self-directed learning of secondary students · •efa factor loadings; please refer to handout for...

1

SelfSelf--Directed Learning of Secondary StudentsDirected Learning of Secondary StudentsPresentation to Presentation to

PrincipalsPrincipals’’ Conference 2006Conference 2006

Magdalena Mo Ching Mok, Cheng Yin Magdalena Mo Ching Mok, Cheng Yin CheongCheong, , Phillip J. Moore, Kerry J. KennedyPhillip J. Moore, Kerry J. Kennedy

The Hong Kong Institute of EducationThe Hong Kong Institute of Education

31 March 200631 March 2006

2

Purpose of Today

Present results on relationship between

academic achievement and

self-directed learning for

HK secondary students

3

What Is Self-Directed Learning?

Learner assumes major responsibility in the learning pursuit

Different names are used

A basic human competence – the ability to learn on one’s own (Knowles, 1975)

4

Background: Education in the 21 Century

Four Pillars of Learning

Learning to live together

Learning to learn

Learning to be

Learning to doDelors Report (1998)

5

Self-learning Is Central to EducationHong Kong: “to enable everyone to develop their full and individual potential in all areas… so that each individual is ready for continuous self-learning…”

The G8 Governments and members of EC declared their commitment to lifelong learning at the 2000 Meeting

Japan: “To enhance children's ability to think and learn for themselves”

Korea: “to raise a self-reliant individual equipped with a distinct sense of independence, a creative individual with a sense of originality”

Singapore: “be innovative - have a spirit of continual improvement, a lifelong habit of learning and an enterprising spirit in undertakings”

Thailand: “To develop student's learning capabilities in the areas of: self-learning, creative thinking and basic academic learning”

6

What are the characteristics of a self-directed learner?

7

Characteristics of Self-directed Learner

1.Adaptive attributional beliefs; sense of responsibility for ones’ own learning;

2.Strong academic self-confidence;3. Believe that effort will bring about success;4.Will set effective learning goals;5.Visionary; farsighted;6.Has good learning strategies; can self-monitor

and self-regulate;7.Capacity for time-management and resource

management (Aldeman, 1999)

8

Characteristics of Self-directed Learner

1.Positive reactions toward feedback from others;

2.Respect individual differences and acknowledge one’s own strengths and limitations; self-monitor and self-regulate accordingly;

3.Self-evaluate learning outcomes against set goals and make changes where necessary;

4. Manage external learning environment and make adjustments according to one’s own conditions to maximize learning effectiveness.

(Pintrich, 2000)

9

DoubleDouble--looped Learninglooped Learning

5. Outcome3. Action

1. Prior

2. Plan2. Plan

4. Monitor4. Monitor

6.6. 1st Order 1st Order LearningLearning

7.7. 2nd Order 2nd Order LearningLearning

(Mok & Cheng, 2001)

5. Outcome3. Learn

1. Prior

2. Plan

4. Monitor

6.6. 1st Orider 1st Orider LearningLearning

7.7. 2nd Order 2nd Order LearningLearning

• Academic Self-confidence• Motivation• Attributions • Education Aim

• Change in learning strategy and behaviour

Change in self-knowledge• Cognition• Meta-cognition• Motivation

• Self-monitoring

• Initiation• Inquisitive Mind• Information Processing• Strategic Help Seeking

(Benefits, Costs, Bahavior)• Management of Learning Env

• Goal setting • Planning

Mok & Cheng, 1999Mok & Cheng, 1999

SelfSelf--Directed Learning Domains & VariablesDirected Learning Domains & Variables

11

The Research

Funded by Research Grants Committee, UGC 2003 - 2006Research Team: The Hong Kong Institute of Education

Magdalena Mo Ching Mok, Director, CARD and Principal Lecturer, EPCL Department)

Cheng Yin Cheong, Director, CIRD

Phillip John Moore, Associate Vice President (Curriculum and Quality Assurance)

Kerry John Kennedy, Ag Dean, Faculty of Professional and Early Childhood Education

Yan Zi, Research Assistant, EPCL Department

Shen Meng Hsiang, Research Assistant, EPCL Department

12

The SampleThe Sample

Count

Number of Students 14,846

Number of Schools 23

Number of Males 7,238Number of Females 7,521

13

The Self-directed Learning Scales (Will + Skill)

Value of School Work (5 items) Academic Affect (5 items) Change for Improvement (5 items)Inquisitive Mind (5 items)Academic Self Concept (5 items)Education Aims (5 items)Goal Setting (5 items)Academic Monitoring (10 items) Frequency of Help-seeking Behaviour (5 items)Academic Initiation (5 items)Study Plan (5 items)Information Processing (10 items)

14

The Self-directed Learning Scales (Cont.)

