selection, scaling and simulation of input ground motion ... · pdf fileselection, scaling and...
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Selection, Scaling And Simulation Of Input Selection, Scaling And Simulation Of Input Ground Motion For Time History Analysis Ground Motion For Time History Analysis
Of StructuresOf Structures
YASIN M. FAHJANDepartment of Earthquake and Structural Sciences
Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, [email protected]
Universidade do MinhoDepartamento de Engenharia Civil
SEMINAR AND LUNCH ON EARTHQUAKEENGINEERING AND HISTORIC MASONRY
July 12, 2010
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OUTLINEOUTLINES OF THE SEMINERS OF THE SEMINER
Seismic Analyses of StructuresSource of AccelerogramsSelection of Time History RecordsMethods of Ground Motion Scaling of Earthquake Time HistoriesCriteria for Evaluation of Resulted Accelerograms
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Static Equivalent Method
(Spectral Acceleration at First Natural Period of Structure )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant DesignsClassical Earthquake Resistant Designs
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Modal Combination Method
(Spectral Acceleration at all Effective Natural Periods of Structure )
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Classical Earthquake Resistant DesignsClassical Earthquake Resistant Designs
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HOW TO HOW TO GET GET DESIGN SPECTRUMDESIGN SPECTRUM ??
• Earthquake Design Codes (NEHRP 1997, IBC2003, EuroCode 8 )
• Deterministic and Probabilistic Hazard Analysis
T0 TS 1.0
SM1
SMS
Sa=SM1 / T
Period
Sa
0.4 SMS
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Linear Dynamic (Acceleration Time History)
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain AnalysesTime Domain Analyses
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Nonlinear Dynamic (Acceleration Time History)
INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE INPUT MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE STRCUTURAL ANALYSESSTRCUTURAL ANALYSES
Time Domain AnalysesTime Domain Analyses
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SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS SOURCE OF ACCELEROGRAMS
Real Accelerograms
Artificial Accelerograms
Synthetic Accelerograms
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FACTORS INFLUENCINGFACTORS INFLUENCING REAL REAL ACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
SourceMagnitudeRupture MechanismDirectivityFocal Depth
PathCrustal Structure
SiteSurface GeologyTopographyStructures
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RULES FOR SCALING TIME HISTORIES ACCORDING RULES FOR SCALING TIME HISTORIES ACCORDING TO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURMTO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURM
Guidance On How To Actually Select Appropriate Real Records Is Usually Focused On Compatibility With The Response Spectrum Rather Than Seismological Parameters
UBC 1997 And IBC 2000Maximum Structural Response If Three Records Used Average Structural Response If Seven Records Used(SRSS) Of The Two Horizontal Components – Should Not Be Less Than 1.4 The Design Spectrum Ordinates In The Range From 0.2T To 1.5T (UBC 1997 )
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RULES FOR SCALING TIME HISTORIES ACCORDING RULES FOR SCALING TIME HISTORIES ACCORDING TO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURMTO FIT DESIGN CODE SPECTURM
Scaled Spectrum Should Not Be Less Than 0.9 The Design Spectrum Ordinates In The Range From 0.2T1 To 2T1 (DBYBHY 2007); T1 is the first fundamental Period of the StructureEarthquake Record duration > 5 T1 and > 15 sec
T10.2 T1 2 T1
> 5 T1> 15 sec
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Ground Motion Scaling in Time Domain
Spectral Matching inFrequency Domain
Spectral Matching byWavlets
Spectrum CompatibleArtificial Record
Generation
Processing Of Ground Motion To Fit Processing Of Ground Motion To Fit Response Spectra (Response Spectra (Real and Artificial Real and Artificial
AccelerogramsAccelerograms))
Bommer & Acevedo 2004
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REAL ACCELEROGRAMSREAL ACCELEROGRAMS
AdvantagesGround-motion Characteristics (Amplitude, Frequency And Energy Content, Duration And Phase Characteristics)Characteristics Of The Source, Path And Site
DisadvantagesNot All Magnitude-Distance-Soil Combinations Are CoveredResponse Spectra Are Generally Not Smoothed.
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PEER WEBSITE 2PEER WEBSITE 2
http://peer.berkeley.edu/smcat
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PEER STRONG MOTION DATABASEPEER STRONG MOTION DATABASE
Focal MechanismStrike slip, Normal, Reverse normal, Reverse-oblique, Normal-oblique
Magnitude (ML, M, MS) Distance to FaultClosest, Hypocentral, Projection of fault plane
Site Classification and Mapped Local Geology Instrument HousingFree-field, shelter Type
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GROUND MOTION SCALING IN TIME DOMAINGROUND MOTION SCALING IN TIME DOMAIN
Nikolaou, 1998
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DEVELOPMENT OF DISPLACEMENTDEVELOPMENT OF DISPLACEMENTRESPONSE SPECTRUMRESPONSE SPECTRUM
FEMA 451
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GROUND MOTION SCALING GROUND MOTION SCALING IN TIME DOMAIN IN TIME DOMAIN ((SCALING ON AMPLITUDE)SCALING ON AMPLITUDE)
Match to Peak GroundAcceleration (PGA)
Match Spectral Accelerationat Specific Period
Cimellaro 2007
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SCALING ON AMPLITUDESCALING ON AMPLITUDE
Match Spectral AccelerationAt Period Range using
least square Method
Match Multiple Motions match the median using
Least Square Method
Cimellaro 2007
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TIME SCALED EARTHQUAKE RECORDSTIME SCALED EARTHQUAKE RECORDS
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SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAINSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Nikolaou, 1998
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Nikolaou, 1998
SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAINSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN ((contcont.).)
