PRESENT BY :

zulhidaweni

SEMANTIC ROLES

• Semantic roles also called by Thematic Role.• A sentence is defined as a composite of

inflection and proposition.• A proposition consists of a subject and a

predicate• Inflection includes agreement and tense

( grammatical ,Modality, Present, Past, and Future )

SENTENCE AND PROPOSITION

ex: We walk in the park. our walk in the park for us to walk in the park.

The 1st sentece is complete sentence and gramatically but 2nd and 3rd are not complete sentence and not gramatically. We as subject, Walk as predicate.

• The semantic content shared by three expressions is a proposition.Ex: - We walk in the park = expresses a single proposition- We don’t walk in the park = the negation of proposition- Do we walk in the park = a question about proposition

• Proposition can be expressed in different sentencesex: Helen put on a sweeter.Helen put a sweater on.

These are different sentences but they have the same meaning and expressed the same proposition.

Semantic Roles

• Agent : The one who performs an action.Ex: Jully runs

• Predicate : an action.Ex: Anna found a doll.

• Affected ( theme ) : The one or thing that undergoes an action.ex: Rina closed the door.

• Location : The place where an actions happens.Ex: I visited my uncle in Jakarta.

• Goal : The place to which an action is directed.Ex: Put the book on the table.

• Source : The place from which an action originates.Ex: She moves from Padang to Bandung.

• Instrument : The means by which an action is performed.Ex: Ann slices an onion with a knife.

• Possessor : One who has something.Ex: The wings of the bird broken.

• Causative : A natural force that causes a change.Ex: The Flood damaged the village.

• Experiencer : One who experienced.Ex: Rahma felt happy.

Valency

• Meaning of Valency-> Valency is the number of argument that

accompany a particular predicate.

• Kinds of Valency:1. Valency zero2. Valency one3. Valency two

1.Valency zero is a sentence best on the meaning in

pragmatic but we can’t found the semantic.Ex: it is snowing2.Valency one is a sentence have one argument have

predicate and subject but don’t have objectex: My brother snores

3.Valency two is a valency that have two argument

predicate . Ex: the cat kill a rat. a. Argument one as subject (the cat) b. predicate as action (kill) c. argument two as object/ affected (a rat)

• Valency changing operation is a syntactic or morphological operation due to

which the relationship between a verb and its argument is changed.

ex: 1)Tom broke the window Arg1 Predicate Arg2

agent action affected

Tom broke the window

CHANGING IN VALENCY

Changing:2)The window broke

arg predicate

Affected action

The window broke

Changing from transitive into intransitive1)David hugged MarryIn this sentence “hugged” is a transitive verb

taking “Marry” as its object. the sentence can be passivized with the the direct object “Marry” as the grammatical subject.

2)Marry was huggedThis shift is called promotion of object.

Other example1.He broke the cupThe verb is transitive and subject is the agent of

the action the performer of the action of breaking the cup

2.The cup brokeThe verb is transitive and the subject is the

patient of the action.it is the thing affected by the action,not the one that performs it