Management of Learning Environment (5 items)Help-seeking (10 items)

Benefits of Help-seeking (5 items)Costs of Help-seeking (5 items) Success

Failure Attribution (12 items)Failure Attribution to Ability (4 items)Failure Attribution to Effort (4 items)Failure Attribution to Strategy (4 items)

Success Attribution (12 items)Success Attribution to Ability (4 items)Success Attribution to Effort (4 items)Success Attribution to Strategy (4 items)

15•• EFA factor loadings; Please refer to Handout for EFA details;EFA factor loadings; Please refer to Handout for EFA details;•• 17 clearly identified factors, conforming to construction; 47% t17 clearly identified factors, conforming to construction; 47% total otal varvar extractedextracted

Factors 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00

Item Inform ation Processing

Strategy Failure

Attribution

Help-seek ing

Costs

Ability Success

Attribution

Motivatn Effort Failure

Attr ibution

Help-seeking Benefits

Strategy/ Effort

Success Attr ibution

Mgt of Learning Environ

Inquis itive M ind

Ability Failure

Attribution

Help Seek ing Behavior

Acad Self-Confid

Goal Setting

Planning Education Aim

Initiation

A01 -0.01 -0.03 -0.02 0.02 0.61 0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.05 -0.05 -0.05 0.03A02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.46 0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.05 -0.06 0.06 0.01 0.09 -0.11 -0.21 0.07A03 -0.01 0.04 -0.01 -0.01 0.41 0.03 -0.01 -0.07 0.04 0.09 -0.08 0.07 0.04 0.08 -0.16 -0.11 0.11A04 0.13 0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.46 0.03 -0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 -0.02 0.00 0.06 -0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01A05 0.07 0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.58 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.08 0.01 0.01 -0.07A06 -0.03 0.02 0.04 -0.01 0.27 -0.02 -0.01 -0.05 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.04 -0.05 -0.19 0.04A07 -0.02 0.06 -0.01 -0.06 0.22 -0.07 -0.02 -0.06 0.05 0.03 -0.02 0.08 0.25 -0.02 -0.13 -0.03 0.08A08 -0.07 0.07 0.02 -0.03 0.18 -0.02 -0.04 -0.10 0.04 0.16 0.01 0.10 0.19 0.02 -0.12 -0.09 0.09A09 -0.04 0.04 -0.01 -0.06 0.23 -0.04 -0.04 -0.09 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.06 -0.09 -0.19 0.08A10 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.39 -0.02 -0.06 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.11 -0.08 0.00 -0.18 -0.11B01 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.35 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 0.21 -0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.06 0.02 -0.09 -0.03B02 0.00 0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.07 -0.01 -0.04 0.00 0.02 0.69 -0.01 -0.01 -0.05 0.03 -0.02 -0.06 0.03B03 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.71 -0.03 -0.04 -0.01 -0.06 0.03 0.05 -0.05B04 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 0.03 0.63 0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.02B05 0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.07 0.05 -0.03 -0.07 -0.07 0.01 0.23 0.04 0.06 0.15 -0.01 -0.08 -0.10 -0.06B06 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.09 -0.03 -0.07 -0.02 -0.01 0.07 -0.03 0.01 0.04 0.59 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.01B07 0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.08 0.06 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.03 -0.01 -0.01 -0.07 0.60 -0.12 0.03 0.04 -0.08B08 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.05 -0.03 0.03 -0.02 0.08 -0.12 -0.08 0.50 -0.07 0.00 0.04 -0.06B09 0.11 -0.04 -0.03 0.04 0.06 0.04 -0.04 0.00 -0.05 0.03 -0.06 -0.04 0.52 -0.02 -0.03 -0.06 -0.02B10 0.04 0.01 -0.02 0.05 0.01 -0.06 -0.03 0.00 0.04 -0.07 0.03 0.03 0.61 -0.03 0.00 -0.06 0.01C01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.00 -0.01 -0.04 0.00 -0.10 0.05 -0.54 -0.11C02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.75 -0.01C03 0.06 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 -0.06 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.68 0.00C04 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.15 -0.02 -0.11 0.00 -0.01 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.01 -0.10 0.03 -0.41 0.02C05 0.04 0.04 -0.03 0.00 0.09 0.00 -0.10 -0.04 0.01 0.30 -0.01 0.03 0.01 -0.04 0.00 -0.26 0.10C06 -0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.19 -0.07 0.06 0.12 -0.43 -0.11 -0.10 0.02C07 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.08 -0.04 -0.03 0.00 0.09 -0.03 0.00 0.06 0.08 -0.48 -0.01 -0.06 -0.09C08 0.07 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.04 0.01 -0.03 -0.08 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.07 0.08 -0.41 -0.07 -0.10 0.13C09 0.05 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -0.05 0.02 0.08 -0.01 0.08 0.09 -0.52 -0.11 -0.14 0.11C10 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.05 0.01 -0.02 0.06 0.09 -0.45 -0.26 -0.05 0.03E01 0.02 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.05 -0.02 0.08 -0.06 0.02 0.41 -0.08 -0.13 -0.03 0.00 -0.01E02 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.04 0.03 0.03 -0.02 0.04 0.01 -0.02 0.45 0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.03 -0.22E03 0.03 0.00 -0.04 -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.06 -0.01 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.67 0.02 0.04 -0.01 -0.02 0.00E04 0.06 0.03 -0.02 0.02 0.04 -0.01 -0.12 0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.66 -0.02 -0.04 0.01 0.05 0.06E05 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.06 -0.04 -0.11 0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.03 0.51 -0.06 -0.09 0.01 0.02 0.03F01 0.15 -0.02 0.00 0.04 -0.05 0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.01 0.20 -0.05 0.17 0.09 0.09 -0.07 -0.03 -0.35F02 0.14 0.00 -0.02 0.01 -0.05 0.02 -0.06 -0.01 0.00 0.25 -0.06 0.18 0.10 0.07 -0.08 -0.05 -0.25F03 0.12 0.02 0.03 0.01 -0.01 -0.04 -0.02 0.01 0.02 0.15 -0.02 0.05 0.08 -0.06 -0.13 -0.03 -0.32F04 0.00 -0.04 -0.03 0.01 0.03 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.09 0.00 -0.06 -0.07 -0.53F05 0.06 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.06 -0.05 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.12 0.11 0.02 -0.10 -0.11 -0.40

