utilized to come up with practical ends. The individuals responsible for the advances and cultivation of this science are referred to as engineers. They are people who have

been trained to specialize in their chosen branch of engineering. There are types of engineers that you are familiar with, while there are some that you might have never

even heard of before. Apart from the types listed in start of topic, there are many other engineering branches also.

If you are considering a career as an engineer, then carefully narrow down your thoughts and think of which among these types of engineers would you want to become.

Electrical Engineering – An Empowering Field: From the term itself, it is easy

to tell that electrical engineering is a discipline that focuses on electrical systems. In this manner, electrical engineers are professionals develop, design, test and research on various electrical equipment. They also are involved in the

manufacturing process of these devices and machinery. Being the largest branch of engineering, the area of coverage for electrical engineers is wide

encompassing small to large scale electrical systems. For instance, they may work on the electrical uti lities such as the lighting and wiring of huge bui ldings. On the other hand, they can also work on smaller devices such as digital

cameras or cellular phones. They work on a variety of systems that make use of electrical energy to function.

For us to have a better understanding of the type of work that electrical engineers deal with, let us have a look at some of their tasks and responsibilities:

• Develop new ways to harness the utilization of electrical power for

the improvements of products and other equipment. • Oversee the different phases of a project such as the

manufacturing and installation of products and electrical systems. • Assure that the specifications for certain products are met during the manufacturing process.

• Evaluate issues encountered with the products and think of solutions to deal with the problem.

• Modify current electrical systems based on a client’s needs or other factors.

• Design prototypes for different electrical components and devices.

The median annual wage for electrical engineers in the year 2010 was recorded to be $84,540. This means that at that time, those who belonged to the highest

10 percent earned more than $128,610. On the other hand, those who belonged to the lowest 10 percent had a median annual salary of $54,030. Furthermore, between the years 2010 and 2020, jobs for electrical engineers are expected to

have an increase of 6 percent. This rate is slower than average compared to other professions. However, there is an anticipated increase for demand of

electrical engineering jobs in engineering services firms. This is the case since companies are expected to contact engineering firms for services rather than directly employ individual engineers.

To become an electrical engineer, an electrical engineering degree or a bachelor’s degree program of a relevant discipline in engineering is necessary.

While still in high school, it is important for aspiring electrical engineers to take mathematics and physics courses since this will help the candidate develop a

strong foundation for the said subjects in an early age. Furthermore, experience and a professional engineer (PE) license are recommended for individuals who

want to increase their chances of getting employed for ideal electrical engineering jobs.

Without a doubt, the services provided by electrical engineers during these modern times are indeed essential for us to be able to keep with our pace. More innovations and developments in the field of electrical engineering can most

certainly bring us further in terms of science and technology.

Civil Engineering – Building our Modern World

Civil engineering makes the existence of large structures such as bridges, roads, buildings and different water supply systems possible to be built. Civi l engineers

supervise the construction of these infrastructures that are a big part of our world; they deal with various aspects of the construction process. During planning, they

must also consider different aspects of the project such as the costs, impact on the environment, lifetime and environmental factors that can potentially have a huge effect on a project. Due to the complexity of some projects, civil engineers

can have several specializations to choose from which include geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and transportation engineering.

You can understand the nature of the work of civi l engineers through looking into the kind of responsibilities that they have. Hence, here is a list of tasks that civil engineers usually deal with:

• Examine technical and feasibility reports in preparation for a project.

• Estimate the cost of a project through creating & presenting a budget plan. • Evaluate the project site to determine the environmental aspects of

a certain location. • Test and decide materials that are to be used for a project.

• Utilize computer software to come up with detailed project designs. • Manage the materials and resources that are going to be used for construction.

• Deal with workers, contractors, architects and other individuals during implementation of the project.

• Look over the construction process and make sure that everything gets in place during the target timeframe.

To become a civil engineer, one must have a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering or another relevant engineering degree. Enrolling in a degree

program accredited by ABET is important for those who are seeking licensure as a professional engineer (PE). A license is mandatory for civil engineers who intend to work for the public sector.

