Ch. 1 UNCOVERING THE PAST

Study of the past based on what people left behind

Archaeology! Objects created and used by

humans Artifacts!

Natural materials that people need and value

Resources! Made up of all living and

nonliving things that affect life in an area

Environment! Natural features of the land's

surface Landforms!

Knowledge, beliefs, customs, & values of a group of people

Culture! Study of the earth's physical and

cultural features Geography!

Weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time

Climate! A part or imprint of something

that was once alive Fossil!

An area with one or more features that make it different

from surrounding areas Region!

People have been making maps for more than _____years.

4,000 years! Every place on earth has a specific ____________.

Location! Ch. 2 THE STONE AGES

Time before there was writing Prehistory!

early ancestor of humans Hominid!

relative who lived in the past Ancestor!

handheld object modified to help a person accomplish a task

Tool! first part of the Stone Age

Paleolithic! community of people who share a

common culture Society!

people who hunt animals and gather wild plants Hunter-gatherers!

to divide among a group of people

Distribute! to move Migrate!

freezing times Ice Ages!

strip of land connecting two continents

Land Bridge!

Semester Exam Study Guide! You’ve already been tested on these items!

Name____________________Block___

To review: 1. Draw a 3 x 5 notecard down each column. As it uncovers the definition, see if you can think of the word, then pull the card down and see if you were right! 2. Study Your Ch. 1 & 2 P.A.P.E.R. TECH 3D Graphic Organizer! You will have to match the ten cartoons with the ten reasons for studying History and FILL IN THE BLANK with the four ways that we know about the past (F.A.P.S.) 3. Keep your 3D Graphic Organizer on your desk as a reminder to review. You can fold these sheets and store them in the “Secret Pocket” of your 3D Graphic Organizer. (Just remember to take them out and REVIEW for five to ten minutes EACH NIGHT!) 4. You can also use the electronic flashcards at: Mr. Peel’s www.HistoryClassRoom.com

Middle Stone Age Mesolithic Era! New Stone Age Neolithic Era!

process of changing plants or animals to make them more

useful to humans Domestication!

creation... Development!

farming... Agriculture!

huge stones used as monuments Megaliths!

Ch. 3 MESOPOTAMIA A large area of rich, fertile

farmland Fertile Crescent!

A mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks Silt!

A way of supplying water to an area of land Irrigation!

Human-made waterways Canals!

More than needed Surplus!

Arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular

task or job Division of Labor!

Countryside Rural!

City Urban!

Land with different territories and peoples under a single rule

Empire! The worship of many gods

Polytheism! People who performed religious

ceremonies Priests!

The division of society by rank or class

Social Hierarchy! The world's first writing system

Cuneiform! Picture symbols

Pictographs! Writer Scribe!

Long poems that tell stories of heroes Epics!

The science of building Architecture!

A pyramid shaped temple tower Ziggurat!

Set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life

Hammurabi's Code! A wheeled harse-drawn cart used

in battle Chariot!

Set of letters that can be combined to form words

Alphabet! Ruler of a kingdom or empire

Monarch! A city and all the countryside

around it City-state!

Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar! First ruler to have a permanent army (Akkadian territory near

what is now Baghdad) Sargon!

Unik King who became a legendary figure in Sumerian

literature Gilgamesh!

Ch. 4 ANCIENT EGYPT Strong rapids

Cataracts! Triangle-shaped area of land

made of soil deposited by a river Delta!

King who wanted to unify Upper & Lower Egypt

Menes! Title used by the rulers of Egypt

Pharaoh! A series of rulers from the same

family Dynasty!

Period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to

2200 BC Old Kingdom!

Famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom Khufu!

People from the rich and powerful families

Nobles! Acquire To Get!

Life after death Afterlife!

Specially treated bodies wrapped in cloth

Mummies! People of wealth and power

Elite! A way of doing something

Method! Huge stone tombs with four

triangle-shaped walls that meet in a point

Pyramids! Application of scientific

knowledge for practical purposes Engineering!

A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC

Middle Kingdom!

Period during which Egypt reached the height of its power

and glory New Kingdom!

Paths followed by traders Trade Routes!

Pharaoh who came to power in the 1200s BC and had a very long

reign Ramses the Great!

Pharaoh who worked to increase Egyptian trade

Queen Hatshepsut! Binding legal agreements

Contracts! Egyptian writing system

Hieroglyphics! Long-lasting paper-like material

made from reeds Papyrus!

A stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek text, and

Egyptian Rosetta Stone!