16

Factors 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00

Item Inform ation Processing

Strategy Failure

Attr ibution

Help-seek ing

Costs

Ability Success

Attr ibution

Motivatn Effort Failure

Attribution

Help-seek ing Benefits

Strategy/ Effort

Success Attr ibution

M gt of Learning Environ

Inquis itive Mind

Ability Failure

Attr ibution

Help Seeking Behavior

Acad Self-Confid

Goal Setting

Planning Education Aim

Initiation

F06 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.03 -0.01 0.07 -0.04 -0.03 0.02 0.02 -0.27 -0.36 -0.03 -0.12F07 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.02 -0.03 -0.02 0.02 0.03 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.01 -0.13 -0.52 0.00 -0.06F08 0.02 0.01 -0.03 0.02 0.03 -0.02 -0.07 -0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.02 0.00 -0.68 0.01 0.00F09 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 -0.01 -0.08 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 -0.67 0.01 0.01F10 0.11 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.04 -0.04 -0.04 0.01 0.04 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.08 -0.50 0.00 -0.10G01 0.45 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.06 0.01 -0.01 -0.12 -0.04 -0.06G02 0.53 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 -0.02 0.03 0.04 -0.01 -0.05 -0.02 -0.01G03 0.57 0.02 0.02 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.04 0.02G04 0.60 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.05 0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 -0.07 -0.07 0.05G05 0.54 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 0.02 -0.03 -0.06 0.02 -0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04 -0.06 -0.06 0.04G06 0.47 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 0.05 -0.05 0.04 0.01 0.03 -0.04 -0.04 -0.03 -0.04G07 0.50 -0.02 0.04 0.05 0.15 -0.02 -0.01 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.01 -0.04 0.02 -0.08 0.06 0.04 -0.10G08 0.65 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.05 0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00G09 0.62 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 -0.05 0.01 -0.02 0.07 -0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01G10 0.47 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.03 -0.06 -0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 -0.07 -0.02 0.05H01 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.14 -0.08 -0.05 0.05 0.37 -0.03 0.04 -0.05 0.01 -0.13 0.02 -0.03 -0.21H02 0.04 0.01 -0.05 -0.01 -0.06 0.03 0.00 -0.04 0.81 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.05 -0.03 -0.02 0.12H03 0.01 -0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.00 -0.03 0.03 0.59 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.06 0.04 0.00 -0.14H04 0.02 0.02 -0.04 -0.02 -0.06 0.02 0.00 -0.05 0.79 0.03 -0.01 0.05 0.02 0.08 -0.04 -0.01 0.13H05 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.05 -0.05 -0.06 0.04 0.45 -0.02 -0.02 -0.07 0.02 -0.09 -0.05 0.01 -0.10H06 -0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 0.02 -0.79 -0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.05 0.02 0.06 -0.04 0.00 0.04H07 -0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 -0.90 0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01H08 0.05 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.76 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 -0.01 -0.02 0.02H09 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.09 -0.03 -0.37 0.03 0.08 0.06 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 -0.11 0.02 -0.03 -0.14H10 0.04 -0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.02 -0.48 -0.06 0.07 -0.01 0.00 0.07 0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.01 -0.02H11 -0.02 -0.02 0.75 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 -0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.02 0.03H12 0.00 -0.02 0.76 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01H13 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.03 