In the year 2010, civil engineers earned a median annual wage of $77,560 (equivalent to an hourly rate of $37.29). Civil engineering jobs are expected to

have a 19 percent growth between the years 2010 and 2020. The skills of a civil engineer are needed in the repair and rebuilding of certain structures that are

seen as ever-changing throughout the years. Civi l engineers play an important role in the maintenance of these structures. Imagine a world without civil

engineers and you might end up thinking of a world of disordered proportions. Transportation can become a huge problem due to the lack of highways and

bridges or drinkable water might become a rare commodity if there would be no one to look after our water systems. Hence, it is safe to say that the next time your eyes meet a building of some sort, breathe a sigh of relief for you know that

behind these structures are civil engineers who possess the knowledge and abilities to keep our modern world intact.

Mechanical Engineering – A Look into the Discipline and Profession

Mechanical engineers encompass a wide area of study, hence mechanical

engineering is considered to be one of the broadest disciplines of engineering. Mechanical engineers design and build different kinds of tools and devices. They

are knowledgeable in principles from fields such as physics, kinematics, mathematics and mechanics, among others. Through their background in these disciplines, they are able to analyze, research, and develop mechanical devices

and prototypes. The responsibilities of a mechanical engineer primarily consist of the following:

Create mechanical devices that will help solve a problem in focus. Modify devices or equipment for improvements in reliability, economy and safety. Design and test prototypes for mechanical devices. Suggest modifications needed to be

done after yielding results on prototype tests. Monitor processes involved in the manufacturing of devices. Communicate with clients, engineers and other

professionals for the improvement or production of equipment. The duties of the mechanical engineer aren’t limited to the aforementioned.

Considering the wide area where their ski lls and abilities can be used in, there are a number of industries where their help are being sought in. For instance,

their expertise can be applied in the development of complex equipment used in healthcare or for simple mundane devices such as door locks. Hence, they can be found working on many different areas where mechanical processes are

present. To pursue a job as a mechanical engineer, candidates must obtain a degree in mechanical engineering or other degrees in related engineering

disciplines. For accredited mechanical engineering colleges, you can check the list generated from ABET’s (Accredited Board of Engineering and Technology, Inc.) website. Acquiring a program accredited by ABET can later help candidates

when they begin to seek for jobs.

Mechanical engineers received an annual median pay of $78,160 in 2010. This is equivalent to a rate of about $37.58 per hour. Moreover, an expected increase of 9 percent is expected for mechanical engineering jobs from the years 2010 to

2020. The job outlook can be affected by the type of industry that they work in, considering how mechanical engineers can work in a wide range of fields. Due to

this, you can easily tell that mechanical engineers can be found working in a variety of locations and sectors. For instance, they work in research and

development departments, government agencies and manufacturing plants. They can be seen doing their work in offices or they go to work sites from time to time

to monitor problems or processes that require their presence. The work done by mechanical engineers are significant in many areas of technology and even in

other fields of engineering. Without a doubt, these individuals have had a wide range of contributions to our society. Medical Sciences: There are different fields of medicine that help heal humans.

The following article will discuss and help answer the question on medical

courses, in minds of many aspiring doctors. Restoration of health, prevention and treatment of disease or illness comes under the field of medicine. Humans have practiced medicine since time immemorial, but it was an act carried out by

alchemists and traditional healers who helped cure diseases. With time, men started to understand science and developed scientific medicine to cure people.

With time different fields of medicine developed, that some individuals specialize in. There are different careers in the medical field. Those interested in the art of healing, that is, medicine, can find some answers in the following list of fields in

medicine. Which are the Different Fields of Medicine?

There are different fields of medicine that have a different nature of work, require

different training. There are many students who often want to know more about types of doctors and what they do. The table below will enlist the kinds of

doctors. You can choose from either of the following fields as a career. Di fferent fields require different educational qualifications and knowledge related to the medical field.