Imaginary creatures with the bodies of lions & head of other

animals or humans Sphinxes!

A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Obelisk! In 1922 archaeologists found the

tomb of … King Tutankhamen!

Power or influence Authority!

Kushite King who attacked Egypt Piankhi!

A system of people in different lands who trade goods

Trade network! Traders

Merchants! Items sent out to other regions

Exports! Goods brought in from other

regions Imports!

First woman to rule Kush Queen Shanakhdakheto!

Aksum King who took over Kush King Ezana!

Ch.5 ANCIENT INDIA A large landmass that is smaller

than a continent Subcontinent!

Seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons

Monsoons! The most important language of

ancient India Sanskrit!

Divided Indian society into groups based on a person’s birth,

wealth, or occupation Caste System!

The largest religion in India today Hinduism!

Process of rebirth in Hinduism Reincarnation!

The effects that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul

Karma! Based on the teachings of a man

named Mahavira Jainism!

The avoidance of violent actions Nonviolence!

Going without food Fasting!

The focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas Meditation!

Siddhartha Gautama was called the “Enlightened One” or…

The Buddha! A religion based on the teachings

of the Buddha Buddhism!

A state of perfect peace Nirvana!

People who work to spread their religious beliefs Missionaries!

Founded the Mauryan Empire in the 320s BC

Candragupta Maurya! Strongest of all the Mauryan

emperors Asoka!

Emperor who took the throne in India in 375 and Gupta Society

reached its high point Candra Gupta II !

The science of working with metals

Metallurgy! Mixtures of two or more metals

Alloys! Numbers we use today are

called… Hindu-Arabic Numerals!

Injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her

build up defenses to a disease Inoculation!

The study of stars and planets Astronomy!

To set up or create Establish!

A series of steps by which a task is accomplished

Process! Ch. 6 ANCIENT CHINA

A prediction Oracle!

A hard gemstone Jade!

People of high rank Lords!

Farmers with small farms Peasants!

The most influential teacher in Chinese history

Confucius! Moral Values

Ethics! The ideas of Confucius

Confucianism It stressed living in harmony with

the Dao (guiding force of all reality)

Daoism! The most famous Daoist teacher

Laozi! The belief that people were bad

by nature and needed to be controlled Legalism!

“First emperor” who unified China

Shi Huangdi! A barrier that linked earlier walls across China’s northern frontier

Great Wall! Uses the position of shadows cast by the sun to tell the time of day

Sundial! A device that measures the strength of an earthquake

Seismograph! Practice of inserting fine needles through the skin at specific points

to cure disease or relieve pain Acupuncture!

A soft, light, highly valued fabric Silk!

4,000-mile-long network of routes that stretched westward

from eastern china to the Mediterranean Sea

Silk Road! The spread of ideas from one

culture to another Diffusion!

Ch. 7 HEBREWS & JUDAISM The Hebrews religion

Judaism! Left Mesopotamia and led his

followers to Canaan Abraham!

Led the Hebrews out of Egypt Moses!

Moses led his people out of Egypt in a journey called the…

Exodus! A code of moral laws given to

Moses Ten Commandments!

Scattering of Jews outside of Israel and Judah

Diaspora! King of Israel after Saul

David! Son of David who became king

of Israel in 965 BC Solomon!

The belief in only one god Monotheism!

The most sacred text of Judaism Torah!

Jewish house of worship Synagogue!

People who are said to receive messages from God to be taught

to others Prophets!

Basic beliefs, rules, or laws Principles!

A set of commentaries, stories, and folklore

Talmud! Writings by jews who lived about 2,000 years ago (founding 1947)

Dead Sea Scrolls! Rebellious Jews who thought that Jews should not answer to anyone

but God Zealots!

Jewish religious teachers Rabbis!

A time for Jews to remember the Exodus

Passover! The two most sacred of all Jewish

holy days High Holy Days!

CH. 8 ANCIENT GREECE Change, or have an effect on

Influence! A high Hill Acropolis!

Age marked by great achievements Classical Age!

Greek word for a city-state Polis!

Led Athens government from about 460 BC until his death in 429 BC

Pericles! A leader who held power through

the use of force Tyrant!

People who had the right to participate in government

Citizens! A government in which only a few

people have power Oligarchy!

Rich landowners Aristocrats!

A type of government in which people rule themselves

Democracy! Short stories that teach the reader

lessons about life or give advice on how to live

Fables! Famous Greek writer of fables

Aesop! Famous Greek woman lyric poet

Sappho! Wrote epic poems, the Iliad and the

Odyssey Homer!