0.00 -0.02 -0.01 0.04 -0.01 -0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.02 -0.03 0.01 0.02 -0.06H14 -0.01 -0.01 0.83 0.03 0.01 -0.04 0.04 0.02 -0.02 -0.04 0.00 -0.03 0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.04H15 0.03 0.04 0.60 -0.05 -0.06 0.04 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.08 -0.01 -0.03 0.11I1A 0.01 0.63 0.02 -0.04 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 -0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04 -0.01 0.02 -0.02 0.01 0.04I2C 0.01 0.58 0.02 -0.02 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.02I3A -0.02 0.75 -0.02 -0.05 -0.01 0.10 -0.01 -0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.01I4B -0.05 0.72 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.13 -0.02 0.03 0.00 -0.01 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.00I1B 0.02 0.01 0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.68 0.00 -0.04 0.00 0.03 -0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.05 -0.02 0.01I2A 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.69 -0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.02 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 -0.02I3B 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.64 0.00 -0.03 0.01 -0.03 0.04 -0.02 -0.05 -0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00I4A 0.00 0.05 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 0.79 -0.02 -0.01 0.01 -0.02 -0.03 0.00 0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03I1C 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 -0.02 -0.08 0.00 -0.05 0.01 0.03 0.63 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01I2B 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.04 -0.02 0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.01 0.00 0.68 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.00 -0.03 0.03I3C -0.01 0.12 0.09 -0.09 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.04 -0.01 -0.03 0.43 -0.03 -0.17 -0.09 0.01 0.01 -0.07I4C 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.04 -0.02 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 -0.02 0.74 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.03J1A 0.08 0.26 -0.03 0.14 -0.01 -0.06 -0.03 -0.53 0.00 0.01 -0.07 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.05 -0.01 -0.03J2A 0.07 0.27 -0.02 0.19 0.00 -0.09 -0.03 -0.54 0.00 -0.02 -0.10 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 0.04 -0.03 -0.04J3C 0.07 0.23 -0.01 0.19 -0.01 -0.08 -0.02 -0.58 0.02 -0.04 -0.11 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 0.01 -0.02 -0.04J4C 0.09 0.11 -0.02 0.15 0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.45 0.03 -0.04 -0.06 0.02 -0.05 -0.08 -0.01 -0.03 -0.07J1B 0.05 -0.02 -0.02 0.06 0.02 0.05 -0.05 -0.54 0.00 0.08 0.07 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.02 -0.01J2C -0.02 -0.03 0.05 -0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00 -0.51 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.05 -0.01 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0.01J3B -0.03 -0.12 -0.02 -0.08 0.02 0.10 -0.05 -0.72 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.03 -0.07 0.00 0.03J4A 0.01 -0.10 -0.01 -0.04 0.01 0.14 -0.07 -0.70 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 -0.03 -0.02 0.03J1C -0.02 -0.04 0.00 0.78 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.03 -0.03 -0.03 0.07J2B 0.03 -0.02 -0.02 0.63 -0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.16 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.02J3A -0.05 0.00 -0.01 0.83 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.05 -0.06 -0.02 0.06J4B 0.01 -0.07 0.05 0.58 0.04 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.02 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0.01 -0.06

17

Validity of ScalesValidity of Scales

Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the constructsGFI = 0.90CFI = 0.90NNFI = 0.90RMSEA = 0.035

18

What are the relationships between self-directed

learning and academic achievement?