Best Fields of Medicine

There are a few best fields that earn the title, highest paying jobs in America. Some of these fields are as follows:

i. Cardiovascular Surgery: Annual Income: $558,719

These are doctors who diagnose and treat various heart diseases as well

as blood vessel problems related to the heart. These are one of the best paying jobs around and earn a cool average of $6000K or more annually. ii. Neurosurgery: Annual Income: $438,426

The doctor that provides the patient with operative as well as non-

operative management related to the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system are called neurosurgeons. These doctors earn about $550K annually.

iii. Vascular Surgery: Annual Income: $359,339

Those doctors who treat disorders of the blood vessels surgically are called vascular surgeons. They earn $400K or more.

iv. Orthopedic Surgery: Annual Income: $346,224

An orthopedic surgeon carries out preservation or restoration of the form and function of the bodies’ extremities, spine and associated bones

though surgical, medical and physical means. They are just under the vascular surgeons earning about $390K annually. v. Radiology: Annual Income: $309,361

Doctors that use radioactive equipment like X-rays, CT scans etc. to

diagnose and treat medical problems are called radiologist. They earn a nice sum of about $300K or more annually.

This was some information related to medical field career list. There are different fields of medicine and you can choose a medical job that suits

your career needs. Hope the above paragraphs have helped answer what are the fields in medicine in a short and simple way.

COMPUTER SCIENCE- Computing has become pervasive, touching nearly every

aspect of our lives. A degree in computer science can open up opportunities for

employment in the software development industry, but also in many areas including healthcare, business, science, medicine, graphics, utilities and education. This program offers a bachelor’s degree in computer science for students with a

previous bachelor’s in another area. According to labor experts "hybrid careers" combining "computing with other fields will increasingly be the new American jobs of the

future...." -The New York Times

Comparing Computer Science Careers

Education License Median Salary

Computer and

Information Systems Manager

Minimum: Bachelor's

Preferred: Master's

None $113,720

Computer Systems

Analyst

Bachelor's None $77,080

Computer Software

Engineer

Bachelor's None $93,470

(systems) $87,480 (applications)

Computer Hardware Engineer

Bachelor's needed if working directly with the

public

$98,820

Computer Programmer Bachelor's None $70,940

Computer Support

Specialist

Varies None $44,300

Network Systems Analyst Bachelor's None $73,250

Software Developer Minimum: Experience Preferred: Bachelor's

None $96,600 (systems)

$89,280 (applications)

Web Developer Minimum: Experience and certification Preferred: Bachelor's

None $77,010

Web Master Associate or certificate

None $77,010

Commerce & Scope of Commerce: Commerce means the process of distribution of

goods which means removal of goods from a place where they are produce and found in abundant to a place where they are scare and hence in demand. It is a vast and

complex organism and embraces all the functions involved in the buying and selling of goods. It is rightly said that commerce is the life blood of a nation. A nation economic prosperity is entirely dependent upon the development in the field of commerce. The

most obvious effect of the development as said before has been the availability of such goods to a community which, out of necessity are produce elsewhere.

Some of the definitions of commerce are reproduced below;

“The term commerce embodies all the operations connected with the act of exchange goods and services”

“In the widest sense the term commerce is applied to all these activities or functions which are intended to bring about an exchange of goods and services against money or money’s worth. It covers trade as well as the aids to trade, such as banking, insurance

and transport.”

“Commerce comprises a group of specialized activities which together from an essential part of the process of production. It links the suppliers and the consumers by means of trade and activities auxiliary to trade such as banking, insurance and transport and

warehousing.”

It is now made clear that commerce is basically concerned with the production and distribution of goods. Under commerce we study those activities which help produce goods and services and their distribution. In the chain of productivity the first in the line

is the extractors or cultivators and the last link is the consumers. To elaborate this statement it can be said that extractive activities related to raising from the soil or obtain

from beneath earth various form of wealth. Manufacturing consists of activities which are concerned with the working up of the raw material from the extractive industry into finished products. The commercial and distributive group includes all those people who

are concerned with the transfer of raw material from the producer to consumers. It consists of this entire person who is engaged in the distribution of goods such as

railways, banks, insurance companies, brokers, wholesalers, retailers, etc.

Thus it can be fairly said that commerce is the sum of total of all the activities beginning from the place of production and ending at the retailer’s shop from where the consumer

purchases his goods. Divisions of Commerce

Commerce is divided into trades and auxiliaries of trade. Trade simply means selling and buying of goods. A mediation of the exchange of goods between the producer and

the consumer is called trade. Trade is of two kind Home trade and foreign trade. The trade which is done with in the country is called home trade. The trade which is done

between two countries is called foreign trade. Auxiliaries to trade mean aids to trade. It includes the following services; banking, insurance, warehousing and agents.