A body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the

world works Mythology!

1. Cut Out, Stick Glue Together, and Turn Over. (Blank Side Up!) 2. Draw This Card Down Each Column Of Vocabulary Definitions. 3. Expose Each Definition, See If You Can Think Of The Word, Then Pull The Card Down And See If You Were Right! 4. Practice 5‐10 Minutes Each Night!

Vocab. Tech !

Stick Glue Stick Glue

1. Cut Out, Stick Glue Together, and Turn Over. (Blank Side Up!) 2. Draw This Card Down Each Column Of Vocabulary Definitions. 3. Expose Each Definition, See If You Can Think Of The Word, Then Pull The Card Down And See If You Were Right! 4. Practice 5‐10 Minutes Each Night!

Vocab. Tech !

Stick Glue Stick Glue

Mr. Peel’s

HistoryClassRoom.com

P.A.P.E.R. TECH!

P.aper A.nd P.aste E.ducational R.eview

3D Graphic Organizers

DIRECTIONS: 1. Cut out cartoons, fold BACK stick glue tabs, and stick glue over numbered rectangles. 2. Complete the timeline, cut out, and stick glue (THREE SIDES ONLY) on the back of the main page. (This will make your “Secret Pocket.”) (See page 25) 3. Draw an illustration for each of the four ways that we know about the past (fossils, artifacts, primary sources, and secondary sources). 4. Label each illustration, cut out the “house”, fold BACK each “triangle” and “square”, stick glue together, and place over the direction square.

1. So that we can LEARN from the experience of others WITHOUT PAYING THE PRICE it cost them. John Jay (1745-1829 A.D.) The Federalist, No. 5

2. In order to IMPROVE OURSELVES by following the examples of great men and women of the past. Marcus Aurelius (121-180 A.D.) Meditations, Book 12

3. To LEARN the constant and UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN NATURE by seeing men reacting in different kinds of situations and circumstances. Hume (1711-1776 A.D.) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Section 8 (Of Liberty and Necessity), Part 1

4. In order to JUDGE OUR OWN CUSTOMS and actions BETTER by examining the customs of different peoples. Descartes (1596-1650 A.D.) Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences, Part 1

5. In order to PRESERVE DISCOVERIES and INVENTIONS. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Politics, Book 10

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6. To help SOLVE OUR PROBLEMS BY defining the problem and SHOWING US WHAT HAS AND HAS NOT WORKED IN THE PAST. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Metaphysics, Book 2 7. To PRAISE THE WORTHY ACTS of the past and KEEP MEN FROM DOING EVIL FOR FEAR OF HOW THEY WILL BE VIEWED BY HISTORY. Tacitus (c. 55-117 A.D.) The Annals, Book 3 8. In order to "TRAVEL" TO ANOTHER PLACE AND TIME by "listening" to people describe their time and country. (We can "talk" to the great and heroic men and women of the past.) Descartes (1596-1650 A.D.) Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences, Part 1 9. In order to KEEP OUR PRINCIPLES ALIVE by keeping those thoughts alive. (Freedom, etc.) Marcus Aurelius (121-180 A.D.) Meditations, Book 7 10. To help (to some extent) PREDICT THE FUTURE. Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.) The History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 1, ch. 1

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Stick Glue 10 Name__________________________ Block___ ©2009 Mr. Peel’s HistoryClassRoom.com P.A.P.E.R TECH (P.aper A.nd P.aste E.ducational R.eview) 3D Organizers

http://www.teachertube.com/ viewVideo.php?video_id=38538&title=How_We_Know

Why Study History?

Excerpts from The Classics “Declassified” © 1977 D. Peel

How We Know About the Past!

P.A.P.E.R. TECH! Ch. 1 Uncovering the Past Ch. 2 The Stone Ages & Early Cultures DIRECTIONS: 1. Cut out cartoons, fold BACK stick glue tabs, and stick glue over numbered rectangles. 2. Complete the timeline, cut out, and stick glue on the back of this page. (See page 25) 3. Draw an illustration for each of the four ways that we know about the past (fossils, artifacts, primary sources, and secondary sources). 4. Label each illustration, cut out, fold BACK each “triangle” and “square”, stick glue together, and place over this square.

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NOTES:

4‐5 million 500,000 11,000 8,500

Fold Fossils, Artifacts, Primary & Secondary Sources and place inside the “house”. Put

Timeline on the BACK of the first page.

Artifacts

Primary

SourcesFossils

SecondarySources