Zimmerman (1989, 1990, 1996, 1997)

19

Chinese English Math

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1 1 1

The lowest achieving group

310 groups: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

21 4

7

20

Our Findings

Strong association between academic achievement and self-directed learning

AttributionHelp-seekingMotivationSelf-conceptSelf-regulationInformation processing…

21

Comapre Male & Female Ability Failure Attribution AcrossAchievement Groups

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Gp 3 Gp 4 Gp 5 Gp 6 Gp 7 Gp 8 Gp 9 Gp 10 Gp 11 Gp 12

Female

Male

Weakest Strongest

22

Compare Male & Female Ability Success AttributionAcross Ach Groups

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4


Female

Male

23

Compare Male & Female Effort Success AttributionsAcross Achievement Groups

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4


Male

Female

24

Compare Male & Female Strategy Success AttributionAcross Achievement Groups

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4


Male

Female

25

Relations between Costs of Help Seeking and AcademicAchievement of Males and Females

1.85

1.90

1.95

2.00

2.05

2.10

2.15

2.20

2.25

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Academic Achievement Groups

Cost

s of

Hel

p Se

ekin

g Male

Female

26

Relations between Benefits of Help Seeking and AcademicAchievement for Males and Females

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13


Bene

fits

of H

elp

Seek

ing

Male

Female

27

Relation between Help Seeking Frequency and AcademicAchievement for Males and Females

2.50

2.552.60

2.652.70

2.75

2.802.85

2.902.95

3.00

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13


Help

See

king

Fre

quen

cy

Male

Female

28

3.004.00

5.006.00

7.008.00

9.0010.00

11.0012.00

ZZA CH GP

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

Estimated Marginal Means

Sex12

E stim ated Marg inal Means of V ALU E OF S CH OO L W OR K

Male

Female

29

3.004.00

5.006.00

7.008.00

9.0010.00

11.0012.00

ZZACHGP

2.65

2.70

2.75

2.80

2.85

2.90

2.95

3.00

3.05


Sex12

Estim ated Marginal Means of EDU CA TION A IM S

Male

Female

303.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZA CH GP

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90


Sex12

E stim ated Marg inal Means of S TU D Y PLA N

Male

Female

313.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZA CH GP

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70


Sex12

E stim ated Marginal Means of GO AL SE TTING

Male

Female

323.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZACHGP

2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90


Sex12

Estimated Marginal Means of ACADEMIC MONITORING

Male

Female

333.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZACHGP

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10


Sex12

Estimated M arginal Means of CHANGE TO IMPROVE

Male

Female

34

3.004.00

5.006.00

7.008.00

9.0010.00

11.0012.00

ZZA CH GP

2.90

2.95

3.00

3.05

3.10

3.15

3.20


Sex12

Estim ated M arginal Means o f IN QUIS IT IV EN E SS

Male

Female

353.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZACHGP

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

3.00

3.10

3.20


Sex12

Estimated M arginal Means of ACADEM IC AFFECT

Male

Female

363.00

4.005.00

6.007.00

8.009.00

10.0011.00

12.00

ZZACHGP

2.40

2.50

2.60

2.70


Sex12

Estim ated Marginal Means of ACADEMIC INITIATION

Male

Female

37

3.004.00

5.006.00

7.008.00

9.0010.00

11.0012.00

ZZA CH GP

2.20

2.40

2.60

2.80


Sex12

Estim ated M arginal Means of AC AD EM IC S ELF C ON CE P T

Male

Female

42

Recommendations:

Learner-centered teaching:Maintain strength

Help students to:

create meaningful goalsBuild strong academic self confidenceDevelop adaptive attributions for success & failureDevelop metacogition skillsTake responsibility for own learningcreate and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goalsDevelop, apply, and assess their own strategic learning skills

43

Recommendations (Cont.)

Hold appropriate expectations of studentsTeachers play a major interactive role between the student and the learning environmentCreate a supportive learning environment:

Rich & stimulatingEmotionally and psychologically save

Disseminate research findings to studentsand parentsShare good practices

44

Thank you!Thank you!

self-directed learning of secondary students · •efa factor loadings; please refer to handout for...

Documents