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SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAINSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
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SCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAINSCALE IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
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SPECTRAL MATCHING SPECTRAL MATCHING USING WAVELETSUSING WAVELETS
Adjust the original record iteratively in the time domain to achieve compatibility with a specified target acceleration response spectrum by adding wavelets having specified period ranges and limited durations to the input time history. RSPMATCH software developed by Abrahamson (1992)
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List of candidate earthquake records used List of candidate earthquake records used for for RSPMatchRSPMatch
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra For Spectra For RSPMATCHRSPMATCH Generated RecordsGenerated Records
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DISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSIONSDISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSIONS
RSPMatch program requires a set of earthquake records that initially have considerable compatibility with the target spectrum. The matching procedure is not robustand program requests a lot of parameters related to additional wavelet iterations. The convergence is not guaranteed for many candidate records.
The average of, acceleration velocity and displacement spectra for the matched records using RSPMatch have excellent fit with the design spectra.
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ARTIFICIAL ACCELEROGRAMSARTIFICIAL ACCELEROGRAMS
Generated To Match A Target Response SpectrumEarthquake Motion As The Output From Filters And Use Of System Response For A White Noise Input
DisadvantagesRecords Generally Have An Excessive Number Of Cycles Of Strong Motion, And Consequently Have Unrealistically High Energy Content
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD GENERATION (GENERATION (SIMQKE SIMQKE ))
SIMQKE (Gasparini and Vanmarcke, 1976) computes a power spectral density function from a specified smooth response spectrum and uses this function to derive the amplitudes of sinusoidal signals which have random phase angles uniformly distributed between 0 and 2π. The sinusoidal motions are summed to generate a time history recordIn order to get other characteristics of artificial spectrum-compatible record, such as duration, it is necessary to obtain supplementary information about the expected earthquake motion apart from the response spectrum.
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD GENERATION (GENERATION (TARSCTHS TARSCTHS ))
The code TARSCTHS (Papageorgiou et al., 2002) uses non-stationary stochastic vector processes to generate artificial time histories from a user defined elastic response spectrum. The iterative scheme is applied in frequency domain where the phase angles of the desired motion are randomly generated Ground Motion Scaling in Time Domain
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Ductility Demand For Ductility Demand For SIMQKE Generated RecordsSIMQKE Generated Records
Trapezoidal intensity envelope with earthquake rise time=2.5 sec, earthquake level time=12sec, desired duration of acceleration=35sec and
desired maximum ground acceleration = 0.3 g
filtered (0.1-20Hz) and baseline
corrected
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SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE ARTIFICIAL RECORD GENERATIONRECORD GENERATION
Using either TARSCTHS or SIMQKE, the average of generated records acceleration, velocity and displacement spectra have inadequate fitting for longer periods. For option with no envelope in SIMQKE, non-realistic records that do not represent the general characteristics of real earthquakes are generated.Even though the unfiltered time histories have the same fit for the design spectrum as filtered time histories, unrealistic nonlinear behavior can be observed for the valid period range (0.1s-10s).
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SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMSSYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS
Stochastic Point Source and Finite Source ((Boore, 2003; Atkinson and Boore, 1997)Synthesize Earthquake Motion Using A Fault Dislocation Model Or Empirical Green’s Function ModelDefinition Of A Specific Earthquake ScenarioMost Widely used EMPSYN Program L. Hutchings (1976)Geophysical Parameters
HypocenterSeismic MomentSlip VectorAsperitiesRupture VelocityRise TimeStress Drop
Philippe Rosset, Jean-Jacques Wagner (2000)
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CRETERIA FOR EVALUATION CRETERIA FOR EVALUATION THE RESULTINGTHE RESULTINGACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
Resulting accelerograms must have realistic characteristics of earthquakes in terms of amplitude, frequency content and duration. A baseline correction and filtering should be performed to the generated or matched acceleration time histories.The acceleration, velocity and displacementtime histories should be examined to ensure that they are reasonably close to the target values in terms of peak values, wave form, strong shaking duration and other critical features such as the near-fault velocity pulse
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CRETERIA FOR EVALUATION CRETERIA FOR EVALUATION THE RESULTING THE RESULTING ACCELEROGRAMSACCELEROGRAMS
Power spectral density function should be examined to ensure a board distribution of energy in the final spectrum-compatible motion as a function of Fourier period and there are no significant deficiencies in the energy at periods important to the structureIn real earthquake records, average of the ductility factor is expected to be equal to structural behavior factor at longer periods (equal displacement rule) especially for velocity and displacement sensitive spectral regions (Chopra, 2000).
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Realistic Acceleration, Velocity and Realistic Acceleration, Velocity and DisplacementDisplacement
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Ductility Demand For Ductility Demand For Time Scaled RecordsTime Scaled Records
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Ductility Demand For Ductility Demand For SIMQKE Generated RecordsSIMQKE Generated Records
Trapezoidal intensity envelope with earthquake rise time=2.5 sec, earthquake level time=12sec, desired duration of acceleration=35sec and
desired maximum ground acceleration = 0.3 g
filtered (0.1-20Hz) and baseline
corrected
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Ductility Demand For Ductility Demand For TARSCTH Generated RecordsTARSCTH Generated Records
filtered (0.1-20Hz) and baseline
corrected
TARSCTHS program requires moment magnitude and epicentral distance of scenario earthquake to compute duration
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Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Acceleration, Velocity And Displacement Spectra And Ductility Demand For Ductility Demand For RSPMATCH Generated RecordsRSPMATCH Generated Records
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