BANKING: Banking business not only provides the facility of advancing the loans but

also provides the facilities of transferring the money from one country to another. Foreign trade is impossible without the services of the bank. Bank provide loan and thus advance means by which capital is transferred from those who cannot profitable use it

to those who can use it more productively for the benefits of society as a whole. INSURANCE COMPANY: At the present stage of business development every

capitalist does not invest capital in large amount without any security from loss. Insurance company come forward and takes the risk enabling the business man to run

the business without any hesitation.

TRANSPORTS: Transportation services are considered as a backbone for the

development of the trade. Highly developed transport system is very necessary for the commercial development of the county. Transport performs the entire work of

assembling and distributing of goods. It adds place utility to producer things. It helps widen the market for the commodity. It services the purpose of. Commerce to large

extends. i.e. in getting the greater satisfaction by using product of greater diversity of choice at reasonable prices. WARE HOUSING: Business man needs some place to store his goods. If he cannot

afford his own gawdon than he hires the go-down i.e. he obtains the service of ware

house to store his good in bulk or small quantity. MERCANTILE AGENTS: They are those middle men who create links between the

producer and the wholesaler. They take the goods from producer on their behalf and sell the goods to the wholesalers.

Difference between Commerce and Trade, Commerce and Industry, Commerce and Business

Business is a wide term and it includes all the activities carried out for mutual gain or profit and where exchange of something valuable (goods or services) takes place.

Business activities may be classified as:

1. Commerce 2. Trade

3. Industry

Industry involves the production of goods and materials. Commerce deals with their distribution. As far services doctors, teachers. Fisherman’s, weavers, they are all businessmen since they sell their services. Hence an agency through which business is

regularly conducted may be an industrial enterprise, commercial unit or a service establishment.

1. COMMERCE:

Commerce is the branch of business. It is the aggregate of all the activities which

take place between the producer and the consumers. All these occupations which affect the exchange of goods and services between producers and consumers

stand within the scope of commerce. It embraces all those functions which are essential for maintaining a free and uninterrupted flow of goods and services between those who produce and those who consume. It includes trade as well as

auxiliary to trade. 2. TRADE:

Trade stand within the scope of commerce. It is concerned with buying and selling of goods. It fulfills the aims of productions which is consumption. It is a mean to

exchange things we do not need for things which we need. Trade can be of two types.

1) Foreign or international trade. 2) Home or internal trade.

Foreign trade means trade with foreign countries. Such a trade is carried out on a

whole sale basis. It can be classified as follow. a) Import trade: buying goods from suppliers in other countries.

b) Export trade: selling of goods to purchasers in other countries.

The trade which is done with in the country is called home trade. It can be conducted on one of the following basis;

a) Whole sale trade b) Retail trade

A whole sale merchant deals in large quantity but limited variety of goods. A retail merchant on the other hand deals in small quantity of large variety of goods.

3. INDUSTRY:

The term industry refers to the productive aspects of business. It creates “Form

Utility’ for the satisfaction of human wants and hence plays an important role. Industry may be classified into following ways.

a) Extractive Industries: In which goods are extracted or raised from the soil, air, or water.

b) Genetic Industries: they involve reproducing or multiplying certain species of plant and animals as in the case of agriculture, cattle breeding etc.

c) Manufacturing Industries: which are considered with the transformation of the raw material or semi manufactured goods into finished products creating “form utility” as in case of spinning and weaving textiles from cotton.

d) Construction industries; which include construction of buildings, roads, bridge, dams, canals etc.

References:

1. http://ihelpf9.com/problems-and-solutions-of-higher-education-in-pakistan#sthash.j1quujJV.dpuf

2. http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiology-What-is-Cardiology.aspx

3. http://www.ontariochiropodist.com/pg_1.asp?CategoryID=0&ArticleID=1

4. http://fshn.illinois.edu/concentration/dietetics

Waqar Bangash s/o Shahid Bangash, Hangu, KPK Pakistan